National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

Basic Electrical Engineering

Course: EE-103
Dr. Jawad Aslam
Book: Electric Circuits by James W. Nilsson and Susan A. Riedel
Reference Book: Electrical Circuits Fundamentals by Sergio
Franco
 Units and Notation
• SI Units
– The International system of units (SI) will be followed
• Meter is unit of length
• Kelvin is unit of temperature
• Ampere is unit of current
 Units and Notation
• Unit Prefixes
– Quantities may range over many orders of magnitude
– Simplification of notation is carried by standard prefix
– The use of standard prefixes is encouraged to be applied
– Example
• 0.15×10¯³ A can either be written as 0.15mA or 150µA
 Units and Notation
• Consistent sets of Units
– The units are consistent if an equation expressed in SI system remains
unhanged when expressed in new system
– Example Ohm’s law v=Ri SI system [V]=[Ω][A]
– If i=mA ,R=kΩ and v=V consistent
– If i=A R=kΩ and v=V do not form consistent term as t we have to add term
[V]= 10¯³[kΩ][A]
– The advantage of working with consistent set is that calculation speeds up e.g.
if R=2kΩ i=3mA then V=6V, if v=10V and i= 4mA then R should be in kΩ
 Units and Notation
• Signal Notation
– Current and voltage are designated as quantities with
subscript (upper or lowercase)
– Instantaneous values of signals are represented cy
lowercase letter with uppercase subscript e.g. 𝑣𝑆 , 𝑖𝑆 , 𝑣𝐴𝐵
– DC signals are represented by uppercase letter and
uppercase subscript e.g. 𝑉𝑆 , 𝐼𝑆 , 𝑉𝐴𝐵
– AC signals and component are represented by lowercase
letter and lowercase subscript e.g. 𝑣𝑠 , 𝑖𝑠 , 𝑣𝑎𝑏
– Special signals such as peak values, average values and
rms are represented by uppercase letter and lowercase
subscript e.g. 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 , 𝐼𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 , 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔
 Electric Quantities
• Charge
– Fundamental quantity of electricity is electric charge denoted by
q
– SI unit is coulomb (C)
– Charges are either positive or negative
– Positive and negative charges are known as proton and electron
respectively with charge value of 1.602×10¯ᶦ⁹ C
– 1C charge is made up of 1/1.602×10¯ᶦ⁹ C=6.24×10ᶦ⁸ elementary
charges
– charge is conservative (cannot be created or destroyed)
– Charge can be manipulated by electric field designated as E
– Charge experiences force in direction of applied electric field
 Electric Quantities
• Potential Energy
– The force that electric field exerts on charge results in
potential energy denoted by w
– Analogous to lifting a mass m to height h above some
reference
– The positive charge is forced in same direction as field
while negative charge is forced in opposite direction
of field
– The reference is designated as ground as sea level in
case of mass thus charges residing at reference are
considered to have zero potential energy e.g. earth in
home appliances
 Electric Quantities
• Voltage
– Rate of change of potential energy with charge is denoted as v and is called as
electric potential voltage
𝑑𝑤
– 𝑣≜ , “≜” stands for “is defined as”
𝑑𝑞
– The SI unit of electric potential is volt (V)
– 1V=1 J/C
– Potential difference is known as voltage
– If a charge dq gives up an amount of dw in going from one point to another in
𝑑𝑤
space then we define the voltage between those points as 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑞
– Potential difference is easily created by battery;
– The higher potential is positive 𝑣𝑃 and lower is negative 𝑣𝑁 the difference of
two is battery rating 𝑉𝑆 e.g. 𝑣𝑃 − 𝑣𝑁 = 𝑉𝑆
– 𝑖𝑓 𝑣𝑃 = 9𝑉, 𝑣𝑁 = 0𝑉 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑉𝑆 = 9𝑉, if 𝑉𝑆 = 9𝑉, 𝑣𝑁 = 6𝑉 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑃 = 15𝑉
 Electric Quantities
• Relation between Electric Field and Potential
– Establishing a potential difference battery
generates an electric field 𝐸 = −𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑣
– If we orient terminal of battery in such a way that
it coincides with x axis this relationship simplifies
𝑑𝑣
to 𝐸 = −
𝑑𝑥
– E denotes magnitude or strength of E, the
negative sign points in direction of decreasing
potential, SI unit of electric field is volt/meter
(V/m)
 Electric Quantities
• Relation between Electric Field and Potential
𝑣 𝑙 −𝑣(0)
–𝐸=
𝑙−0
– l is the length of bar
– 𝑣 𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣(0) are voltages at extreme right and left
𝑉𝑆
– 𝑣 𝑙 − 𝑣 0 = 𝑉𝑆 , 𝐸 =
𝑙
𝑥
–𝑣 𝑥 = 0
−𝐸𝑑 𝜉 + 𝑣(0)
𝑉𝑠
–𝑣 𝑥 = − 𝑥 + 𝑣(0), slope is dv(x)/dx=-𝑉𝑆 /l=-E
𝑙
𝑉𝑠
–𝑣 𝑥 = − 𝑥 + 𝑉𝑆
𝑙
 Electric Quantities
• Relation between Electric Field and Potential
– example
 Electric Quantities
• Relation between Electric Field and Potential
𝑙
– 𝑉𝑆 , = 9V , 𝑣𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑥 =
2
9
–𝑣 𝑥 = − 𝑥 + 9, =4.5V
𝑙
 Electric Quantities
• Current
– Exposing freely moving charges to an electric field
will force them to flow either along or opposing to
E depending on charge polarity, resulting stream
of charge is known as current
– Current at an instant at reference plane
𝑑𝑞
perpendicular to stream is 𝑖 ≜
𝑑𝑡
– SI unit is ampere (A), A=1C/s
 Electric Quantities
• Current
– Applying voltage v across the p-type and n-type
silicon bar establishes field E inside the bar which
in turn forces the charges to drift in the direction
or opposing to field to produce current i
 Electric Quantities
• Current
– If 2.5 × 1015 electon/s free electron passing
through a reference plane perpendicular to
stream then it generates i= 2.5 × 1015 × 1.602 ×
10−19 = 0.4 × 10−3 𝐶/𝑠=0.4mA
– To find charge from current is done by 𝑄 =
𝑡2
𝑡1
𝑖 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Electric Quantities
• Current
 Electric Quantities
• Power
– The work done by power source (battery) is denoted
by p
𝑑𝑤
– The power at an instant is defined by 𝑝 ≜ ,SI unit is
𝑑𝑡
watt (W) and 1W=1 J/s
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑞
– Writing = × the above equation simplifies to
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖
– Whenever a current I flows between two points
having a potential difference v the corresponding
instantaneous power is p=vi
 Electric Quantities
• Power
– The energy expanded over time (𝑡1 − 𝑡2 ) interval
𝑡2
can be calculated by 𝑊 = 𝑡1 𝑝 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
– Since the unit of power is watt energy is watt-
seconds. An alternate unit is kilowatt-hour (kWh).
1kWh= 103 J/s×3600s therefore 1kWh=3.6MJ
– Example
 Electric Quantities
• Power
 Electric Quantities
• Active and Passive Sign Convention
– The power consumed or released by an element is
observed by examining the direction of current i
and relative polarity v across the terminal of
element in a circuit thus power rule is used
– Power rule: if i flows in the direction of increasing
v then the power is being released. If i flows in the
direction of decreasing v then the power is being
absorbed
 Electric Quantities
• Active and Passive Sign Convention
– 1) in a power-releasing element the current exits the
element via positive terminal in this case the voltage
and current conforms to active sign convention
– 2) in a power-absorbing element current enters the
element via positive terminal the voltage and current
conforms to passive sign convention
– Example
• Resistors and diodes never releases power thus conforming
to passive sign convention
• Voltage or current sources, capacitor and inductor may
release or absorb power depending upon their usage