Lecture at a Glance

• Schedule a meeting with your laison

• HW#2 questions

• HAZOP continued
• Quantitative analysis
• Pressure Relief
Hazard and Operability Study
• A systematic study that evaluates all lines and vessels for
• Intention
• Defines how the item is intended to operate
• Deviations
• Looks at departures from the intention by using guide words
• Causes
• What could cause the deviation
• Consequences
• What’s the result of the deviation

• Hazards
• The consequences that cause damage or injury
Guide Words
Guide word Meaning
No, Not No part of the intention is achieved
More A system property is quantitatively different
Less than the intention
As well as All intentions are achieved, plus some other
effect
Part of Some of the intentions are achieved, not all
Reverse Some property is the opposite of the
intention
Other than No intention is achieved, plus some other
effect
Step through the process…
• Choose a vessel or operation
• eg. vaporizer

• Apply guide words to lines, vessels and operations to

identify deviations
• Feed line has NO flow

• Determine cause of deviation

• Pump failed

• Determine consequence
• Tank level drops, alarms trip
• Vessel- Vaporizer
• Streams
• 101, 102, 109

Only events with hazardous consequences are documented

• Stream 101
• No flow
• More flow
• Less flow
• As well as
composition
• Other…

Guide word Deviation Cause Consequence Action

No Flow Pump failure Level low in Install low

Valve failure vaporizer level alarm
More Flow Valve failure Vessel floods Install high
LIC failure level alarm
Less Flow Pump failure Feed rate Install low
Valve failure reduced level alarm
LIC failure
As well as Composition Coolant leak Conc low Analyze feed
Others…
The result of a HAZOP analysis
There’s always
a process…

Don’t forget this!

And a
format…

Use this format for HW #3.

Quantitative analysis
• Starts the same for no protective systems...
Risk (Rnp) = Frequency (Fnp) x Consequence (C)

• Modified for protective systems

Tolerable Risk (Rt) = Tolerable Frequency (Ft) x C

• Thus the risk reduction is

ΔR = Fnp/Ft

• And the Probability of Failure on Demand

1/ ΔR = Ft/Fnp
Safety Integrity Levels
Determining Frequency
• Hazard due to multiple, simultaneous failures

OR

AND
What is the main difference between the Dow
F&E index and Quantitative hazard analysis?

• A. Dow F&E index is an established code of safety

regulations

• B. No difference, use is company specific

• C. Quantitative hazard analysis require plant/equipment

performance data

• D. Only quantitative analysis calculates the hazard as a

numerical value
How Safe to Design For?
• Fatal Accident Frequency Rate
# deaths per 108 hours

When evaluating safety, target 0.4 x national average

Recognized And Generally Accepted Good
Engineering Practices (RAGAGEP)
• Published codes
• National Fire Protection Assoc. / SDFD

• Published standards
• AMSE
• ANSI

• Industry specific publications

• Chlorine Institute
• Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems

• Internal standards
• Company specific