National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME)

Basic Electrical Engineering

Course: EE-103
Dr. Jawad Aslam
Book: Electric Circuits by James W. Nilsson and Susan A. Riedel
Reference Book: Electrical Circuits Fundamentals by Sergio
Franco
 Electric Circuits
• Electric circuit is a collection of circuit elements which are connected
together for specific outcome
• The circuit is represented in circuit diagram with standard circuit symbols
– Resistor
– Inductor
– Capacitor
– Lines to represent wire or leads
• The function of a circuit element is to ensure a prescribe relationship e.g.
ohms law
• The interconnection allow circuit elements interacts with each other
• Leads or wires facilitate interconnection of elements. Ideally wire/leads
pose no resistance or dissipate power
• All points of a wire are at same potential
• All current entering one end of wire exits at the other end
• Practically wires don’t pose similar behavior
 Electric Circuits
• Circuit analysis is the process of finding specific
(voltages and currents) behavior of a synthesized
circuit
• Elements law e.g. ohm’s law relate terminal
voltages and currents of individual elements
irrespective of how they are connected
• Connection law also called as Kirchhoff’s laws or
circuit laws relates currents and voltages shared
at interconnection regardless of types of
elements utilized in synthesis of circuit
 Electric Circuits
• Branches
– Each element constitutes a branch
– Example
• Six branches 𝑋1 𝑡𝑜𝑋6
– Each branch has some current through it called branch
current and some voltage across it called branch
voltage
– Current and voltages are oriented quantities therefore
current should be indicated through arrow and +or-
sign must indicate polarities of voltage
 Electric Circuits
• Nodes
– The leads of two or more element joined together
formulate a node
– Example
• Four nodes labeled A, B, C and D
– If two leads converged to a node then it’s a simple node
(A)
– If number of leads is greater then two then node should be
emphasized by a dot
– All the converging leads at a node are at same potential
and called as node potential
– In above example two dots at node D are at same potential
 Electric Circuits
• Reference Node
– Potential difference or voltage therefore it is
convenient to reference all node potential with
respect to a reference or datum node
– When referenced to the datum node all node
potential are referred to as node voltages
– At times it is convenient to consider node with
largest number of converging leads as reference
node which simplifies the analysis of circuit
 Electric Circuits
• Example
• The circuit has five branches labeled 𝑋1 𝑡𝑜𝑋5 and
four nodes labeled A through D. the individual
branch voltages have been measured by multi-
meter and their magnitude and polarities are
shown. Using the notation show all node voltages
if reference is at
• a) node D
• b)node C
 Electric Circuits
• Example
• a)

• b)
 Electric Circuits
• Loops and Meshes
– Loop is a closed path such that no node is traversed
more than once
– Mesh is a loop that contains no other loop
• Loops and meshes are identified in terms of
branches they traverse
• Example
– Six loops
• 𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋3 , 𝑋3 𝑋4 𝑋5 , 𝑋5 𝑋6 , 𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋4 𝑋5 , 𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋4 𝑋6 and 𝑋3 𝑋4 𝑋6
• First three loops are meshes
 Electric Circuits
• Series and Parallel Connection
– Two or more circuit elements are in series if they
carry same current
– To be in series elements must share simple node

– Two or more elements are said to be in parallel if

they are subjected to same voltage that is all
points of node are at same potential
 Electric Circuits
• Series and Parallel Connection
– Example
– In the circuit below identify
• All nodes as well as simple nodes
• All loops and state which ones are meshes
• State which elements are in series and parallel
 Electric Circuits
• Series and Parallel Connection
• B is simple node
• 𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋3 𝑋4 , 𝑋3 𝑋5 𝑋6 , 𝑋4 𝑋6 , 𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋5 ,
𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋4 𝑋5 𝑋6 and 𝑋3 𝑋4 𝑋5
• 𝑋1 𝑋2 are in series, 𝑋4 𝑋6 are in parallel and
their parallel branch is in series with 𝑋3 , 𝑋4 𝑋6
in series with 𝑋3 is in parallel with 𝑋5 and in
turn parallel to 𝑋1 𝑋2
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Laws stems from law of conservation of charge
and energy principles
• Establish relationship among branch currents
associated with a node and a relation among all
branch voltages associated with a loop
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
– At any instant the sum of all currents entering a node
must be equal to sum of all currents leaving that node
𝑖𝐼𝑁 = 𝑖𝑂𝑈𝑇
𝑛 𝑛
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Example
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
– Considering the branch voltages in a loop l
– At any instant the sum of all voltage rises around
the loop must be equal to sum of all voltages drop
around the loop.
𝑣𝑅𝐼𝑆𝐸 = 𝑣𝐷𝑅𝑂𝑃
𝑙 𝑙
– Example
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
– Example
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Power Conservation
– The sum of all absorbed power must, at any
instant, equal the sum of all released power
𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑

– Elements conforming to active sign convention

release power and elements conforming to
passive sign convention dissipate power
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Power Conservation
– Example
• In the following circuit suppose 𝑋2 releases 𝑝𝑥2 = 20𝑊
and 𝑋3 absorbs 𝑝𝑥3 = 18𝑊
• Calculate all branch voltages and current
• Use the power check to verify your calculation
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Power Conservation
– Example

– Power absorbed is 23W and power released is

also 23W
 Sources
• Sources initiate current and voltage in a current
in a circuit, due to their ability to release energy
they are active elements
• Voltage Sources
– Voltage source is also called as voltage generator
– It maintains a prescribed voltage across the terminals
regardless of current through it
– For practical voltage source the voltage vary with load
current
 Sources
• Current Sources
– Current source is also known as current generator
– It maintain prescribed current regardless of voltage
across its terminal
– Slope of vi curve of current source is zero the dynamic
resistance
– For current equal to zero regardless of voltage across
the terminal following characteristic of open circuit
 Sources
• Dependent Sources
– source is said to be dependent if its value is
controlled by voltage or current located else
where in a circuit
– Example is audio amplifier output is dependent on
input voltage of the amplifier
– Bench power supply and function generators are
examples of independent sources
– VCVS, CCCS, CCVS and VCCS
 Sources
• Voltage Sources in Parallel
– two or more voltage sources may be connected in
series to increase the amplitude of voltage
– The overall voltage is 𝑣𝑆 = 𝑣𝑠1 + 𝑣𝑆2
– Two unequal voltage should never be connected
in parallel because it violates KVL
 Sources
• Current Sources in Parallel
– Two or more current sources may be connected in
parallel to increase the current
– The overall voltage is 𝑖𝑆 = 𝑖𝑠1 + 𝑖𝑆2
– Two unequal sources should never be placed in
series as it violates KCL