Assignment Individual 2: Publication Article with Microsoft Word

1.0 ORIGINAL SOURCE OF ARTICLES

No Source Of Articles

1. .pdf

2. .pdf

3. .pdf

4. .pdf

5. .pdf

6. .pdf

7. .html

8. .pdf

9. .pdf

10. .pdf

1
 2.0 Lists Of Article’s Code Detail Information

1. https://www.elsevier.com/journals/journal-of-herbal-medicine/2210-8033?generatepdf=true2016:
1.327 © Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports 2017
2. http://www.labtimes.org/labtimes/issues/lt2012/lt01/lt_2012_01_40_42.pdf.Publication Analysis
1998-2009 – Cancer Research
3. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/whats-new-in-breast-cancer-
research.htmlHalpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV-infected
patients. N Engl J Med 2002; 347 : 284-7.
4. https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/breast-cancer-
facts-and-figures/breast-cancer-facts-and-figures-2015-2016.pdfBreast Cancer Facts & Figures
2015-2016 is a publication of the American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
5. https://watermark.silverchair.com/20-2-212.pdfReceived 9 January 2012 Accepted 14 June 2012
212 J Am Med Inform Assoc 2013;20:212–217. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2012-000821 Published
Online First 10 July 2012
6. https://publicationethics.org/files/Best_Practices_for_Ensuring_Consent_for_Publishing_Medical_
Case_Reports_guidance_from_COPE.pdfVersion 1 Published December 2016
7. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/481292.HTMLArch Pediatr Adolesc
Med. 2003;157(4):321-324. doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.4.321
8. http://www.med.umich.edu/news/newsroom/Boothman%20et%20al.pdfJournal of Health & Life
Sciences Law.
9. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=17837895B4866B043EED1680CDA498
9A?doi=10.1.1.492.9552&rep=rep1&type=pdfAziz Jamal, Kirsten McKenzie and Michele Clark.
HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT JOURNAL Vol 38 No 3 2009 ISSN 1833-3583
(PRINT) ISSN 1833-3575 (ONLINE)
10. file:///C:/Users/User/Desktop/journal%20stid%2010.pdfJ R Fraser Cummings, Satish Keshav and
Simon P L Travis. BMJ 2008;336;1062-1066. doi:10.1136/bmj.39547.603218.AE

2
3.0 ARTICLES SUMMARIZED AND GROUPING

What is breast cancer?

Cancer is a group of diseases that cause cells in the body to change and grow out of control. Most
types of cancer cells eventually form a lump or mass called a tumor, and are named after the part of
the body where the tumor originates. (2015 – 2016) (3)

Invasive breast cancer

Some of the historic increase in breast cancer incidence reflects changes in reproductive patterns,
such as delayed childbearing and having fewer children, which are known risk factors for breast
cancer. In addition, breast cancer incidence rates increased rapidly during the 1980s due largely to
greater use of mammography screening, which can detect breast cancers earlier when they are too
small to be felt. (2015 -2016)(6)
Radiation
The link between radiation exposure and breast cancer has been demonstrated in studies of atomic
bomb survivors and women who have received high-dose radiation therapy to the chest,
particularly those who were first exposed at younger ages.158, 159 This may be because breast
tissue is most susceptible to carcinogens before it is fully differentiated, which occurs with first
childbirth.160 (2015-2016)(16)
Prophylactic surgery
Women at very high risk of breast cancer (such as those with BRCA gene mutations) may elect
prophylactic (preventive) mastectomy. This operation removes one or both breasts. Removing both
breasts before cancer is diagnosed reduces the risk of breast cancer by 90% or more.186-189
Prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy (surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries) reduces
the risk of both breast and ovarian cancers in women who carry BRCA mutations.189, 190(2015-
2016)(17)

Mammography
Mammography is a low-dose x-ray procedure that allows visualization of the internal structure of
the breast. There are three main types of mammography: film, digital, and digital breast
tomosynthesis. Film mammography uses general-purpose x-ray equipment to record images of the
breast, whereas digital mammography uses more specialized computerized equipment and delivers
lower doses of radiation. Film mammography has been largely replaced by digital mammography,

3
which appears to be even more accurate for women younger than 50 years of age and for those with
dense breast tissue.193-195 (2015-2016)(18)

4.0 DRAFT ARTICLES OR THESIS USING ARTICLE’S CODE

REFERENCE

Acknowledgments
The production of this report would not have been possible without the efforts of:

Rick Alteri, MD; Tracie Bertaut, APR; Louise A Brinton, PhD; Stacey Fedewa, MPH; Rachel A
Freedman, MD, MPH; Ted Gansler, MD, MPH; Mia M Gaudet, PhD; Joan Kramer, MD; Chun
Chieh Lin, MBA, PhD; Marji McCullough, SCD, RD; Kimberly Miller, MPH; Lisa A Newman,
MD, MPH; Dearell Niemeyer, MPH; Anthony Piercy; Cheri Richards, MS; Ann Goding Sauer,
MSPH; Scott Simpson; Robert Smith, PhD; Dana Wagner; and Jiaquan Xu, MD.

Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2015-2016 is a publication of the American Cancer Society,
Atlanta, Georgia

Contents

Breast Cancer Basic Facts 1

Breast Cancer Occurrence 4

Breast Cancer Risk Factors 11

Breast Cancer Screening 18

Breast Cancer Treatment 22

What is the American Cancer Society doing about breast cancer? 26

Sources of Statistics 29

References 31

4
For more information, contact:
Carol DeSantis, MPHRebecca Siegel, MPHAhmedin Jemal, DVM, PhDSurveillance and Health
Services Research Program
Corporate Center: American Cancer Society Inc. 250 Williams Street, NW, Atlanta, GA 30303-
1002 (404) 320-3333
©2015, American Cancer Society, Inc. All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this
publicationor portions thereof in any form.
For written permission, address the Legal department of the American Cancer Society, 250
Williams Street, NW, Atlanta, GA 30303-1002.

Breast Cancer Basic Facts

What is breast cancer?

Cancer is a group of diseases that cause cells in the body to change and grow out of control. Most
types of cancer cells eventually form a lump or mass called a tumor, and are named after the part of
the body where the tumor originates.

The vast majority of breast cancers begin in the parts of the breast tissue that are made up of glands
for milk production, called lobules, and ducts that connect the lobules to the nipple. The remainder
of the breast is made up of fatty, connective, and lymphatic tissues.

Breast cancer is typically detected either during a screening examination, before symptoms have
developed, or after a woman notices a lump. Most masses seen on a mammogram and most breast
lumps turn out to be benign; that is, they are not cancerous, do not grow uncontrollably or spread,
and are not life-threatening. When cancer is suspected, microscopic analysis of breast tissue is
necessary for a definitive diagnosis and to determine the extent of spread (in situ or invasive) and
characterize the type of the disease. The tissue for microscopic analysis can be obtained via a
needle or surgical biopsy. Selection of the type of biopsy is based on individual patient clinical
factors, availability of particular biopsy devices, and resources.

In situ
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) refers to a condition where abnormal cells replace the normal
epithelial cells of the breast ducts and may greatly expand the ducts and lobules. DCIS is
considered a noninvasive form of breast cancer because the abnormal cells have not grown beyond
the layer of cells where they originated. It is the most common type of in situ breast cancer,
5
accounting for about 83% of in situ cases diagnosed during 2008-2012. DCIS may or may not
progress to invasive cancer; in fact, some of these tumors grow so slowly that even without
treatment they would not affect a woman’s health. Long-term studies of women whose DCIS was
untreated because it was originally misclassified as benign found that 20%-53% were diagnosed
with an invasive breast cancer over the course of 10 or more years.1-5 Since there is no certain way
to determine the progressive potential of a DCIS lesion, surgery and sometimes radiation and/or
hormonal therapy is the usual course of action following a diagnosis of DCIS. Identifying
molecular characteristics of DCIS that predict recurrence or progression to invasive cancer is an
active area of research.6
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS, also known as lobular neoplasia) refers to cells that look like
cancer cells growing within the lobules of the breast. LCIS is generally not thought to be a
precursor of invasive cancer. Instead, it is considered a marker for increased risk for developing
invasive cancer. LCIS is much less common than DCIS, accounting for about 13% of female in situ
breast cancers diagnosed during 2008-2012.
Other in situ breast cancers have characteristics of both ductal and lobular carcinomas or have
unknown origins.

See page 12 for additional information on DCIS and LCIS. More information can also be found in
the Cancer Facts & Figures 2015, Special Section: Breast Carcinoma In Situ.

5.0 FINAL ARTICLE FORMAT OR THESIS USING ACTUAL

AUTHOR AND YEAR OF PUBLICATION

1. Allred DC. Ductal carcinoma in situ: terminology, classification, and natural history. J Natl
Cancer Inst Monogr. 2010;2010: 134-138.
2. Erbas B, Provenzano E, Armes J, Gertig D. The natural history of ductal carcinoma in situ of the
breast: a review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006;97: 135-144.
3. Sanders ME, Schuyler PA, Simpson JF, Page DL, Dupont WD. Continued observation of the
natural history of low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ reaffirms proclivity for local recurrence even
after more than 30 years of follow-up. Mod Pathol. 2015;28: 662-669.
6
4. Collins LC, Tamimi RM, Baer HJ, Connolly JL, Colditz GA, Schnitt SJ. Outcome of patients
with ductal carcinoma in situ untreated after diagnostic biopsy: results from the Nurses’ Health
Study. Cancer. 2005;103: 1778-1784.
5. Eusebi V, Feudale E, Foschini MP, et al. Long-term follow-up of in situ carcinoma of the breast.
Seminars in Diagn Path. 1994;11: 223-235.
6. Pape-Zambito D, Jiang Z, Wu H, et al. Identifying a highly-aggressive DCIS subgroup by
studying intra-individual DCIS heterogeneity among invasive breast cancer patients. PLoS One.
2014;9: e100488
7. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FG, Trotti A. AJCC Cancer Staging
Manual. New York: Springer, 2010.
8. Young JL Jr, Roffers SD, Ries LAG, Fritz AG, Hurlbut A. SEER Summary Staging Manual -
2001: Codes and Coding Instructions. NIH Pub. No. 01-4969. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer
Institute, 2001.
9. Dieci MV, Orvieto E, Dominici M, Conte P, Guarneri V. Rare breast cancer subtypes:
histological, molecular, and clinical peculiarities. Oncologist. 2014;19: 805-813.
10. Cancer Genome Atlas Network. Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours.
Nature. 2012;490: 61-70.
11. Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature.
2000;406: 747-752.
12. Tamimi RM, Colditz GA, Hazra A, et al. Traditional breast cancer risk factors in relation to
molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;131: 159-167.
13. Yang XR, Chang-Claude J, Goode EL, et al. Associations of breast cancer risk factors with
tumor subtypes: a pooled analysis from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium studies. J Natl
Cancer Inst. 2011;103: 250-263.

7
8
9
10