NUTRITION BY AGE

Group 5
Marcelino, Moran, Pajarillo, Puti-an, Reyes, Rodis, Talento
INTRODUCTION
 NUTRITION
“Nutrition is an interdisciplinary science focused on the
study of foods, nutrients, and other food constituents
and health.” -Brown et. al., 2010
All people need the same
basic nutrients to
maintain life and health
but amounts needed vary
from one stage of human
life cycle to the next.
Determinants of Nutritional Requirements

● Age ● Illness
● Body size ● Lifestyle habits (e.g.
● Gender smoking, alcohol intake)
● Genetic traits ● Medication use
● Growth ● Pregnancy and lactation
Other factors that influence diet and nutrition

● Psychological
● Emotional
● Social
● Economical
● Nutritional choices remain critical throughout a
person’s life and influence overall health and
wellness.

● Weigh a number of considerations when

examining how nutrient needs change.
● Pregnancy
● Infancy
● Childhood
● Adolescence
● Adulthood
● Older age
DIETARY ASSESSMENT
Dietary Assessment Tools
1. Quantitative
2. Qualitative
Dietary Assessment Tools
1. Quantitative
a. Food Composition Table
b. Dietary Reference Intakes
i. RENI
ii. PDRI
2. Qualitative
Dietary Assessment Tools
1. Quantitative
2. Qualitative
a. Pinggang Pinoy
b. Food Pyramid
c. YGGN-Diet Rating
d. Dietary Diversity Score
e. Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos
Pinggang Pinoy
● a quick and easy guide on how
much to eat per mealtime
● Features GO, GROW, and
GLOW foods
DNG Food Pyramid
● Shows whole day food
recommendation per food
group
10-month old girl
Growth
Weight:

● 4-6 mo: double their birth

weight
● 12 mo: triple their birth weight
○ Length increased by 50%
○ Head circumference
increased by 10 cm
Development
Factors to consider

● Food texture
● Energy & Nutritional
requirement
○ Protein
○ Fats
● Poverty
○ Food choices
○ Preparation and storage
● Culture/ tradition
Nutritional status

Conditions that can have an

effect on the nutritional status:

● Long episodes of pain

● Hard solid food
● Limited variety of food and
interaction
RECOMMENDED DIET

Recommended Nutrient Intake (PDRI): 630 kcal

15 g CHON

Non-Protein Calories (NPC) Distribution

● Carbohydrates: 55-80% (70%)
● Fat: 24-45% (30%)
RECOMMENDED DIET

Recommended Nutrient Intake (PDRI): 630 kcal

15 g CHON

Using 70-30 distribution:

Diet Rx:
Energy- 630 kcal; CHO- 100 g; CHON- 15 g; Fat- 20 g;
Fluid- 630 mL
RECOMMENDED DIET
RECOMMENDED DIET
RECOMMENDED DIET
One-Day Sample Meal Plan

Breakfast Lunch Dinner

½ cup cereal ½ cup rice cereal ¼ cup mashed potato
4 T banana, chopped 4 T chicken 4 T diced tofu
Breastmilk 2 T cooked vegetable 2 T mashed squash
Breastmilk Breastmilk

AM Snacks PM Snacks Before Bedtime

¼ cup mashed egg Teething biscuit or cracker Breastmilk
Breastmilk Breastmilk
7 year old boy,
Grade 2 student
Physical Condition - 7 year old boy

Increase in:

● Muscular strength
● Motor Coordination
● Stamina
Physical Condition - 7 year old boy

Adiposity Rebound

● After age 4-6 years, BMI-for-age

begins a gradual increase through
adolescence and most of childhood
Mental Condition - 7 year old

● The major developmental

achievement during middle childhood
is self-efficacy, the knowledge of what
to do and the ability to do it
● Cognitive development
○ Speech and language
○ Writing
○ Social interaction
Mental Condition - 7 year old

Erik Eriksons 8 stages of human

development

● Psychosocial conflict: Industry

vs inferiority
● Major Question: “How I can be
good”
● Basic Virtue: Competence
● Important Event: School
Factors To Consider In Making A Diet Plan

● Biological Factors ● Non Biological Factors

○ Gender ○ Socio-economic
○ Height ○ Socio-cultural
○ Weight
○ Genetic disposition
○ Disease State
○ Physical actvity level
Problems/Conditions
● Underweight
● Wasting
● Stunting
● Overweight/Obesity
Problems/Conditions
Problems and conditions
RECOMMENDED DIET

Recommended Energy Intake (PDRI): 1,600 kcal

Percentage Distribution
Carbohydrates: 55-70%
Proteins: 10-15%
Fat: 20-30%
RECOMMENDED DIET

Recommended Energy Intake (PDRI): 1,600 kcal

Using 65-15-20 distribution:

Diet Rx:
Energy- 1,600 kcal; CHO- 260 g; CHON- 60 g; Fat- 35 g
RECOMMENDED DIET
RECOMMENDED DIET
RECOMMENDED DIET
One-Day Sample Meal Plan
RECOMMENDED DIET
Food Alternatives
GO Foods
● ½ cup of cooked rice
● 3 pieces of small pandesal
● 3 slices of small loaf bread
● ½ cup of cooked noodles (ex.
pansit)
● ½ medium pcs of root crops (ex.
kamote)
GROW Foods
● ½ pc (small size) medium variety of
fish (ex. galunggong)
● ½ slice of large variety of fish (ex.
bangus)
● ½ serving of lean meat, 30g each (ex.
Chicken, pork, beef)
● ½ pc of tokwa, 6 x 6 x 2cm each
● ½ pc of small chicken egg
RECOMMENDED DIET
Food Alternatives
GLOW Foods Liquids

● ½ cup of cooked vegetables (ex. ● 6 or more glasses of water per

Malunggay, ampalaya, kalabasa, day
carrots) ● 1 glass of milk per day
● 1 medium size fruit (ex. Saging,
dalanghita, mangga)
● 1 slice of big fruit (ex. Papaya,
pinya, pakwan)
Advices in Maintaining a Good Health

● Minimize simple sugars such as soft drinks and candy

● Snacks
● Promote Physical activity
17 year old female,
working student
Physical Conditions ● PUBERTY
○ Sexual maturation
○ Increases in height and
weight
○ Accumulation of
17 year old female
skeletal mass
Working student ○ Changes in body
composition
Sexual maturity rating for girls
Physical condition

● Linear growth spurt complete

○ Could be delayed or slowed with severely restricted caloric intake
● Weight gain (average body fat increases)
● Peak accumulation of muscle mass
Mental Conditions ● Early adolescence (11 to
14 years)
● Middle adolescence (15
to 17 years)
● Late adolescence (18 to
17 year old female 21 years)
Working student
Mental conditions ● Early adolescence (11 to
14 years)
● Middle adolescence (15
to 17 years)
● Late adolescence (18 to
17 year old female 21 years)
Working student
Middle adolescence

● Emotional and social independence from family

● Conflicts over personal issues
● Body image
● Peer groups are more influential
○ Higher influence on food choices
● Health compromising behaviors
○ Peer acceptance is very important
● Development of abstract reasoning
Factors To Consider In Making A Diet Plan

● Peer influences ● Convenience

● Parental modeling ● Personal & cultural beliefs
● Food availability ● Mass media
● Food preference ● Body image
● Cost
Factors To Consider In Making A Diet Plan

● Increases in lean body mass, skeletal mass, and body

fat that occur during puberty result in energy and
nutrient needs that exceed those at any other point
in life.
Energy

● Energy needs of adolescents are influenced by

activity level, basal metabolic rate, and increased
requirements to support pubertal growth and
development.
● 2368 kcals
Protein

● The estimated protein need for adolescents is 0.85

g/kg body weight/day, slightly higher than that of
adults.
● 46 g
Carbohydrates

● The recommended intake of carbohydrate among

teens is 130 g/day or 45–65% of daily energy needs
Dietary Fibers

● Important for normal bowel function

● May play a role in the prevention of chronic diseases
● Recommended intake for adolescent females: 26
g/day
Fat

● Children over the age of 2 years consume no

more than 25–35% of calories from fat, with
no more than 10% of calories derived from
saturated fat
Calcium

● Crucial to physical growth and development

● Main constituent of bone mass
● Calcium intake may be of great importance for the
development of dense bone mass and the reduction
of the lifetime risk of fractures and osteoporosis
Iron

● Additional amounts of iron needed to make up for

the onset of menstruation
Vitamin D

● Fat-soluble vitamin
● Facilitates intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Essential for optimal bone formation.
● Found fortified foods such as milk, breakfast cereals,
margarines, and some juices
● 200 IU/day
Folate

● Adolescents have increased requirements for folate

during puberty
● Folate in the form of folic acid is twice as bioavailable
as other forms of folate
Vitamin C

● Involved in the synthesis of collagen and other connective

tissues
● Plays an important role during adolescent growth and
development
● Antioxidant
● Smoking increases the need for this antioxidant within the body
because it consumes vitamin
Problems or Conditions Affecting Nutritional
Status
● Lower socioeconomic status: less healthy eating behaviors
● Snacking and meal skipping (breakfast)
● Peer influence
● Food choices
Problems or Conditions Affecting Nutritional
Status
● Lower socioeconomic status: less healthy eating behaviors
● Snacking and meal skipping (breakfast)
● Peer influence
● Food choices
Maintain Good Health

● Choose snacks dense in nutrients

● Research better options when making food choices
● Limit or avoid fast food
● Do not skip meals
● Avoid smoking
RECOMMENDED DIET

Recommended Energy Intake (PDRI): 2,280 kcal

Percentage Distribution
Carbohydrates: 55-70%
Proteins: 10-15%
Fat: 20-30%
RECOMMENDED DIET

Recommended Energy Intake (PDRI): 2,280 kcal

Using 65-15-20 distribution:

Diet Rx:
Energy- 2,280 kcal; CHO- 370 g; CHON- 85 g; Fat- 50 g
RECOMMENDED DIET
RECOMMENDED DIET
One-Day Sample Meal Plan
RECOMMENDED DIET
Food Alternatives
GO Foods
● 1 ½ cups of cooked rice
● 6 pieces of small pandesal
● 6 slices of small loaf bread
● 1 ½ cups of cooked noodles (ex.
pansit)
● 1 ½ medium pcs of root crops
(ex. kamote)
GROW Foods
● 1 pc (small size) medium variety of
fish (ex. galunggong)
● 1 slice of large variety of fish (ex.
bangus)
● 1 pc of small chicken leg
● 1 serving of lean meat, 30g each (ex.
Chicken, pork, beef)
● 1 pc of tokwa, 6 x 6 x 2cm each
● 1 pc of small chicken egg
RECOMMENDED DIET
Food Alternatives
GLOW Foods Liquids

● 1-1 ½ cups of cooked vegetables ● 9 or more glasses of water per

(ex. Malunggay, ampalaya, day
kalabasa, carrots) ● 1 glass of milk per day
● 1 medium size fruit (ex. Saging,
dalanghita, mangga)
● 1 slice of big fruit (ex. Papaya,
pinya, pakwan)
32 year old MOTHER,
Pregnant at 28 weeks
 PHYSICAL CONDITION MENTAL CONDITION
● Increase concentrations of cholesterol, ● Physical Stress
LDL, HDL, triglycerides ● Moodswings
● Increase plasma glucose and insulin ● Depression
● Edema ● Anxiety
● Enlargement of the heart, thyroid, liver,
● Bipolar disorder
kidneys, uterus, breasts, and adipose tissue
● Nausea, vomiting
● Heartburn
● Constipation
● Increased body temperature
Factors in Diet Plan:
● Energy requirement
○ Increased metabolism
● Nutritional requirement
○ Perinatal Nutrition
○ Maternal Developmental
Stage
○ Fetal Growth and
Development
○ Growth of Maternal
Supporting Tissues
○ Expansion of Maternal Blood
Volume
Factors in Diet Plan:
● Diet-related complications in
pregnancy
○ When nauseated, do not
drink citrus juice, water,
milk, coffee, tea
○ When having heartburn,
avoid spicy or greasy foods
○ When constipated, eat
foods high in fiber (fruits,
vegetables, whole-grain
cereals)
Factors in Diet Plan:
● Teratogenic effects of other
food components
○ Alcohol
○ Caffeine
Problems/Conditions
● Obesity
● Gestational Diabetes
● Hypertensive disorders
● Alcohol consumption
● Three or more pregnancies
during a 2-year period
To maintain good health
● Good pregnancy diets:
○ Provide sufficient calories to support appropriate rates of weight gain.
○ Follow the MyPyramid food group recommendations.
○ Provide all essential nutrients at recommended levels of intake from the diet (with the possible exception of
iron).
○ Include 600 mcg folate, of which 400 mcg is folic acid, daily.

○ Include 250 mg EPA and DHA daily.

○ Provide sufficient dietary fiber (28 g/day).

○ Include 9 c fluid daily.

○ Include salt “to taste.”

To maintain good health
● Good pregnancy diets:
○ Exclude alcohol and limit coffee intake to #4 cups per day.
○ Are satisfying and enjoyable.
● Keep yourself away from stress
RECOMMENDED DIET

Recommended Energy Intake (PDRI): 1,870 kcal + 300 kcal

Percentage Distribution
Carbohydrates: 55-70%
Proteins: 10-15%
Fat: 20-30%
RECOMMENDED DIET

Recommended Energy Intake (PDRI): 2,170 kcal

Using 65-15-20 distribution:

Diet Rx:
Energy- 2,170 kcal; CHO- 355 g; CHON- 80 +25 g; Fat- 50 g
RECOMMENDED DIET
RECOMMENDED DIET
RECOMMENDED DIET
One-Day Sample Meal Plan
RECOMMENDED DIET
Food Alternatives
GO Foods
● 1 ½ cups of cooked rice
● 6 pieces of small pandesal
● 6 slices of small loaf bread
● 1 ½ cups of cooked noodles (ex.
pansit)
● 1 ½ medium pcs of root crops
(ex. kamote)
GROW Foods
● 2 pcs medium variety of fish (ex.
galunggong)
● 3 slices of large variety of fish (ex.
bangus)
● 2 pcs of medium chicken leg
● 2 servings of lean meat, 30g each (ex.
Chicken, pork, beef)
● 2 pcs of tokwa, 6 x 6 x 2cm each
● 1 pc of small chicken egg and 1pc of
any food items mentioned above
RECOMMENDED DIET
Food Alternatives
GLOW Foods Liquids

● 1-1 ½ cups of cooked vegetables ● 9 or more glasses of water per

(ex. Malunggay, ampalaya, day
kalabasa, carrots) ● 1 glass of milk per day
● 1 medium size fruit (ex. Saging,
dalanghita, mangga)
● 1 slice of big fruit (ex. Papaya,
pinya, pakwan)
36 year old FATHER
 PHYSICAL CONDITION MENTAL CONDITION
● Increase in weight and adiposity ● Physical Stress
● Decrease in muscle mass ● Financial Stress
● First outward signs of aging: ● Pressure of a growing family
○ Appearance of Wrinkles ● Role as Breadwinner
○ Joints ache (after a highly active day)
● Age
● Decline in endurance
● Onset of wear-and-tear injuries
○ Osteoarthritis
● Changes in digestive system
● Longer regeneration time
● Presbyopia
● Decrease testosterone levels
Factors in Diet Plan:
● Energy requirement
● Nutritional requirement
● Metabolic rate and Energy Expenditure
○ Decline at rate of 2% per decade
● Physical Working Capacity
○ Decline 5% to 10% per decade
● Redistribution of fat
○ Risk for Hypertension
○ Insulin resistance - Type 2 Diabetes
○ Stroke
○ Gallbladder Disease
○ Coronary Artery Disease
● Environment
● Lifestyle (Budget)
● Vices
Problems/Conditions
● Diet
● Physical Activity
● Smoking
● Alcohol
● Body weight
Altered Substrate Availability
● Subclinical state of nutritional harm occurs when intake does not meet needs.
● Loss of reserves and/or accumulation of excesses.
○ Results into inefficient or altered metabolism
● These changes are well-recognized risk factors for the development of chronic
diseases.
○ Atherosclerosis
○ Osteoporosis
○ Cancer
○ Type 2 Diabetes
○ Depression
● If measured, blood markers could show subclinical changes, but without physical
signs or risk indicators
How to maintain good health?
● MAIN GOAL: Maintain DBW = 60.5 kg
● Consume nutrient-dense foods with greater amounts of fruits and vegetables,
fiber, and low-fat dairy products
● Limiting saturated fat intake, avoiding trans fats, and selecting lean meats and
meat alternatives
● Drink alcohol moderately or not at all
● Be a nonsmoker;
● Balancing energy intake with energy expenditure to maintain or achieve a
healthy weight
○ Higher calorie as a construction worker
Table 1. Nutritional management of specific-related problem
RECOMMENDED DIET

Recommended Energy Intake (PDRI): 2,420 kcal

Percentage Distribution
Carbohydrates: 55-70%
Proteins: 10-15%
Fat: 20-30%
RECOMMENDED DIET

Recommended Energy Intake (PDRI): 2,420 kcal

Using 65-15-20 distribution:

Diet Rx:
Energy- 2,420 kcal; CHO- 395 g; CHON- 90 g; Fat- 55 g
RECOMMENDED DIET
RECOMMENDED DIET
RECOMMENDED DIET
One-Day Sample Meal Plan
RECOMMENDED DIET
Food Alternatives
GO Foods
● 1 ½ cups of cooked rice
● 6 pieces of small pandesal
● 6 slices of small loaf bread
● 1 ½ cups of cooked noodles (ex.
pansit)
● 1 ½ medium pcs of root crops
(ex. kamote)
GROW Foods
● 2 pcs (small size) medium variety of
fish (ex. galunggong)
● 2 slices of large variety of fish (ex.
bangus)
● 2 pcs of small chicken leg
● 2 servings of lean meat, 30g each (ex.
Chicken, pork, beef)
● 2 pcs of tokwa, 6 x 6 x 2cm each
● 1 pc of small chicken egg and 1pc of
any food items mentioned above
RECOMMENDED DIET
Food Alternatives
GLOW Foods Liquids

● 1-1 ½ cups of cooked vegetables ● 10 or more glasses of water per

(ex. Malunggay, ampalaya, day
kalabasa, carrots) ● 1 glass of milk per day
● 1 medium size fruit (ex. Saging,
dalanghita, mangga)
● 1 slice of big fruit (ex. Papaya,
pinya, pakwan)
80-year old
grandmother
The Theories of Aging

1) Programmed Aging
a) Hayflick limit / Telomeric theory
2) Wear-and-Tear
a) Free-Radical / Oxidative Stress theory
Definition of Old

While there are no definite biological benchmark signals

a person’s becoming old, there are specific ages in which
the society use as reference for programs and so,
although this may not correctly reflect the real and
perceived status of the aged adult. The set retirement
age, which is 65 years, denotes an older adult.
PHYSICAL CONDTIONS: Physiological changes
PHYSICAL ● Body-composition
CONDITION OF ● Capacity to absorb and
80 year old produce essentials
Grandmother ● Diseases
● Sensory Awareness &
Motor Capability
PHYSICAL CONDITION

1) BODY-COMPOSITION CHANGES

● Decline in lean body mass (LBM)

● Increase in body fat
PHYSICAL CONDITION

2) CHANGES IN THE BODY’S CAPACITY TO

ABSORB AND PRODUCE ESSENTIALS LIKE
NUTRIENTS, VITAMINS, MINERALS AND
HORMONES
● Malnutrition
● Dehydration
● Menopause
PHYSICAL CONDITION

3) PROBABILITY OF HAVING DISEASE/S

PHYSICAL CONDITION

4) SENSORY AEARENESS & MOTOR CAPABILITY

CHANGES
● Taste & Smell decreases
● Hunger & Satiety cues are weaker
● Difficulty in moving
○ low coordination & balance
○ slow
MENTAL ● PSYCHIATRIC &
CONDITION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
80 year old ● MENTAL/EMOTIONAL/
Grandmother SOCIAL WELL-BEING
MENTAL CONDITION

1) PSYCHIATRIC & PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

● Cognitive Disorders and associated problems:

○ Degenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s &
Parkinson’s)
○ Dementia
○ Depression
○ Fear of incontinence
MENTAL CONDITION

2) MENTAL/EMOTIONAL/ SOCIAL WELL-BEING

● Loss of autonomy
● Bereavement & Grief
● Social Isolation
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN PLANNING DIET

● Nutritional value of food

● Diseases/Health Problems
○ Poor dentition & oral health; chewing &
swallowing problems
● Poverty
● Geographical area/Culture
PROBLEMS/CONDITIONS THAT CAN POSSIBLY HAVE
AN EFFECT ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF MEMBER

● DISEASES/HEALTH PROBLEMS
○ Functional disability
○ Psychiatric & psychological disorders
○ Poor dentition & oral health
○ Diet-related chronic diseases/conditions
○ Polypharmacy
RECOMMENDED DIET

Recommended Energy Intake (PDRI): 1,540 kcal

Percentage Distribution
Carbohydrates: 55-70%
Proteins: 10-15%
Fat: 20-30%
RECOMMENDED DIET

Recommended Energy Intake (PDRI): 1,540 kcal

Using 65-15-20 distribution:

Diet Rx:
Energy- 1,540 kcal; CHO- 250 g; CHON- 60 g; Fat- 35 g
RECOMMENDED DIET
RECOMMENDED DIET
RECOMMENDED DIET
One-Day Sample Meal Plan
RECOMMENDED DIET
Food Alternatives
GO Foods
● ½ cup of cooked rice
● 3 pieces of small pandesal
● 3 slices of small loaf bread
● ½ cup of cooked noodles (ex.
pansit)
● ½ medium pcs of root crops (ex.
kamote)
GROW Foods
● 2 pcs (small size) medium variety of
fish (ex. galunggong)
● 2 slices of large variety of fish (ex.
bangus)
● 2 pcs of small chicken leg
● 2 servings of lean meat, 30g each
(ex. Chicken, pork, beef)
● 2 pcs of tokwa, 6 x 6 x 2cm each
● 1 pc of small chicken egg and 1 pc of
any food items mentioned above
RECOMMENDED DIET
Food Alternatives
GLOW Foods Liquids

● ½ cup of cooked vegetables (ex. ● 7 or more glasses of water per

Malunggay, ampalaya, kalabasa, day
carrots) ● 1 glass of milk per day
● 1 medium size fruit (ex. Saging,
dalanghita, mangga)
● 1 slice of big fruit (ex. Papaya,
pinya, pakwan)
ADVICE/S IN MAINTAINING GOOD HEALTH
ADVICE/S IN MAINTAINING GOOD HEALTH
ADVICE/S IN MAINTAINING GOOD HEALTH
ADVICE/S IN MAINTAINING GOOD HEALTH
ADVICE/S IN MAINTAINING GOOD HEALTH
ADDITIONAL INFO
Desirable Body Weight

Tannhauser’s Method

● Unit of measurement: kg
● Steps
1. Express height in cm
2. DBW (kg) = height (cm)-100
3. Adjusted DBW (kg) = DBW - (DBW x 0.1)
4. Round off to the nearest whole number
Desirable Body Weight

Tannhauser’s Method

Example: 5’2’’

1. Convert to cm- 62 ft. x 2.54 = 157.48 cm

2. 157.48 - 100 = 57.48
3. 57.48 - (57.48 x 10%) = 51.732
4. Round off = 52 kg
Total Energy Allowance

Physical Activity Factor

Activity kcal/kg DBW/day

Bed rest but mobile (hospital patients) 27.5

Sedentary (mostly sitting) 30.0

Light (tailor, nurse, physician, jeepney 35.0

driver)

Moderate (carpenter, painter, heavy 40.0

housework)

Very Active (swimming, lumberman) 45.0

Total Energy Allowance

A physician with DBW of 52 kg (light PAF)

52 kg x 35 = 1,820 kcal ~ 1,800 kcal

Percentage Distribution: 65-15-20

Diet Rx:

Energy- 1,800 kcal; CHO- 300 g; CHON- 70 g; Fat- 40 g

Distribution of Exchanges
Distribution of Exchanges
Thank you!