Int. J. Electron. Commun.

(AEÜ) 83 (2018) 213–221

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Electronics and

Communications (AEÜ)
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/aeue

Regular paper

Compact and miniaturized microstrip antenna based on fractal and

metamaterial loads with reconfigurable qualification
Gohar Varamini a, Asghar Keshtkar b,⇑, Mohammad Naser-Moghadasi a
a
Department of Electrical and Computer Eng., Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
b
Department of Engineering and Technology, Imam Khomeini International University, Ghazvin, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: We have described a compact antenna based on fractal and metamaterial loads techniques. The micro-
Received 18 June 2017 strip patch antenna is assumed as a basic antenna and then the effect of fractal structures is imple-
Accepted 30 August 2017 mented. The fractal patch is considered as a right-handed element and then by adding a left-handed
element, the antenna miniaturization is achieved by using the metamaterial loads technique. The equiv-
alent circuit is also used to describe the element effect on miniaturization and parametric models clarify
Keywords: them. The proposed antenna is modified for wireless applications and experimental results confirm our
Microstrip antenna
simulation results. In addition, we show that the proposed antenna is suitable for reconfigurable. By join-
Metamaterial load
Reconfigurable
ing the unit cells together with various arrangements and changing the effective length, the various
CRLH inductances can be obtained. Finally, by adding reconfigurable characteristic to the proposed antenna,
Defected grounded the gain and radiation pattern can be controlled as shows in this paper. The patch antenna has low band-
width and gain and so we have developed the patch antenna with defected ground to improve the band-
width and the Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) is used to achieve higher gain and bandwidth. The final
antenna is covering 2.4, 3.5 and 5.5 GHz with higher gain than the patch antenna.
Ó 2017 Published by Elsevier GmbH.

1. Introduction On the other hand, some techniques are investigated based on

Recently, wireless communication has been noticed due to fast
data transfer between ambulatory devices such as cell phone and
tablet for IEEE protocol at 2.4 GHz (2.4–2.484), 5.2 GHz (5.15–
5.35), 5.8 GHz (5.725–5.825) [1]. In wireless systems, reducing
the size, volume, weight and price are concerned and so we need
to have a compact antenna and the microwave instruments [1,2].
Therefore, various techniques have been proposed and developed
to miniaturize the microstrip antenna such as fractal method [3],
metamaterial structure [4], composite right/left hand techniques
[5,6] and other methods like fractal shape by genetic algorithm [7].
Fractal techniques have been considered to design compact and
multiband antenna and the Fractal patterns are made by complex
shapes that have self-similarity or self-affinity in their geometrical
structure [8]. Various fractal arrangements have been developed
such as the Sierpinski triangular or circular pattern for miniaturiza-
tion [9,10], Koch for notch band frequency [11], the Minkowski
fractal for dual band applications [8], Fractal Slot by Jerusalem
Cross shape [12] and other on common formation [13,14].
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: akeshtkar@gmail.com (A. Keshtkar).
left hand characteristic in antenna and microwave circuit and the
composite right/left hand (CRLH) technique can be used for various
aims such as the gain enhancement, the antenna miniaturization
and multi band application [15,16]. The patch antenna is consid-
ered as a right hand part, while, in order to make the left hand ele-
ment in the patch antenna, the external metallic trace have been
added to the patch which creates a left-handed capacitance and
inductance [8].Typically, the Gap and interdigital capacitors are
used as series capacitance while vias are used as shunt inductance.
However, a combination of vias and other types of inductors such
as spiral or meander structures have been suggested to increase
the inductance value [17]. In addition, controlling the resonant fre-
quency of the antenna by an external bias has been considered
where the Inductance and capacitance values of the antenna are
changed by the implementation of the PIN diode and varactors
capacitance [18,19].
Frequency selective surface (FSS) is a good candidate with sim-
ilar unit cells, which placed in an arrangement array [20]. FSS have
been applied in many cases such as antenna gain enhancement,
beam switching, absorber, radar antenna and microwave ovens.
Such structures composed of two categories single layer and mul-
tilayer. Many factors such as the distance between the elements,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2017.08.057
1434-8411/Ó 2017 Published by Elsevier GmbH.
214 G. Varamini et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 83 (2018) 213–221

Fig. 1. (a) The rectangular patch antenna (b) the fractal Koch patch antenna resulted by 45° rotation of the regular rectangular patch (c) for rectangular patch with Unit Cell
(b) for the fractal Koch patch with Unit Cell.

of the antenna has been also studied. In the second step, we have
added a left-handed unit cell to the patch antenna and the fractal
structure. Here the equivalent circuit is used for modeling and cal-
culating the gap capacitances and the strip inductance.
In the third step, we have debated about adding reconfigurable
characteristics of the proposed antenna. For this purpose, we have
assumed few switches between the unit cells, which can be
replaced in commercial application with PIN diode or MEMS
switches [23]. The antenna exhibits a dual band characteristic
and a directional pattern with a maximum measured gain value
of 5.5 dB. We have also compared the simulation with the experi-
mental results and the proposed antenna is compared with previ-
ous researches. Finally, we have presented our final antenna and
for this antenna defected ground techniques with Frequency selec-
tive surface is used to obtain more bandwidth and higher gain than
patch antenna.

Table 1
Geometrical parameters of the patch
Fig. 2. The proposed antenna equivalent circuit for two unit cell and gaps between antenna with EBG.
them. Parameter mm
a 40
b 40
geometrical of unit cell and type of array can affect the FSS filtering c 0.5
and its technical operation [21,22]. d 3.5
e 4
In this paper, we firstly consider a regular patch antenna and
f 12
then the fractal Koch model is being studied for the miniaturiza- g 0.5
tion purpose. In this step, the effect of feeding point on matching

Fig. 3. the final designed antenna (a) the schematic of the antenna with parameters, (b) the prototyped fabricated antenna.
 G. Varamini et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 83 (2018) 213–221 215

Fig. 4. (a) S11 spectrums for the patch and fractal antenna (simulation result) (b) S11 magnitude of the fractal antenna for various feed point placements.

2. Design theory and background

Fractal techniques are implemented for miniaturization of the

Fig. 5. S11 of the prototyped antenna for simulation and experimental results for
the fractal antenna with metamaterial unit cell loads.
antenna by increasing the effective length [24].
As was said in the previous section, the patch antenna is made
the right hand part in the CRLH structure and here the fractal patch
antenna is selected for this part and it is made by the 45° rotation
of the rectangular patch so we have obtained the Koch fractal
antenna as shows in Fig. 1.
The patch makes right hand (RH) resonances; however, based
on CRLH model, we have needed to employ both right and left
hands (LH) parts and so we should add series capacitance and
shunt inductance to obtain the CRLH circuit [25]. For this aim,
we use the strip nearby the edge of the patch for making series
capacitance. Although the implemented strip creates an induc-
tance simultaneously, we used the T-shaped structure with the
via (Fig. 1(c)) and for the proposed antenna, we have used the Koch
fractal formation and both structures are shown in Fig. 1(d). Fig. 2
shows the equivalent circuit for this antenna, while the patch
antenna as a right hand part makes the CR and LR and it make a res-
onator and CL1 is placed between the unit cell and the main patch
as a one of the left hand capacitance. The shunt inductance is made

Fig. 6. The parametric study on S11 of the antenna for the effect of (a) the gap and (b) the length of strip.
216 G. Varamini et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 83 (2018) 213–221

Fig. 7. The fabricated antenna with junction (a) type (1) with 8 junctions (b) type (2) with 4 junctions.

by strip and via which denoted by LL for each unit cell. The gap
between two-unit cells is made, another left hand capacitance
and shows with CL2 between two unit cells.
Here, the capacitor due to the gap is obtained by equivalent cir-
cuit as described by Kirschning et al. for microstrip [26] where the
length and width of the gaps are considered as main parameters
for estimation of the capacitance and here we are neglected the
parallel capacitance in equivalent circuit of the gaps. On the other
hand, the microstrip line can be used as a left-handed inductance.
It can be calculated by Eq. (1) where the b and w are the length and
width of the strip, respectively, on the substrate with the thickness
of h [27]. Also, for the via inductance we can use Eq. (2) where the
d is the radius of the via. Therefore, the total inductance is obtained
by gathering both inductances:




2b wþh
Lstrip ¼ 0:00508b ln þ 0:5 þ 0:2235
wþh b shows that the effective size of the antenna can be considered


  for controlling the resonances and return loss value. Furthermore,
2h
Lv ia ¼ 5:08h ln þ 1 nH
d material loads to improve it.
The gap capacitance is known as a series gap which are noticed
as left hand gap and can be modeled by various techniques [26],
however, we can neglect the shunt capacitance in the gaps because
of their small value. For the finally developed antenna, RH reso-
nance is made by the patch antenna while the LH one originates
from the added strip unit cells, so the final resonance also called
zero order resonance (ZOR)’is obtained by Eq. (3) [28]:
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
f ZOR ¼ f RH  f LH
4.1. The antenna return loss of the rectangular patch and fractal patch
simulation
At the first step, we have studied the S11 value of the patch
antenna (Fig. 1(a)) and compared it with the Koch fractal model
(Fig. 1(b)). As shown in Fig. 4(a) (for simulation result with HFSS)
where the regular patch resonates at 5.7 GHz with S11 value of
5 dB while the Koch fractal model operates at 5.1 GHz with S11
value of 7 dB but both antenna return loss value are over than
10 dB and are not suitable for wireless access. However, in some
indoor application less than 6 dB (VSWR < 3) have been noticed.
It is shown that the fractal technique increases the effective size
of the antenna, therefore the antenna resonance shifts to lower fre-
quencies and the impedance matching is improved for this
antenna. The fractal patch operates as a right hand part in the pro-
posed CRLH model and the fRH is assumed 5.1 GHz. Exactly Fig. 4
ð1Þ
the return loss values are not suitable which have used the meta-
ð2Þ
4.2. The effect of feed point effect on the patch resonance frequency
At the second step, we have checked the S-parameter of the
fractal antenna with various locations of feed point and we show
the effects of the feed point placement on the resonance antenna
and impedance matching. We have done a parametric study of
the feed location between 2 mm and 5 mm. As shows in Fig. 4
ð3Þ

3. Antenna design

The geometry of the proposed antenna is illustrated in Fig. 3(a)

and the optimized dimensions of the proposed are listed in Table 1.
Fig. 3(b) shows the fabricated antenna on a FR-4 substrate with a
thickness of 1.6 mm. The total size of the proposed antenna is
40 mm  40 mm. A 50 O coaxial feed line, which is connected,
feeds the antenna to the SMA connector. Here, the via radius is
0.5 mm is assumed for simulation and experimental and the meta-
material load width are 1.5 mm.

4. Simulation and experimental results

The antenna is simulated on HFSS as full wave software, and the

network analyzer measures the return loss of the fabricated
antenna. Antenna gain and radiation patterns are obtained in the Fig. 8. The measured S11 for both fabricated antennas with eight and four junctions
anechoic chamber room. in between unit cells.
 G. Varamini et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 83 (2018) 213–221 217

Fig. 9. The antenna 3D radiation pattern (a) for prototype antenna at 4 GHz, (b) for prototype antenna at 5 GHz, (c) for prototype antenna with eight junctions at 5 GHz, (d) for
prototype antenna with eight junctions at 6 GHz.

Fig. 10. The measured radiation pattern, (a) phi = 0 at 4 GHz (X–Z), (b) phi = 90 at 4 GHz (Y–Z), (c) phi = 0 at 5 GHz (X–Z), (d) phi = 90 at 5 GHz (Y–Z) (solid line for co-
polarization and dash line for cross-polarization).
218 G. Varamini et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 83 (2018) 213–221

(b), by placing the feed point close to the center, the antenna
impedance matching improved drastically, the feed placement
is affected on the current distribution, and so the matching is
improved. However, the feed point placement has a slight effect
on the resonance frequency. As shows here, the feed point place-
ment can be noticed for matching and in the next part, we have
developed the fractal antenna by metamaterial loads and we can
realize that the metamaterial loads improved matching
drastically.
4.3. Metamaterial loading and experimental results
At the third step, we have added the left hand unit cells to the
patches as shows in Fig. 2(a) and (b). As described in the previous
section, the patch antenna work as same as conventional transmis-
sion line and so we have right hand part and we can assumed our
model as balanced CRLH model.
The simulated results of S11for both antenna designs are plotted
in Fig. 5 as well as the experimental results for the fractal antenna.

Fig. 11. The antenna current distribution pattern (a) for prototype antenna at 4 GHz, (b) for prototype antenna at 5 GHz, (c) for prototype antenna with eight junctions at
5 GHz, and (d) 6 GHz.

Fig. 12. Final fabricated antenna with FSS layer (a) the final antenna (b) the FSS layer and dimension (c) the patch and dimension.
 G. Varamini et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 83 (2018) 213–221 219

Fig. 5 shows a good agreement between the simulation and the
measurements despite a small frequency shift which is due to dif-
ferent FR-4 permittivity value and dispersive (because the FR-4
known as lossy material) property in simulation and actual case.
The connector quality and the soldering can also cause this fre-
quency shift.
By adding unit cells to the antenna, the gap between unit cells
and the main patch creates a series capacitor (C1) while another
capacitor (C2) is created by the gap between unit cells. The
microstrip line and the via act as inductors, so two left hand res-
onances occur in the antenna model with added unit cells of
strips as metamaterial loads. As shown in Fig. 5 By the equivalent
circuit modeling, we have obtained the C1 and C2 as 0.91 pf and
0.19 pf and the inductance is achieved around 2.80 nH for the
microstrip line and 0.8 nH for the via inductance and here we
are neglecting the other element like bent capacitance. So the
Left hand resonance for C1 and C2 are obtained at 2.98 GHz and
4.9 GHz. The final antenna resonances are placed at 3.9 and
5 GHz and the experimental results confirm the simulation. The
parametric studies show the effect of the gap between the strip
and the patch, and the effect of strip length on resonances. As
is plotted in Fig. 6(a), increasing the gap leads to the capacitance
to be reduced, because of the reduction in the energy concentra-
tion in the gap, and therefore frequencies of resonances shift to
higher frequencies. The first resonance shifts to 4.25 GHz for
0.7 mm, while the second resonance that is related to the gap
between strips, does not experience any shift. Another effective
parameter on the antenna resonance is the inductance due to
the length of the strip. Fig. 6 shows the parametric study on
S11 for different values of the gap and length strip. As shown in
Fig. 6(b), the result shows nonlinear dependence on the length
which originated from nonlinear current distribution as shows
for the prototype antenna (Fig. 11), however by reducing the
length of the stub, the frequencies of resonances are reduced.
gain for this frequency is predictable. Simulation result shows that
the antenna gain is around 8 dBi (Fig. 9(b)) and the efficiency is
obtained around 14% and for experimental the antenna gain and
efficiency are obtained 9 dBi and 10% respectively, which are
too low for considering the antenna as a transmitter at this fre-
quency. However, we can use this frequency for receiving and
the first resonance for transmitting signal. This technique is useful
for some applications such as health care systems, which we need
low SAR and less radiation to the body and receiving from various
devices with Omni-directional antennas. For the antenna with
eight junctions (Fig. 7(a)), the radiation pattern is altered in the
second resonance, and antenna shows a directional pattern in both
resonances. It is shown in Fig. 9(c) that the antenna gain is reduced
to 3.4 dBi at 5 GHz with the efficiency of 72%, while at 6 GHz, the
gain is decreased to 2.6 dBi with an efficiency of 74%. For the
antenna with four junctions (Fig. 7(b)), the radiation pattern is
the same as the antenna with eight not-joint unit cells. The exper-
imental 2D radiation pattern is presented at both resonances for
Phi = 0° and 90° for co- and cross-polarization in anechoic chamber
room. The experimental results agree with the simulated radiation
pattern. Fig. 11(a)–(d) shows the antenna current distribution of
both resonance frequencies for the prototyped antenna and the
prototyped antenna with eight junctions. As shows in Fig. 11(a)
the current are dispensed in the patch and the load, but in the sec-
ond resonance the current density on the patch is reduced drasti-
cally and current are make a loop at metamaterial loads as
shows in Fig. 11(b) and so Omni directional pattern is predictable.
On the other hand, for eight junctions model at the second reso-
nance the current concentrated on the patch and made the direc-
tional pattern as shows in Fig. 10(d).

4.4. Reconfigurable characteristic studies of the antenna

The gaps between the unit cells are created the capacitance, and
by using junctions between unit cells, we can modify both reso-
nances. For commercial applications, we can replace the junction
with pin diode (which is more accessible and conventional than
RF-MEMS switch). In Fig. 7(a) and (b), we show two other fabri-
cated antennas, which have been noticed in studying reconfig-
urable characteristics of the proposed antenna. For the first case,
we have used eight junctions between unit cells and create an inte-
grated unit cell. In the second case, we have used four junctions
which making four new unit cells around the main fractal patch
(Fig. 7(b)). Fig. 8 illustrates measured value of S11 for both cases
(with eight and four junctions between unit cells), the first case
exhibits two resonances at 5 and 6 GHz, which means the fre-
quency shift toward. When the gaps between unit cells are omit-
ted, we can assume that we have eight parallel inductance and
Fig. 13. The return loss of the final antenna with FSS layer.
then the total inductance is reduced, so the resonances shift to
higher frequencies. In the second case when we used four junc-
tions, the antenna contains four unit cells. In this case, the struc- Table 2
ture shows a limited change in the second resonances. The antenna resonance comparing (a) for antenna without FSS (b) for antenna
without FSS.
4.5. The antenna gain, pattern, efficiency and current distribution Frequency (GHz) Gain (dBi) Efficiency (%) BW (MHZ)
Panel (a)
The prototype antenna, 3D pattern is presented for both reso- 2.5 4.2 70 25
nances at Fig. 9. As shown in Fig. 9(a), the radiation pattern at 3.5 3.5 72 120
the first resonance of the fractal patch is directional and the gain 5 4.4 73 450
is 5.54 dBi due to left hand part. For this frequency antenna, effi- Panel (b)
ciency is simulated to be around 75% (72% in measurement). The 2.5 6.4 75 300
second resonance occurs due to the coupling of the electric field 3.5 7.9 84 140
5 7 73 1180
on the parasitic element. Therefore, low efficiency and reduced
220 G. Varamini et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 83 (2018) 213–221

5. Developed models for improving the bandwidth and the gain
by using FSS
The narrow band characteristic is the main drawback of the
patch antenna and for reducing this weakness the microstrip slot
antenna or defected ground have been suggested. However, for
these types of the antenna the radiation pattern is another flaw,
for improving the antenna gain and radiation pattern, the metama-
terial Radome, stack formation and FSS are conventional tech-
niques [29–31]. Fig. 12(a)–(c) shows the final designed antenna
and dimensions for FSS and patch layers. As shows here, the
antenna main patch has four parasitic elements, which made the
left hand part and the ground layer is formed to make a virtual
ground for the shunt inductance [32]. For increasing the antenna

Fig. 14. The measured radiation pattern (a) phi = 0 at 2 GHz (X–Z), (b) phi = 90 at 2 GHz (Y–Z), (c) phi = 0 at 3.5 GHz (X–Z), (d) phi = 90 at 3.5 GHz (Y–Z), (e) phi = 0 at 5 GHz
(X–Z), (f) phi = 90 at 5 GHz (Y–Z) (solid line for co-polarization and dash line for cross-polarization).
 G. Varamini et al. / Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 83 (2018) 213–221
gain and bandwidth, the FSS layer is placed on one side and they
are separated by foam layer and distance between of them
assumed 13.5 mm (kg/2 for Fr-4 at 5 GHz).
The return loss of the antenna for final model is presented at
Fig. 13 for simulation and experimental the details of the band-
width and comparison between simulation and experimental are
given at Table 2. The antenna has triple band at 2.4, 3.5 and
5 GHz with return loss of less than 10 dB. In Table 2, we com-
pared the experimental results for antenna bandwidth, gain and
efficiency for antenna with and without the FSS layer.
Fig. 14 shows the measured radiation pattern of the antenna
with FSS in phi = 0 and phi = 90 at 2.5,3.5 and 5 GHz for Co and
cross polarization. The antenna shows the directional pattern at
all resonances, but at the 2.5 GHz the pattern direction in (Z)
and for the 3.5 and 5 GHz, the direction is +Z.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, the development of the antenna for wireless
application like Wi-Fi, WLAN and WiMAX has been noticed. At
first, we show that the antenna can be miniaturized around 24%
by the metamaterial unit cell as parasitic load near by the antenna;
exactly this value of miniaturization factor can be improved by
developing the inductance of the unit cell like meandered induc-
tance for more compact structure. Then for overcoming on antenna
weakness like gain and bandwidth, we have suggested antenna
with defect ground and a conventional FSS layer. The results show
that the proposed antenna is useful for wireless indoor application
with sufficient radiation parameter.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank Ferdows B. Zarrabi (Science and
Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran-Iran) for his
helpful discussions and co-operations.
Appendix A. Supplementary material
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in
the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2017.08.057.
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