MINI PROJECT FOR THE SUBJECT LIC

Report on
DUAL VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY
Performed By

Supervisor
Mrs.
AIM:
To make dual variable power supply using LM317 and LM337 voltage
regulator.

INTRODUCTION:
A variable power supplyis an embedded circuit; it converts unregulated AC
(Alternating Current)into a constant DC. With the help of a rectifier it converts
AC supply into DC. Its function is to supply a stable voltage (or less often
current), to a circuit or device that must be operated within certain power supply
limits. The output from the regulated power supply may be alternating or
unidirectional, but is nearly always DC (Direct Current).
The type of stabilization used may be restricted to ensuring that the output
remains within certain limits under various load conditions, or it may also
include compensation for variations in its own supply source. The latter is much
more common today.
In today time the power supply is used everywhere, from mobile phone to the
equipment present in our household.

LIST OF COMPONENTS:
• LM317 Positive Voltage Regulator
• LM337 Negative Voltage Regulator
• Centre tapped transformer (Step Down 12-0-12)
• 4 Diodes (1N4007)
• 6 Capacitors (2200uf,2.2uf,10uf)
• 2 Resistor 220Ω
• 2 Potentiometer (0-5 kΩ)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DC POWER SUPPLY

The electrical power is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed

in the form of ac because of economical consideration but for operation of most
of the electronic devices and circuits, dc supply is required. Dry cells and
batteries can be used for this purpose. No doubt, they have the advantages of
being portable and ripple free but their voltages are low, they need frequent
replacement and are expensive in comparison to conventional dc power
supplies.

Now a days, almost all electronic equipment include a circuit that converts ac
supply into dc supply. The part of equipment that converts ac into dc is
called DC power supply. In general at the input of the power supply there is a
power transformer. It is followed by a rectifier (a diode circuit)a smoothing
filter and then by a voltage regulator circuit.

From the block diagram, the basic power supply is constituted by four elements
viz a transformer, a rectifier, a filter, and a regulator put together. The output of
the dc power supply is used to provide a constant dc voltage across the load. Let
us briefly outline the function of each of the elements of the dc power supply.

Transformer is used to step-up or step-down (usually to step-down) the-supply

voltage as per need of the solid-state electronic devices and circuits to be
supplied by the dc power supply. It can provide isolation from the supply line-
an important safety consideration. It may also include internal shielding to
prevent unwanted electrical noise signal on the power line from getting into the
power supply and possibly disturbing the load.
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION:

LM317:
LM317 Voltage Regulator

Pin Diagram:

Description-

It is a type of positive-linear-voltage regulators used for voltageregulation,

which is invented by Robert C. Dobkin and Robert J. Widlar while they worked
at National Semiconductor in 1970. It is a three-terminal-adjustable-voltage
regulator and is easy to use because to set the output voltage it requires only two
external resistors in LM317 voltage regulator circuit. It is majorly used for local
and on card regulation. If we connect a fixed resistor between the output and
adjustment of LM317 regulator, then the LM317 circuit can be used as a precise
current regulator.
Specifications of IC LM317:

Parameter Value Unit

Output voltage range 1.25 – 37 V

Voltage differential 3 – 40 V

Operating junction temperature range 0 – 125 °C

Maximum output current 1.5 A

Minimum load current 3.5 mA typical, 12 mA maximum mA

Power dissipation Internally Limited W

LM317 Voltage Regulator Circuit:

The three terminals are input pin, output pin and adjustment pin. The LM317
circuit is shown in the below figure is a typical configuration of the LM317
voltage regulator circuit diagram including the decoupling capacitors. This
LM317 circuit is capable to provide variable DC power supply with output of
1A and can be adjusted up to 30V. The circuit consists of a low-side resistor and
high-side resistor connected in series forming a resistive voltage divider which
is a passive linear circuit used to produce an output voltage which is a fraction
of its input voltage.
Decoupling capacitors are used for decoupling or to prevent undesired coupling
of one part of an electrical circuit from another part. To avoid the effect of noise
caused by some circuit elements over the remaining elements of the circuit,
the decoupling capacitors in the circuit are used for addressing the input noise
and output transients. A heat sink is used with the circuit to avoid the
components getting overheated due to more power dissipation.

LM337:

Pin Diagram: -

Description: -

The LM337 series are adjustable 3-terminal negative voltage regulators capable
of supplying in excess -1.5 A over a -1.25V to -37 V output voltage range. They
are exceptionally easy to use and require only two external resistors to set the
output voltage. Further, both line and load regulation are better than standard
fixed regulators. Also, LM337 regulators are supplied in standard transistor
packages which are easily mounted and handled. In addition to higher
performance than fixed regulators, the LM337 series offer full overload
protection available only in integrated circuits. Included on the chip are current
limit, thermal overload protection and safe area protection. All overload
protection circuitry remains fully functional even if the adjustment terminal is
disconnected.
Specifications of IC LM337:

Parameter Value Unit

Output Voltage Range –1.2 V to –37 V V
OutputCurrent 1.5 A Max A
Capability
Input Regulation Typically, 0.01% -
Output Regulation Output Regulation -
Ripple Rejection Typically, 77 dB dB

WORKING:

1. Transformer: -
The voltage of Main Supplies is approximately 220-230V AC which
further needs to be stepped down to 12V level. To reduce the 220V AC to
12V AC, a step-down transformer with centre taping is used. The use of
centre tap transformer allows to generate both positive and negative
voltage at the input, however only positive voltage will be drawn from
the transformer. The circuit takes some drop in the output voltage due to
resistive loss. Therefore, a transformer of high voltage rating greater than
the required 12 V needs to be taken. The transformer should provide 1.5
A current at the output. The most suitable step-down transformer that
meets the mentioned voltage and current requirements is 12V-0-
12V/500mA. This transformer step downs the main line voltage to +/-
12V AC, as shown in the below image.

2. Full Wave Bridge Rectifier:

The stepped down AC voltage needs to be converted to DC voltage
through rectification. The rectification is the process of converting AC
voltage to DC voltage. In this circuit, a full wave bridge rectifier is used
for converting the 12V AC to 12V DC. The full wave rectification is
more efficient than half wave rectification since it provides complete use
of both the negative and positive sides of AC signal. In full wave bridge
rectifier configuration, four diodes are connected in such a way that
current flows through them in only one direction resulting in a DC signal
 at the output. During full wave rectification, at a time two diodes become
forward biased and another two diodes get reverse biased.

3. Filter: -
Smoothing is the process of filtering the DC signal by using a capacitor.
The output from the full-wave rectifier is not a steady DC voltage. The
output from the rectifier has double the frequency of main supplies but
contains ripples. Therefore, it needs to be smoothed by connecting a
capacitor in parallel to the output of full wave rectifier. The capacitor
charges and discharges during a cycle giving a steadyDC voltage as
output. So, a capacitor (shown as C1 in schematics) of high value is
connected to the output of rectifier circuit. As the DC which is to be
rectified by the rectifier circuit has many AC spikes and unwanted
ripples, so to reduce these spikes capacitor is used. This capacitor acts as
a filtering capacitor which bypasses all the AC through it to ground. At
the output, the mean DC voltage left is smoother and ripple free. A
capacitor of 0.1 uF is used for smoothing AC signal.

4. Adjustable Voltage Regulator: -

LM317 has 3 terminals Vin,Voutand ADJUSTMENT(ADJ).
When LM317 is configured as shown in Circuit diagram.
Normally, capacitors are needed unless the LM317 or LM337 is situated
far from the power supply filter capacitors in which case an input bypass
capacitor C1(0.1µF) is needed.
Capacitor C2(10µF) is added to improve transient response.

The diagram below shows how a couple of diodes may be added to the
basic voltage regulator design for reinforcing the circuit with extra
protection, although this may not be too crucial.
Here D1 protects the IC from the discharge of C1 due to an accidental
short circuit of Vin with the ground line, while D2 does the same against
C2 discharge. These diodes do not allow the filter capacitors to discharge
through the low current points of the regulator.
These diodes are required only for high output voltages (above 25V)
And for higher values of output capacitances (25µF and above).
TheLM317develops a nominal 1.25V,referred to as the reference voltage
VREF, between the output and adjustment terminal.
This VREF is impressed across resistor R1(program resistor) and since
thevoltage VREF is constant,the set current I1 is also constant.

The LM317 is designed such that IADJ is very small and constant with line
and load changes
IADJ(max)=100µA

Referring to Circuit Diagram: -

The Output Voltage Vo is
Vo=R1I1+R2(I1+IADJ)
where I1= VREF / R1
Vo= VREF+ R2(VREF/R1+IADJ)
Vo=VREF(1+R2/R1) +R2IADJ
we know VREF(typ)=1.25V and IADJ is constant and equal to100µA
since IADJ is small compared to other values in equation R2IADJ is
neglected.
Hence,approximately

Vo=VREF(1+R2/R1) + IADJR2
where VREF=1.25V for LM317
and VREF= -1.25 for LM337

Vo = 1.25(1+R2/R1) + IADJR2.........................(1) (for LM317)

Vo = -1.25(1+R2/R1) + IADJR2 …......................(2) (for LM337)

The above equation (1) indicates Output voltage Vo is function of R2 for

given value of R1 and
Vo can be varied by adjusting the value of R2.
 PL=V0IL
PL=(Vo)2/RL

If Vo(output voltage) can be varied then power supplied to load is also

Varied.

DESIGN:

We require output voltage from ±1.25V to ±15V.

For LM317 output voltage is given by,

Vo = VREF(1+R2/R1) + IADJR2

Select R1=220Ω and Vo = 1.25V,VREF = 1.25V, IADJ= 100µA,

1.25=1.25(1+ R2/220) + 100x10−6 xR2

R2=0Ω

Select R1=220Ω and Vo = 15V,VREF = -1.25V, IADJ=100µA,

15=1.25(1+ R2/220) + 100x10−6 xR2

R2 = 2.378kΩ

For LM337 output voltage is given by,

Vo = -VREF(1+R2/R1) + IADJR2

Select R1=220Ω and Vo = -1.25V,

-1.25 = -1.25(1+ R2/220) + 100x10−6 xR2

R2 = 0Ω

Select R1=220Ω and Vo = -15V,

-15 = -1.25(1+ R2/220) + 100x10−6 xR2

R2 = 2.378kΩ
Therefore, select R2from 0-5kΩ for both LM317 and LM337

APPLICATIONS:
 D.C. variable bench supply.
 Mobile Phone power adaptors.
 Regulated power supplies in appliances.
 Various amplifiers and oscillators.
 DC power supply used in Labs.

CONCLUSION:
With the help of LM317 and LM337 voltage regulator we have been
successfully able to make a dual variable power supply, which converts the
230 V AC supply into ±1.25V to±15V DC.