Power Systems

Power
Systems
(Solutions for Volume‐1 Class Room Practice Questions)
1
02. Transmission & Distribution  a2  a1
n2
In this efficiency is constant since same
2.1 Basic Concepts & 2.2 Transmission
power loss.
Line Constants:
02. Ans: (b)
2
01. Ans: n Sol: Given data:
Sol: Given data: We know that P = VIcos 
For same length, same material, same P
I  ………… (1)
power loss and same power transfer (V cos  )
If the voltage is increased by ‘n’ times, Power loss P = I2 R
what will happen to area of cross section of
   
conductor. = I2  R  
a  a 
PLoss 1 = PLoss 2

PLoss1  3I12 R 1 a  I2 ……… (2)
P
P  3 V1I1 cos  Substitute eq (1) in eq. (2)
2
 P1 
2
 P  
PLoss1  3   R1 I 
3 V cos    V cos   a
 1 
K
P2 R a
PLoss1  2 1 12 V cos 2
V1 cos 
1
a
R 1
PLoss1  2  2 V cos 2
V1 aV2 1
volume  ( volume  area)
1 (V cos ) 2
 aV 2 
PLoss
 aV2 = constant 03. Ans: (b)
IR
Sol: Given data: A
∵ PLoss = Constant
R V 0
a 1 V12
1 In
a 2 V22 XC
V2 V120
 n  given IB V+120
V1 Iy B
C
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: 3 : Postal Coaching Solutions
I R  I y  I B  In  0 1
C sin 30  sin 30
L
V2 230 2
 4000, R   13.225 1st condition never be zero, because all the
R 4000
positive parts never becomes zero
V 00 V   1200
 In  0  
R L  90
04. Ans: (b)
 VC  120  90
Sol: Given data:
V V
    210 0  VC  210 0  0 Self-inductance of a long cylindrical
R L
V V conductor due to its internal flux linkages
  cos 210 0  VC cos 210 0  0
R L is 1 kH/m.
V  0 r  0 r  1   0 r  1 
 sin 210 0  VC sin 210 0  0 La   ln   ln 
L 8 2  r  2  d 
 
 int  ext
1
 .............. (i)
LC L self  L self due to  int  L self due to  ext
1  2 LC  1  3  0 r  0 r  1 
    ln 
R  L  2 8 2  r 
L = 72.9 mH  0 r  1 
L mutual  L mutual due to ext  ln 
C = 139.02 F 2  d 
If suppose ‘XC’ on phase B, XL on phase C Ans: 1 K H/m ( 1st term is independent
A of diameter)
R V 0
05. Ans: 31.6%
Sol: Given data:
XL
V120 Ln = 1.10 mH/km increased 5%
XC V +120
B d 
L n  0.2n  1 mH / km
C  r1 
d 
V V V 1.10mH / km  0.2n  1 mH / km
  0  r1 
R XC XL
1 1 d 
 C  30    30 0  0 1.10  0.2n  1 
R L  r1 
1 1 1.10 d 
 C cos 30 0  cos 30 0  0  n  1 
R L 0 .2  r1 

: 4 : Power Systems
d    L 
1/ 2
   L 
1/ 2

5.5 = n  1   Z C1   1     Z C2   2  
 r1    Cn 1     Cn 2  
d1   V 2    V 2 
e5.5   S I L     S I L   
r1 1  Z   2  Z 
  C1    C 2 
244.69 r1 = d1
 
1.10  1.05  0.2n d 2  07. Ans: (b)
 r2  Sol: Given data:
d  The impedance of a Transmission line
1.155  0.2n  2 
 r2  Z = 0.05+20.35/phase/km
1.155 Spacing is doubled d2 =2d1; R= 0.05
d
e 0.2
 2 radius is doubled r2= 2r1
r2
XL= 0.35 /phase/km
322.14r2 = d2
d 2  d1 322.14r1  244.69r2  GMD 
 100   100 l  ln  
d1 244.69r1  GMR 
l remain constant
= 0.3165 100
2fL =0.35
= 31.6%
0.35
L=
2f
06. Ans: (b)
 
Sol: Given data: B let R  . ;R  2
A r
d = 4;
2 2
(i) L1 Cn1 R 2  r1  1
  R L  R 
After Transposition R 1  r2  2
GMD1  3 4  4  4  4 R 1 0.05
   0.0125
(ii) L2 Cn2 4 4
After Transposition (z2)new = 0.0125+j 0.35/km.
GMD 2  3 4  4  8  5.02 m
08. Ans: (c)
GMD1 < GMD2
Sol: Given data:
L1 < L2
rx= 0.03m
Cn1 > Cn2
ry = 0.04m
Resistances R1 = R2
GMDsystem = GMDa. GMDb
L
 ZC 
C

d d
0.5 1.5 2 0.3
1 2 3 1 2 GMD  3 2  d
rx rx rx ry ry
 1.2599 d 
0.2n    1.2
 0.7788  0.015 
GMD a  d111  d121  d 211  d 221  d 311  d 321 
1/ 6
d = 3.74 m
= (44.33.53.822.3)1/6
=3.189m 10. Ans: 3.251 nF/km
GMDb = GMDa= 3.189 Sol: Given data:
GMDsystem= GMD a  GMD b f = 50Hz, d = 0.04m, r = 0.02m
=3.189 m. v = 132kV
(Self GMD)system 20 r
C
 GMD 
 (selfGMD of ststem a )  self GMD b n  
 GMR 
selfGMDa =
2  8.854  1012  1
 rx  0.5  2  rx  0.5  1.5  rx  0.5  2  1/9 =
 6 
n  
= (0.77883(0.03)3(0.5)322)1/9 = 0.276m  0.02 
SelfGMDb ry  0.3  ry  0.3
1/ 4
= 9.75nF/km
C 9.75
 0.7788  0.04  0.3 Interline capacitance = 
3 3
= 0.096m
 3.251nF / km
SelfGMD 0.096  0.276 =0.162m
 GMD  11. Ans: 1.914
L  2  0.2 ln  mH / km
 GMR  Sol: Given data:
 3.189  6 Self GMD = kR
 0.4 ln   10 H / m
 0.162  Self GMD = 3
R 1  3R  3R
L = 11.9310–7 H/m
= 3
0.7788R  3R  3R
= R 3 0.7788  3  3
09. Ans: d = 3.74 m
Sol: Given data: kR = 1.914 R
r = 1.5cm k = 1.914
L = 1.2 mH/km

: 6 : Power Systems
2.3 Steady state performance analysis VS

 | Vr |
Of Transmission lines A
% V.R   100%
| Vr |
01. Ans: (c) 240

 220
Sol: Given data:  0.94  100% = 16%
220
A = D = 0.936 + j0.016 = 0.9360.98,
B = 33.5 + j138 = 142.076.4,
03. Ans: (c)
C = (–5.18 + j914)  10–6,
Sol: Given data:
Vr = 50 MW, p.f = 0.9 lag,
A = D = 0.951.27 ; B = 92.476.87
VS (L-L) = ?
C = 0.00690 ; VS = Vr = 138 kV
VS ph  A Vr ph  B I r ph
R, Y are neglected
220 kV | VS | | Vr |
Vr ph   Pmax 
3 X
Pr In nominal-  B = Z
Ir L 
3 VL cos  r Z = 92.476.87 = 21+j90
50 M X = 90 
 = 145.7 A
3  220 k  0.9 138138
 Pmax   211.6 MW
I r ph  145.7   cos 1 (0.9) =145.725.84 90
 220k  04. Ans: 81.04 kW

VS ph  (0.9360.98)  
 3  Sol: Given data:
 (14276.4)(145.7  25.84)
A = 0.9770.66
= 133.247.7 kV B = 90.1864.12
VS (L  L)  3  133.24  230.6 kV V = 132 kV
Vs AD-BC = 1
VR 
A AD  1
C
230.6 B
 246.36kV
0.936 132  103
VC    0.66
3  0.97
02. Ans: (c) 0.9770.66  0.9770.66  1
C
Sol: Given data: 90.1864.12
Load delivered at nominal rating 0.95451.32  1`

Vrl = 220 kV 90.1864.12
= 5.6210-4 90.2

IS = CVr +BIr  2 
  cos 1    68.2
132  10 3  29 
5.62  10 4 90 
3 Vs Vr AVr2
P cos     cos   
P = 3VLIL cos B B
132  74.184 cos902  0.66 36  106
P  3
3  0.97
2  106  cos68.2    cos(68.2)
29
P = 81.04kW Cos(68.28–) = 0.6705
 = 20.309
05. Ans: (b)
Vs Vr AVr2
Sol: Given data: Q sin      sin    
B B
Complex power delivered by load:
36  106
S = V I  sin 68.2  20.309  sin 68.2
29
= (10060) (10150)
– 1.24 MW
= 1000210
–1.24 +2 = Qc
=  866.6 – j 500 VA
Qc = 0.7524 MW
Complex power absorbed by load
P 2
Sload = 866.6 + j 500 VA  cos   
P  4  0.7524
2 2 2
 Ans: (b) i.e., load absorbs both real and

= 0.9359 lag
reactive power.
≃ 0.936 lag
I=10150
L
O 07. Ans: (a)
Source  A
D
V=10060
Sol: Given data:
f = 50 Hz
L
06. Ans: 0.936 lag Surge impedance Z 0  1
C
Sol: Given data: L=C
Short transmission line having impedance Velocity of wave
= 2 + j5  1
V  3  105
6kV 2+j5 6kV LC
1
2 MVAR  3  105
LC
Load
2MW 1
 3  105
C

: 8 : Power Systems
105 09. Ans: (c)

C
3 Sol: V1 1=1.0 V2 2 =1.00
2fL PG1 P1 P2 PG2
X X j 0.1
2 20+jQG1 G1 G2 15+jQG2
QG1 Q1 Qloss Q2 QG2
10 5
 250   400
3 Pload1+ jQload1 =15+j5 Pload2 + jQload2 = 20+j10
= 0.209
y = [2fc] l P1 = Active power sent by bus (1)
sin 1   2 
10 3 V1V2
= 2    50   400 =
3 XL
= 0.418 P2 = Active power received by bus (2)
sin 1   2 
V1V2
=
08. Ans: (b) XL
Sol: Given data: Q1 = Reactive power sent by bus (1)
Vs = Vr = 1,
=
V1
V1  V2 cos1   2 
X = 0.5, XL
VS Vr Q2 = Reactive power received by bus (2)
Real power Pr  sin 
X
=
V2
V1 cos1   2   V2 
1.0 1.0 XL
1 sin 
0.5 Active power balance at bus (1):
   sin 1 (0.5)  30 Active power balance at bus 2:
PG1 = P1 + Pload1
Reactive power
P2 + PG2 = Pload2
(VS )(Vr ) (V ) 2
Qr  Cos  20 = P1 + 15
X (X )
P2 + 15 = 20
1 .0  1 .0 12
 cos 30  P1 = 5
0 .5 0 .5
P2 = 5
 3
 
sin 1   2   5
V1V2
 2   P1  P2 
    2  1.732  2  0.268 XL
1
  11
2  sin   0  5
0.1
But Qr + QC = 0
 sin = 0.5
QC = – Qr = 0.268 p.u
  = 30

Total susceptance of line = 1.2p.u = 2fC

Q1 
V1
V1  V2 cos1   2 
XL 1
Total capacitance of line =
2  50
Q2 
V2
V1 cos1   2   V2 
XL 0.045
Inductance/km =
2  50  l

1
1  1cos 30 o  1.2
0.1 Capacitance/km =
2  50  l
1
1cos 30o  1 Velocity wave propagation
0.1
= 1.34 pu 1
(V) =
= –1.34 pu  L  C 
  
Qline = Qloss = Q1 – Q2  km  km 
= 1.34 – (–1.34) 1
V=
= 2.68 pu 0.045 1 .2

Qloss = 2.68 pu 2  50  l 2  50  l
Reactive power balance at bus (1): l
30  10 5 =
Reactive power balance at bus (2): 7.4  10  4
QG1 = Q1 + Qload1  Length of the line (l) = 222km
Q2 + QG2 = Qload2 02. Ans: (c)
QG1 = 1.34 + 5 Sol: Since load impedance is equal to surge
QG2 = 10 – (–1.34) impedance, the voltage & current wave
QG1 = 6.34 pu forms are not going to experience any
QG2 = 11.34 pu reflection.
 QG1=6.34pu, QG2=11.34pu, Qloss=2.68 Hence reflection coefficient is zero.
pu Vreflection = ireflection = 0.
2.4. Transient Analysis & 2.5. Wave 03. Ans: (c)

Traveling Analysis Sol: V 1.0 pu
A
01. Ans: (c)

Sol: Given data: Reactor
Let “l” be the total length of line

Total reactance of line = 0.045p.u. = 2fL
0.045
Total inductance of line = L L
2  50 Zs   
C 0

: 10 : Power Systems
The Reactor is initially open circuit  119.385 

V2 = V + V1 = 1.0 + 1.0 = 2.0 p.u  ZL 
V2  2 V  
V1 = reflected voltage  Z L  ZC 
V2 = Switched voltage
 119.385 
 2 110 kV  
119.385  25.4778 
04. Ans: (b)
= 181.307 kV
Sol: Given data:
V = 50 kV,
06. Ans: (d)
ZL = 100 ,
Sol: A short length of cable is connected
ZC = 400 ,
between dead-end tower and sub-station at
The transmitted (or) refracted voltage
the end of a transmission line. This of the
V2 = 2V  ZL 
following will decrease, when voltage
 Z  Z 
 L C 
wave is entering from overhead to cable is
Here ‘2’ indicates that the voltage V2 is (i) Velocity of propagation of voltage
calculating in transient condition wave.
 V2 = 2  50  103   100  (ii) Steepness of voltage wave.

 100  400 
(iii) Magnitude of voltage wave.
V2 = 20 kV
Cable
V
05. Ans: (b)
Sol: Given data:
Surge absorbers (or) S/S
Lcable = 0.185 mH/km Protect T/F from
Dead end Travelling wave.
Ccable = 0.285 F/km
LLine =1.24 mH Velocity of propagation
CLine = 0.087 F/km V(Line) = 3  108
L 3108
Z C ( Cable)  V(Cable) = m/s
C r
0.185 103 VCable > V(OH line)

0.285 106
 25.4778 
L
Z C ( Line ) 
C
1.24  103

0.087 106

07. Ans: 2.93 kV 600

 2  2.93   5.25V
Sol: J1 J2 670
20kV
C

A
B
ZA = 500 ZB = 70
ZC = 600 2.6. Voltage Control
V1 V5
V2 V3
V4 01. Ans: (a)
V7
V6 V9 Sol: Given data:
V8
A = D = 0.90
V11
B = 20090 
C = 0.95  10390
DC (or) step voltage
|Vro|
( line is of infinite length) PR + j Q R
|VS|
ZB A B
V3  2 V1
ZB  ZA C D
70
 2  20 k  Qreactive
XL = ?
70  500
V3 = 4.91 kV Without shunt reactor
 Z  ZB  | VS |
V4 (Re flection of V3 )  V3  C  | Vro | 
 ZC  ZB  A
 600  70  By adding shunt reactor
 4.91    3.88 kV |Vro| = |VS|
 600  70 
PR = 0 (no load)
 Z  ZB 
V6  V4  A  QR = Qreactor
 ZA  ZB  | VS || Vro | |A|
 sin(  )  | Vro | 2 sin(  )
 500  70  | B| | B|
 3.88K    2.93 kV
 500  70  Qr 
| Vr | 2
XL
08. Ans: (d) At |Vro| = |VS|
Sol: Given data 1 |A| 1
sin(  )  sin(  ) 
V6 = 2.93 |B| |B| XL
500 To get  at (|Vro| = |VS|)
V7  2V4 
570
| VS | 2 |A|
= 6.8 kV Pr  cos(  )  | VS | 2 cos(  )  0
| B| | B|
600
V9  2V6  = cos(  )  |A| cos (  )
670

= cos(90  )  0.9 cos (90  0) = PIM

cos (90  ) = 0 = SIM cos IM
sin  = 0,  = 0 = 4.5  0.6 kW
1 1 0.9 P1 = 2.7 kW
 sin(90  0)  sin(90  0)
X L 200 200 Qsh (3-) = 2.7[tan(cos10.6) – tan(cos10.8)]
= 1.575 kVAr
XL = 2000  or 2 k
1.575
Q S / ph  kVAr  0.525 kVAr
02. Ans: (d) 3
Sol: Given data: VS2
Reactive power supplied   525
P = 2000 XC
Q = 2000 Tan (36.86) (400) (250)C = 525
= 2000(0.749)=1499.46kW C = 10.1 F
R(S)s-motor = 1000 – j1000
STotal = SI m  Ss m 04. Ans: (c)
= ( 2000+ j1499.46) + (1000 – j1000) Sol: Given data A = 0.85  5
= 3000 + j499.46  = 5
3000 B = 200  75  = 75
cos    100%  0.986lag
3041.29 Power demand by the load = 150 MW at
upf
03. Ans: (a) PD = PR = 150 MW QD = 0
Sol: Given data: Power at receiving end
IM = 400 V, 50 Hz , pf = 0.6 lag, Vs | VR A
cos     VR cos   
2
PR =
i/p = 4.5 kVA B B
p.f = 0.6 load 275  275 0.85
 150  cos75     2752 cos 70 o
200 200
total supply = ? 400V, 50Hz
 = 28.46
IM
Vs VR A
So QR = sin      VR cos   
2
 B
275  275 0.85
C C  sin 75  28.46   2752 sin 70
200 200
= –27.56 MVAR
C
In order to maintain 275 kV at receiving
S  3 VL I L ; 4.5 kVA
end QR = –27.56 MVAR must be drawn
QSh (3-) = P1(tan 1  tan 2) along with the real power.
P1 = Real power drawn by IM So – 27.56 + QC = 0

QC = 27.56 MVAR Reactive power absorbed by reactor =

So compensation equipment must be feed V2
in to 27.56 MVAR to the line. XL
V12
05. Ans: (a) Q1   100MVAr
2f1L
Sol: Given data:
Then reactive power absorbed
Xth = 0.25 pu ; 250 MVA, 220 kV
V2 V2
Xth
Q 
X f
2
Vth =220kV  Q 2  V2   f1 
   
Q1  V1   f2 
2
 1.1V1   f1 
To boost the voltage 4 kV shunt capacitor     
is used.  V1   0.9f1 
X 1.12  Q 
1.21
 100 = 134.4 MVAr
 VC  Q sh Cap = 1
| VS | 0.9 0.9
 VC | VS |
Q sh Cap 
X 07. Ans: (c)
(kVbase ) 2 Sol: Given data:
X   X pu  Let characteristic impedance
MVA base
Z sc 1 .0
(220 2 ) (Z c ) = = = 1p.u.
 0.25   48.4 Yoc 1 .0
250
4k  220k impedance / km
Q sh Cap  18.18 kVAr =
48.4 admittance / km
To reduce voltage by 2 kV, shunt reactor is Given that for a given line 30 series
used. capacitive compensation is provided.
X Hence the series impedance of line is 0.7
 VL  Q sh Ind
| VS | or (70) of original value.
2 k  220 k 0 .7
Q sh Ind   9.09 MVAr  Z new = = 0.836 p.u.
48.4 1 .0
V2
Surge impedance loading (SIL) =
06. Ans: (d) Zc
Sol: Given data: 1
V2 = 1.1 V1  SIL 
Zc
F2 = 0.9f1

SIL2 Z c1 After connecting a capacitor, the power

=
SIL1 Zc2 factor angle =  2
SIL  = 01.836
2 .0
 2280  10 6 Given  2 = cos 1 0.97
= 14.07
= 2725  10 = 2725MW. 6
P(tan  1 tan 2 ) = kVAR supplied by
08. Ans: (b) capacitor
Sol: 3 – phase, 11kV, 50Hz, 200kW load, at 4  106 (tan 1  tan14.07) = 2 106
power factor = 0.8  1 = 36.89
kVAR demand of Load cos 1 = 0.8 lag
200 10 3
(Q 1 ) =  sin cos 1 0.8 Hence if the capacitor goes out of service

0 .8
the load power factor becomes 0.8 lag
 Q1 = 150 kVAR 10. Ans: (d)
kVAR demand of load at upf = 0 Sol: The appearance will inject leading VArs
So as to operate the load at upf, we have to into the system is induction generator,
supply the 150 kVAR by using capacitor under excited synchronous generator,
bank. under excited synchronous motor and
 kVAR rating of - connected induction motor.
2
3V
capacitor bank = ph
= 150 kVAR
X C ph 2.7. Under ground cables
3 11000
2 01.
150103 Sol: Given data:
X C ph
L = 5 km
X C ph = 2420 
C = 0.2 F/km
1 Er = 3.5 core d = 1.5 cm
 2420
2fC V = 66 kV, 50Hz = f
C= 1 D=?
2  50  2420 Er(rms) = ? Ic(rms) = ?
= 1.3153 F (a) Concentric cable: core a placed exactly
1.316 F of the center of the cable
09. Ans: (c) 20  r
CPh = F/M
Sol: Given Data: ln(D / d )
Let the initial power factor angle =  1 C = 0.2  10 6 10 3
C  0.2  10 3

C1 = 0.6 F (given)
0.2  10 3 = 2  8.854  10
12
 3.5
D From network
ln( )
d C1 = CS + 2 CC
 D  2  8.854 10  3.5
12
ln     CS + 2 CC = 0.6 F …….. (1)
d  0.2 103  (ii)
CS
= 9.731  1013 C2
D 1
ln    0.9731
d
D
 e 0.9731 3 2
d
D = d  e 0.9731 = 1.5  e 0.9731 CS CS
D = 3.9707cm
V R D C2 = 0.96 F (given)
(b) Er(rms)= 
R r d From network
r ln 
r
C2 = 3 CS  0.96 F
66 CS = 0.32 F
=
 3.97 
0.75 ln  From (1)
 1 .5 
0.32 + 2 CC = 0.6
Erms = 90.413 kV/cm
CC = 0.14 F
(c) At charging current = IC  l
Effective capacitance from core to neutral
= 4.146  5= 20.73A
C/ph = CS + 3 CC
= 0.32 + 30.14 = 0.74 F
02. Ans: (b)
Sol: Given data:
03. Ans: (b)
V = 11 kV;C1 = 0.6 F; C2 = 0.96 F
Sol: Given data:
(i) Cc = 0.5 F
C1 Cs = 0.3 F
CS
Ceq
1
1
CC CC
2 3
3 2
CC
CS CS

Sheath
 = 88.56
Q
tan  
CS P
 1
P
3  12.77  40
Tan 88.56
2 3 = 38.32 kW
2CS
05. Ans: (a)
Sheath
Sol: Given data:
CS C1 = 0.2  10–6 F
1 C2 = 0.4  10–6 F
f = 50 Hz
 CC Sheath
V = 11 kV
2 C/ph = C 2 +3C 1
3 2CS
= 0.4  10 6 + 3  0.2  10 6
= 1 10 6 = 1F.
1
Perphase charging current = V ph C ph
( C s ) ( 2C s ) 2
 Ceq CC  Cs
11
Cs  2 Cs 3
=  103  2  50  1  10 6 = 2 A.
3
2 3
2.8. Overhead line Insulators

2
 C eq  Cs  Cc
3 01. Ans: (d)
2 Sol: Given data:
 2  0.5   0.3  1.2 F
3 n = 20 ; 3- ;
400 kV ;  = 80%
04. Ans: 38.32kW
Vph
Sol: Given data string 
n  V20
L = 40 km
3-core ground cable = 12.77kVAr/km 400 k / 3
0.8 
F = 50Hz 20  V20
Dielectric material is 0.025 25
 V20  kV
cos = 0.025 3
 = cos-1 (0.025)

02. Ans: (b) 04. Ans: (b)

Sol: Given data: Sol: Given data:
V2 = 17.5 kV 1
C'  C C
f = 50 Hz
V1
8
C = 1/8 C V = 11 kV
Capacitance of insulators is 5 times the
shunt capacitance between the link and the
V2 = 17.5kV
C ground.
Line
V1 + V2 = V C 5C e1
V2 = (1 + K) V
5C e2
V 17.5
V1  2  kV
1 K 1
1
8
V1 = 15.55 kV e2 = e1 (1 + K)
V = V1 + V2 = 33.05 kV 11
e1 + e 2 =
3
03. Ans: (b) C 1

K= = = 0.2
Sol: Given data: 5C 5
V = 22 kV 11
 e1 (1 + K) + e1 =  10 3
f = 50 Hz 3
11
e1 (2 + K) =  10 3
3
C V1
e1 = 2.8867  2.89 kV
C
e2 = e1 (1 + K) = 2.8867  1.2
= 3.46 kV.

V2
C 2.10. Distribution Systems
22kV, 50Hz 01. Ans: (a)

1- Sol: Given data:
V1  V2 V  (1  K ) V1 I
string   1 Vp
R S
Vq
2 V2 2  V1 (1  K ) 0.1 0.15 0.2
P Q
2 K 2 1 3
    75%
2 2 (1 1) 4
10A 20A 30A 15A

Let “V D ” be the drop of voltage in line 1000 I = 200000

Applying KVL, 200000
I  I  200 A as I = 200 A,
VP VD VQ = 0 1000
Contribution to load at point P from source
VP VQ = VD
S1 is 0A from source S2 is 100 A.
VD = Vp  VQ = 3V
03 Ans: Vs = 271.042.78, pf = 0.74 (lag)
But VD = (I  10)0.1+(I  30)0.15 +(I  60)0.2 Sol: Given Data:
3 = 0.45I  17.5 Vr = 220
20.5 Is = 80–36.86+ 50– 45
I= = 45.55A
0.45 = 129.9 –39.98
VD = 35.550.1+15.550.15+14.450.2 Vs = Vr + V
Here we have to take magnitude only
V = (80–36.86) (0.15+j0.2) +
 V D = 8.77
(129.9–39.98) (0.15+j0.2)
 V P = 220 + 8.77 = 228.7V = 52.45 –14.33
VQ = V P  3 = 225.7V. Vs = 220 +52.45 14.33
= 271.12 2.74
02. Ans: (d) P.F.= cos (angle between Vs and Isc)
Sol: Given data: = Cos (42.72)
All the loads are at unity factor. Let us take = 0.734 lag
current in 400 m section as I such that
currents in remaining sections are shown. 3 . PU System, Symmetrical
Assume that loop resistance feeder rΩ /m Components & Fault Analysis
(reactance is neglected).
01.
S1 400m 200m 200m 200m S2
Sol: Given data,
 
I I-200 I-300 I-500 Synchronous generator (or) synchronous
400V 400V
50Hz 50Hz motor
200A 100A 200A
Z  sub transient impedance
KVL From S1 and S2 is given as Z  transient impedance
VS1 – VS2 = I ( 400 r) + (I – 200) ( 200r) Z  Steady state
+ (I – 300)(200r) + ( I – 500) (200r) Generator:
0 = 400 I + 200I – 200 ×200 + 200 I 2
100  25 
– 300 × 200 + 200 I – 500 ×200 X pu ( new )  0.2     = 0.28
40  33 

Transformer 1: 100  33 
2
Xpu new = 0.09    = 0.09 pu.
100  33 
2 100  33 
X pu ( new )  0.15   
40  33  Transmission line:
= 0.375 100
Xpu = 50  = 0.4132 pu.
Overhead transmission line: (110) 2
100
X pu  50  = 0.1
2002 Motor 1:
2
Transformer 2: 100  30 
Xpu. new = 0.18     = 0.4958 pu.
100  220 
2 30  33 
X pu new   0.15    = 0.5
30  220  Motor 2:
2
Motor: 100  30 
Xpu new = 0.18     = 0.7438 pu.
100  11 
2
20  33 
X pu new  0.3    = 0.6
50  11  Motor 3:
2
100  30 
Xpu new = 0.18     = 0.2975 pu.
j0.375 j0.1 j0.5 50  33 
j0.286 j0.6 The per unit reactance diagram of the

system can given in below.
 
0.09pu 0.4132pu 0.09pu
0.15pu
02. Ans:
0.4958pu 0.7438pu 0.297 pu
Sol: Given data:
 100
Select the base MVA as 100MVA, Base 0.909 p.u. M1 M2 M3
0.909 p.u. 0.909 p.u.
voltage as 33KV on the Generator side
Base voltage on the line side = 110 kV
2 03. Ans: (c)
MVA .new  kVold 
Zpu new = Zpu old    Sol: Given data
MVA old  kVnew 

Ia = 1–90p.u
Generator:
2
I b2  4  150 o p.u
100  33 
Xpu new = 0.15    = 0.15pu I c0  390 o p.u
100  33 
Transformer: magnitude of phase current Ib in p.u = ?
Ib  ?

I b  I b0  I b1  I b2 05. Ans: Ia1 = 23.53 kA

I b2
Sol: Given data:
Ia = I a 0  I a 1  I a 2
Ia = 1030 , Ib = 1530, Ic = ?
I b 2  .I a 2 120
Ia + Ib + I c = 0
Ia2
I b2 120 Ic =  [Ia + Ib]
Ia2 
 =  [1030 + 1530] = 1500
I a  I a 0  I a1  I a 2 I c2 1
I a1  [I a  K I b  K 2 I c ]

I a1  I a  I a 0  I a 2  3
1 1030  1120 1530 
= I a  I a   I b  
2 I a1   
 0    3   1240    1500 
  
 4  150 o  Ia1 = 23.53 kA
1  90 o  390 o  
 1120 o 
I a1  8  90 o p.u 06. Ans: (b)

Sol: Given data:
I b1   2 I a1
X G 0  0.1
= 1(1240) (8–90)
X T0  0.05
= 8150p.u
Ib = 390+8150 + 4–150 X0 = 0.15
= 11. 53154.3 j0.1 j0.15 j0.05 j0.2
04. Ans: 9.80

Sol: Given data:
Ia = 100 A; Ib = 10230 A;
Zth = 0.2||0.2
Ic = 10130A
0.2  0.2
K = 1120; K2  = j0.1 p.u
0.2  0.2
= 1240
Positive sequence component 07. Ans: (c)
1

= I a  KI b  K 2 I c
3
 Sol: Given data:
100 MVA, 20 kV
1
 [100+112010230+1240 X 'd'  X1  X 2  0.2
3
X0 = 0.05
 10130]
Prefault voltage, Ea1 = 1 p.u
= 9.80
Z1 = j 0.2

Z2 = j 0.2 08. Ans: (b)

Z0 = j 0.05 Sol: Given data:
Solid L-G fault  Zf = 0 MVAb = 15 MVA
kVb = 11 kV
Ia1 Z1 = j1.5 
Z1
Va1
Z2 = j0.8 
Ea1  Z0 = j0.3 
 15 
X 1  1.5   0.185 p.u
Ia2
Ia0
121
Z2 Va2
 15 
n X 2  0.8   0.099 p.u
121
Ia0  15 
X 0  0.3   0.0371 p.u
121
Z0
n Va0
3  E R1
j3Xn If 
X1  X 2  X 0
g 3
If   9.342 p.u
E a1 0.185  0.099  0.0371
I a1  15 10 6
Z 0  Z1  Z 2  j3 X n If  9.342   7.35 kA
actual
3 11103
MVA base
X n (p.u )  X n () 
( kVbase ) 2
100 09. Ans: (b)
 0.32   0.08 p.u
20 2 Sol: Given data:
1 X1 = 0.3,
Ia0 
j 0.05  j0.2  j0.2  3  0.08 X2 = 0.4,
X0 = 0.05
=  j 1.449 p.u
Fault current = Rated current
If = 3 Ia0
Id p.u = 1.0 p.u
= 3 (j1.449)
3 E R1
=  j 4.347 p.u 1.0 
X1  X 2  X 0  3 X n
100 M
I base  1.0 (X1 + X2 + X0 + 3 Xn) = 3
3  20 K
0.3 + 0.4 + 0.05 + 3 Xn = 3
If (kA) = j 4.347  Ibase
Xn = 0.75 p.u
= 12.5 kA

 K Vb2  1.0
X n (  )  0.75     5.0p.u
 j0.2
 MVA b 
Vn = 3IR0 Xn = 350.05 = 0.75p.u
 13.8 2 
 0.75   = 14.28  6.6  10 3
10 MVA  Vn  0.75   2858Volts
3
j0.1
10. Ans:(i) I R1  9.54kA ;(ii) VR 0  4.0kV ] (ii) X1eq   j0.05
2
Sol: Given data:
j0.1
X1eq = X2eq = j0.1 X 2 eq   j0.05
2
X0eq = X0 +3Xn + 3XF X0eq = X0 + 3Xn = j0.2
= 0.05 +3(0.05) +3(0.05) = 0.35
E R1 E R1 1 .0
I R1  I R 0  I R1    3.33
X1eq  X 2 eq  X 0 eq X1eq  X 2eq  X 0 eq 0.3
1.0 1.0
   1.81p.u
0.1  0.1  0.35 0.55 Vn = 3IR0 Xn = 33.330.05 = 0.5 p.u
100 6.6  10 3
(i) I R1  1.81   9.54kA Vn  0.5   1905Volts
3  11 3
(ii) VR0 = –IR0 X0eq
= 1.81 –90  0.3590 12. Ans: | If | = 2.926 pu.
= 0.6335p.u Sol: Given data:
11 Two identical generators are operate in
VR 0  0.6335   4.0kV
3 parallel and positive sequence reactance
diagram is given by figure (a).
11. Ans: (i) Vn  2858Volts
(ii) Vn  1905Volts
X 1G1 X 1G2  X 1eq
Sol: Given data:
j0.1
(i) X1eq   j0.05 

2
j0.1
X 2 eq   j0.05 Fig.(a)
2
j0.18
X  3X n X 1eq   0.09 j p.u.
X 0 eq  0  j0.1 2
2
where X1G1 = positive sequence reactance
E R1
IR 0  I R1  in p.u. of generator (1)
X1eq  X 2eq  X 0eq

X1G2 = positive sequence reactance in p.u. = 2.827 – j0.756

of generator (2) | If | = 2.926 pu.
Negative sequence reactance diagram is
given by figure (b). 13. Ans: (d)
Sol: Given data:
Z0 = j0.1+j0.1 = j0.2;
X 2G1 X 2G2  X 2eq
Z1 = j0.1+ j0.1 = j0.2
Zn = 0.05
Fig (b)
Z1  Z l1  Z g1
j0.15 Z 2  Z l2  Z g 2
X 2eq   0.075jp.u.
2
Ea
Since the star point of the second generator I a1 
Z 0  Z1  Z 2  3Z n
is isolated. Its zero sequence reactance
1
does not comes into picture. The zero 
j0.2  j0.2  0.34 j  j0.15
sequence reactance diagram is given by
For L–G fault
figure (c).
= – j1.12 (pu)
20  10 6
IB (Base Current) =
3  6.6  103
X 0G1
X 0G2  X 0 eq
3 Rn
= 1750 Amp
If (fault current) = (3Iac) IB
Fig. = – j 5897.6A
Neutral voltage VN  I f .Z n
 X0eq = j0.1 + (3  0.33) = 0.99 + 0.1j
where Z n  Z B  0.05 
6.62  0.05
Now all values are in p.u. ,then
20
20
R pu  2  2  0.33 pu. = 0.1089
11
VN = 5897.6  0.1089
For LG Fault, Fault current
= 642.2 Volts
3ER1
(If) = 3IR1 =
X 1eq  X 2 eq  X 0 eq
14. Ans: 7 kA
3 1
If  Sol: Given data:
j0.09  j0.075  j0.1  0.99
X1 = X2 = j0.1, Xf = j0.05
(Assume ER1 = 1.0 p.u.) E
3 I a1 
= X1  X 2  X f
0.99  j0.265

1 1 Ia1= –Ia2
=   4 pu
j0.1  j0.1  j0.05 j0.25
Ia2
20  10 3 X1eq
I fault    7 kA X2eq
3  6 .6 Va2
Va1
Ea1 
15. Ans: I F  7.57 kA

0.15  0.1
Sol: X1eq 
0.25 Figure (b) Sequence Network with respective Fig.(a)
X2eq = x1eq = 0.06
From figure (a), Ib = – Ic
3E R1
IF  From figure (b), Ia1 = – Ia2
X1eq  X 2eq
Positive sequence current
1.0 E a1
 1.732   14.43 Ia1 =
0.06  0.06 X 1eq  X 2eq
30
I F  14.43   7.57kA (assume pre-fault voltage Ea1= 1 pu.)
3  33
Positive sequence current
1  j0
16. Ans: Vab =13.33 kV Ia1 = = – 2j pu.
j0.2  j0.3
Sol: Given data:
Negative sequence current (Ia2) = – Ia1
X1eq = 0.2 p.u., X2eq = 0.3 p.u. and Alternator
= 2j pu.
neutral is solidly grounded (Xn= 0)
Ia=0
A zero sequence current doesn’t exists in
L-L fault because this fault is not
associated with the ground
Ia0 = 0.
Ib
In this LL fault, fault current (If) = |Ib| = |Ic|
If Ib = Ib0 + Ib1+ Ib2
Figure (a)
Ic = 0 + K2Ia1 + KIa2 ( Ia1 = – Ia2)
2
= (K – K) Ia1
= [(–0.5 – j0.8667) – (–0.5 +
Ia = 0
j0.8667)]Ia1
= – j1.732 Ia1
Ib E a1
|Ib| = 3 Ia1 = 3
Figure (a)
X 1eq  X 2 eq
Figure (a) Ic
= 3   3.464 p.u.

 Fault current (If) = |Ib| = |Ic|= 3.464 17. Ans: If = 4.8 p.u If amp = 3.13 kA
pu. Sol: Given data:
Base MVA
Base current = # 
3  Base voltage
25  10 6 LLG
= = 1093.4A
3  13.2  10 3
13.9
 Fault current in amps, Prefault voltage   1.05
13.2
If actual = If pu  Ibase
Current through ground = Fault current
= 3.464 1093.4
If = 3 Ia0
= 3787.5A.
X 2 eq
Va1 = Ea – Ia1 X1eq I a 0   I a1 ........ (1)
X 2 eq  X 0 eq
= 1 + j0 – (– 2j) (j0.2)
 1 – 0.4 = 0.6 p.u. E a1
I a1 
Va2 = – Ia2  X2eq = – (2j) (0.3j) = 0.6pu X X
X1  2 0
|Va1| = |Va2| = 0.6 pu X2  X0
For Phase ‘a’, 1.05


Va = Va1 + Va2 + Va0 ( Va0 = 0)  0.2  (3  0.05  0.08) 
0 .2   
= 2Va1 = 2  0.6 = 1.2 pu.  0.2  (3  0.05  0.08) 
For Phase ‘b’, = 3.42
Vb = Va0 + 2 Va1 +  Va2 Substitute Ia1 value in equation (1)
= ( k 2  k )Va1 ( Va1 = Va2)  0.2 
 I a 0  3.42  = 1.59
= (– 0.5 – 0.8667j) + (– 0.5 +  0.2  (0.15  0.08) 
0.8667j)Va1 If = 3 Ia0 = 3  1.59 = 4.77 ≃ 4.8 p.u
= – 0.6 pu.
But we know that Vb = Vc  15 
If amp  4.77   kA ≃ 3.13 kA
Vb = Vc = – 0.6  3 13.2 
Line voltages, Vab = Va – Vb
= 1.2 – (0.6) = 1.8 p.u. 18. Ans: I R1  6.22kA
Vbc = Vb – Vc = 0 p.u. Sol: Given data:
Vca = Vc – Va j0.12
= – 0.6 – (1.2) = 1.8 p.u. X1eq   j0.1  j0.16
2
13.2 X2eq = X1eq = j0.16
Vab = 1.8 = 13.33 KV,
3 X0eq = X0+3Xn +X0
= j0.05 + 3(j0.05)+j0.3=j0.5

E R1 21. Ans: (b)

I R1 
X 2eq X 0eq Sol: 0.06
X1eq 
X 2eq  X 0eq
1.0 1.0 0.10 0.15
  Xeq = 0.12 p.u
0.16  0.5 0.2812
0.16   
0.66
n
n
20
I R1  3.55p.u  3.55   6.22kA
3  6.6 X G 2 New on 15 MVA Base
19. Ans: (c)
15 
Sol: Equivalent reactance seen from the fault  0.10   [1] 2  0.15 p.u
10 
point
E R1 1
X PU 
 j0.3  j0.08   j0.1  j0.08 If    8.33 p.u
X eq 0.12
j0.1  j0.2  j0.08  j0.08  j0.1
= j0.12214  0.1 
I f G 2  8.33    3.33
Fault level current = 1/X(PU) = 1/j0.12214  0.25 
= –j8.1871  15 
 3.33   2.62 kA
 3  11
20. Ans: (c) I fG1 = 8.33 – 3.33 = 5
Base MVA
Sol: SC MVA   15 
X eq IfG1(actual) = 5   = 3.93 kA
 3 11
0.1
22. Ans: If =11.43 pu

0.2 0.1 0.2 Sol: Given data:
Xeq
Per unit positive sequence reactance
 
diagram of the given system when the
breaker closed is shown in fig.
4 0.2pu 1 2 3
0.3 pu
1000 
X G 2 New  0.16    0.2 XT Xl
 800  Xd = 0.2 pu X
0.2  0.25 1
X eq   X1eq X 3eq
0.45 9 1 pu 1pu
1000
 SC MVA   9000 MVA
(1 / 9) Fig

The equivalent reactance with respect to K.E stroed

Inertia constant H 
point “1” is [short circuit 1P.u rating of the machine
sources] K.E stored = H × S
X 1eq   X T  X d  //  X l  X  = 9 × 20 MVA
0.4  0.3  X  0.12  0.4 X = 180 MW – sec  180 MJ
= 
0 .4  0 .3  X 0 .7  X Accelerating torque Ta = ?
Given prefault voltage (Vth) = 1pu. Pa
Pa = Ta Ta 

 Fault current  I f   th
V
X 1eq Pa = Ps  Pe
1 Ps = 26800 × 0.735 = 1998 kW
  5 pu
 0.12  0.4 X  Pa = 19698  16000 = 3698 kW
 
 0.7  X  3698
Ta  = 23.54 kN – m.
0.7 + X = 5(0.12 + 0.4X) 2 1500
 X = 0.1p.u 60
To find fault level at bus ‘3’:
The equivalent reactance w.r.t. point ‘3’ in 02. Ans: (c)
reactance diagram is Sol: Given data:
X 3eq   X d  X T  X l  // X Ns = 3000,
f = 60 Hz,
= (0.2+0.2+0.3) // 0.1
P 60 MW
0.7  0.1 S   70.58 MVA
=  0.0875 pu cos  0.85
0.8
1 2
 Fault current I f3  
Vth I s
X 3eq H 2 due to moment of Inertia,
S
1 .0 there is no sudden change in angular

0.0875 velocity
= 11.43 pu 2
1  2  NS  6
I  10
2  60 

4. Power System Stability 70.58
1  2  3000  6
(8800)   10
01. Ans: 23.54k N-m 2  60 

Sol: Given data: 70.58
H = 9 kW – sec/kVA = 6.152 MJ/MVA

K.E = stored? SH 70.58  6.15
M   0.04825
180 f 180  50

03. Ans: 40 MJ/MVA SH

Moment of inertia M= ,
Sol: Given data: f
where S = Rating of the machine,
Generator A Generator B
n=4 n=3 f = frequency,
Heq = 9 × 4 Heq = 4 × 3 Inertia constant , H = 3 MW-sec/MVA
=36 J/MVA = 12J/MVA ( Assume rating of machine 1 pu.)
36 100 12  200
H A New  H B New 
150 150 1 3 3
 =
= 24 = 16   50 50
Heq = HAnew + HBNew The natural frequency of oscillation at
= 24 + 16 = 40 MJ/MVA 60% loading,
1/2
 dPe  
f n     0 M 
04. Ans: fn =1.53 Hz  d  
Sol: Given data: 1
Since the system is operating initially  50  2

= 1.76    9.6 rad/sec
under steady state condition, a small  3 
perturbation in power will make the rotor 9 .6
= Hz  1.53Hz
oscillate. The natural frequency of 2
1
  dp e  2
   05. Ans: (i) KE = 800 MJ;
oscillation is given by f    d  0 
(ii)  = 337.5 elec.deg/sec2
n  
 M 
  (iii)  = 6.75 elec.degree/sec2
 
Sol: Given data:
As load increases, load angle () increases,
p = 4, f = 50Hz, G = 100 MVA, H = 8 sec
there by Sin0 increases.
(i) K.E Stored GH=100  8  800 MJ
 sin  0  loading
d 2
At 60% of loading sin 0 = 0.6 (ii) m  pa
dt 2
0 = 36.86 p a  p s  p e = 80 – 50 = 30
EV
We know that Pe  sin  0 , d 2
X m 2 (accelecation )
dt
where E = no-load voltage,
V = load voltage d 2  30

dt 2 m
dPe EV
 cos  0 GH 800
d X M=   0.088
180f 180  50
1.1  1
 cos 36.86  1.76 d 2 30
0.3  0.2 dt 2

0 . 0888
 337 . 5 Elec.degree/s
2

= 337.5  2 mech deg/ s 2 Before disturbances speed (Ns) =

120f
p p
2 120  50
= 337.5  =168.7 mech deg /s2 =
4 4
 Speed of the 10 cycle = 1500
= 168.7 
mech deg/ s 2
180 dN
N (t) = N0+ t (N0=NS)
= 2.94 mech rad/s2 dt
(iii)10 cycles- Acceleration maintained dN
=1500+  0.2 ........................ (1)
d  2
dt
constant mean constant change in
dt 2 d d 2 
 
angle after 10 sec dt dt 2
d 2 d  2N 
  
dt 2 dt  60 
 = 337.5 elec. degree/sec2 dN 60 d 2
    2.97
d dt 2 dt 2
 t
dt 60  2.97
 9.5  2.97  28.36 ……. (2)
1 2
 =   2  k1
2 Equation (2) substitute equation (1)
Before giving distance, at t=0 =0 N(t) = 1500 + 28.36  0.2
0 = 1  (0) 2  k1 N(t) = 1505.67 rpm
2
k1 = 0 06. Ans: 27 deg
1 2 Sol: Given data:
(t) = t   0
2 E = 1.1pu V = 1.0pu
10 Assuming inertia constant (H) = 1pu
10cycles t =  0.2 s ec
50 EV
P sin 
1 X
(t) = t 2   0
2 X= j.015+ j.015 = j0.30pu
1 PX
(0.2) = t 2   0 sin  
2 EV
1 j0.3  1
 (0.2) =  337.5  (0.2) 2   0.2727
2 1 .1  1 .0
= 6.74 elec. degree/sec2  =15.82
Speed of the motor at end of the GH
M  1.11  10 4 pu
10cycles. f

1 .0  0 .0 EV
Pa     0 .5 Pm 2 
2 X2
0 .5
0    4
 4504 deg/sec2 
EV X1

1.11  10 X1 X 2
1  t  0.05  4504  11.26 deg
 2 2
X1
Pm2= Pm1 × r1 where r1 
Rotor angle 1=0+1 = 15.82+11.26 =27deg X2
EV EV X1
Pm 3   
07. Ans: cr = 70.336 X 3 X1 X 3
Sol: Given data:
X1
 = 30, Pm2 = 0.5, Pm2 = 1.5, Ps = 1.0 Pm3= Pm1 × r2 where r2 
X3
0(rad) = 0.52
Substitute these values tot get Pm2 & Pm3
 P  0.72
 max  180  sin 1  s  Pm 2  1.736   0.416
 Pm 3  3.0
 1.0  Pm3 = 1.245
 180  sin 1  
 1.5   P 
 0  sin 1  s 
max = 180  41.80 = 138.18  Pm1 
 0 = 35.17 = 0.614 rad
 max  138.18  = 2.41
180
 P 
1.0 2.41  0.523  1.5 cos138.18  0.5 cos 30   max 180  sin 1  s 
 c  cos 1 
1.5  0.5
  Pm 3 
 

= 126.56 = 2.208 rad
3
1.00 1.887  1.5   0.7452  0.5  
 cos 1  2 
 1   P    0   Pm 3 cos  max  Pm 2 cos  0 
   cr cos 1  s max 
   Pm3  p m 2 
 cos 1 1.887  1.1175  0.433
= cos1 [1.887  1.5505] 1.0 2.208  0.614 1.245 cos126.56  0.416 cos 35.17 
 cr cos 1  
1  1.245  0.416 
= cos [0.3365] = 70.336.
cr = 51.82 ≃55
08. Ans: cr = 55
Sol: Given data: 09. Ans: cr = 88
Ps = 1.0 p.u Sol: Given data:
Pm1 = 1.736 P.u Ps = 0.4 Pm1
X1eq= 0.72 p.u X1
X2 = 6 X1 Pm 2  Pm1 
X2eq = 3.0 p.u X2
X3eq = 1.0 p.u

Pm3 = 0.8 Pm1 = Pm1 × 0.167  P    0   Pm 3 cos  m 

 c  cos 1  s m 
 P   Pm 3 
 0  sin 1 0.8  s  = sin1 (0.4) = 23.578
 Pm1  1.0(2.48  0.471)  1.65 cos(142.7) 
cos 1  
 P   1.65
  180  sin 1  s 
 Pm 3    2.48  0.471  1.31 
c  cos 1  
 1.65 
 0.4 Pm1 
 180  sin 1   = 150
 0.8 Pm1   cos 1  0.423  65
 P      Pm3 cos max  Pm2 cos0  11. Ans: c = 84

cr  cos1  s max 0 
 Pm3  Pm2  Sol: Given data:
Ps  Pe1  1.0
  
0.4Pm1 150 23.578  0.8 Pm1 cos150 0.167Pm1 cos23.578 
1 
cos  4

Pe1  2.2 sin 
 0.8Pm1  0.167Pm1 
  Pm1  2.2
cr = 88
Pe2  0, Pm2  0
10. Ans: c = 65 Pm3  Pm1  2.2

Sol: Given data: 0 = 27
Ps = Pe1 = 1.0 0(rad)= 0.471
Pe1 = 2.2 sin 
 m  180   0  153  153   2.66
Pm1 = 2.2 180
Pe2 = 0, Pm2 = 0 1.02.66  0.471  2.2 cos(153) 
 c  cos 1  
Pm3 = 0.75  2.2 = 1.65  2.2
 P   1 
 0  sin 1  s   sin 1  
P
 m1   2.2   2.66  0.471  1.96 
 c  cos 1  
  2.2
 27   0.471
180 c = 84
 P 
 m  180  sin 1  s 
 Pm 3  12. Ans: c = 79.77
 1.0  Sol: Given data:
 180  sin 1    142.7
 1.65  Ps  Pe1
 Pe1  2 sin 
 m  142.7   2.48rad
180
Pm1 = 2p.u

0 = 30, 0(rad) = 0.523 2  SH ( L   0 )

tc 
Pe2  0, Pm2  0 f (Ps )
Pm3  Pm1 = 2.0 
2  1.0  5(68.5  30) 
 m = 180 –0 = 150 tc  180
  50 1.0

(rad)= 150   2.61  0.20682 sec
180
 2.61  0.523  2.0 cos(150) 
 c  cos 1   15. Ans: Pe = 0.3307 pu
 2.0
Sol: E1 = 1.5 1 E2 = 1.2 2
 2.61  0.523  1.732 
 c  cos 1    80  
 2.0 X = 1.0 X = 0.5 X = 0.8
E 1E 2
13. Ans: c = 87.7 Pe  sin(1   2 )
X eq
Sol: Given data:
1.5  1.2
Ps = Pe1  1.0 Pe  sin 25
2.3
1.0  1.2 = 0.3307 p.u
Pm1   2.4
0.5
Pm 2  0, Pm 3  Pm1  2.4 16. Ans: Permissible increase = 60.34
 1.0  Sol: Given data:
 0  sin 1    24.6  0.43
 2.4  PS = 2.5 p.u.
Pmax1 = 5.0 p.u.
 1.0 
 m  180  sin 1    180  24.6  155.4 d
 2.4   Before fault  0 ,  = 0, Pa = 0
dt

 m  155.4   2.71 Ps = Pe1
180
1.0(2.71  0.43)  2.4 cos(155.4)   P 
c  cos 1  Ps = Pmax1 sin 0  0 = sin 1  s 

 2.4  Pmax 1 
 87.7  2.5 
0 = sin 1  
 5 
14. Ans: 0.20682 sec 0 = 30 0.523 rad
Sol: Given data: Pmax2 = 2 p.u.
S = 1.0, H = 5,  = 68.5, 0 = 30, Ps = 1.0 Pmax3 = 4 p.u.
2M ( c   0 )  P 
tc  max = 180 – sin 1  s 
Ps
 Pmax 3 

 2.5  18. Ans: (c)

= 180  sin 1  
 4  Sol: Before fault
= 180 – 36.68 Mechanical input to alternator
max = 141.32  2.4664 rad (Ps) = electrical output (Pe) = 1.0 P.u.
Given  = 300, V = 1.0 P.u
Ps  max  0  

 Pmax3 .cos  max   Pmax 2 cos  0 
During fault
cos   180o
Pmax3  Pmax 2 1
Xeq = pu
0.8

2.5141.32  30
180
 4. cos141.32  2 cos 30 o   E = 1.1 p.u, V = 1.0 P.u

42 ‘’ value cannot change instantaneously.
4.84   3.122  1.73
=  Initial accelerating power
2
(Pa) = Ps  Pe
Cos c = – 610–3
1.11.0
c = Cos–1(–610–3) 90.34 Pa = 1.0  sin 300
 1 
 
 0.8 
Permissible increases = c – 0
Pa = 0.56 P.u
= 90.34 – 30
= 60.34
5. Load Flow Studies
17. Ans: (d)
Sol: Given data:
01. Ans: (a)
V = 1.0pu
Sol: Given data:
 T  0.12pu
Y23  j10 ; y23 = Y23 = j10
|E| = 1.0pu
1
z 23   j0.1
X y 23
0.12pu
X
1.0pu 02. Ans: (c)
V=1.0pu Sol: Y11 = y13 + y12
= (j 0.2)1 + (j 0.5)1 = j 7
when one of the double circuit tripped,
then Y22 = y21 + y23
11 1 = (j 0.5)1 + (j 0.25)1 =  j 6

Pm 2    5pu Y33 = y31 + y32
0.12  x 0.2
= (j 0.2)1 + (j 0.25)1 = j 9

03. Ans: (a)   2 j11.5  j10  j2.5

Y12  Y23
Sol: = j2 ………..(2)
j 0.05 j 0.05   Y31  2 j5  2.5  6.3
Y23
= j2.4 ……….(3)
Y12  Y31  j1.2 ………(1)
j 0.1
Subtracting (2) and (3)
Y22 = Y11 = (j0.05)1 + (j0.1)1 =  j 30 Y12  Y23
  Y23
  Y31  j2  j2.4
Y12 = Y21 = (j0.1)1 = j10  Y12  Y31   j0.4 ………(4)
Solving equation (1) & (4) we get
04. Ans: (b) Y13 = j0.8
Sol: Given data:
We know that
 14.76 10 5 
Y22 = y21 + y22 +y23 
06. Ans: (i) Ybus  j  10  13.72 4 
Y21 = y21 Y23 = y23
 5 4  8.64
From the data, Y22 = 18, Y21 = 10,
Y23 = 10  29.76 20 10 
Y22 = ? (ii) Ybus 
 j  20  27.72 8 
18 = (10) + y22 + (10)  10 8  17.64
 y22 = 20  18  14.88 10 5 
Shunt Susceptance, y22 = 2. (iii) Ybus 
 j  10  13.86 4 
 5 4  8.82
05. Ans: Y13 = j0.8 Sol: (i) z12 = j0.001100=j 0.1
 14.4 10 5  y12 = –j10
Sol: YBus  j  10  11.5 2.5  z13 = j0.001200 = j0.2
 5 2.5  6.3 y13 = –j5
Y12 Y13 y23 = j0.001250 = j0.25
Y11    Y12  Y31  14.4
2 2 y23 = –j4
Y12 = – Y12 = j10 y112  j0.0016  100  j0.16
Y23 = – Y23 = j2.5 y113  j0.0016  200  j0.32
Y31 = – Y31 = j5
y123  j0.0016  250  j0.4
Y12  Y31  2 j14.4  j10  j5
= j1.2 ………..(1) y112 y113
Y11  y12  y13  
Similarly 2 2

  j10  j5  j0.08  j0.16 Y23 = –y23 = j8

= –j 14.76  29.76 20 10 
y112 y123 y BUS 
 j 20  27.72 8 
Y22  y12  y 23    10 8  17.64
2 2
 j10  j4  j0.08  j0.2
= – j13.72 (iii) z12 = 0.001  100 = j0.1
y113 y123 y12 = –j10
Y33  y13  y 23   z13 = j0.001  200 = j0.2
2 2
 j15  j4  j0.16  j0.2 y13 = –j5
= – j8.64 z23 = j0.001  250 = j0.25

Y12   y12  j10  Y13   y13  j5, Y23   y 23  j4 y23 = –j4
  j0.0008  100  j0.08
y12
 14.76 10 5    j0.0008  200  j0.16
y13
y BUS  j 10  13.72 4  y23  j0.0008  250  j0.2
 5 4  8.64 
y12 y
Y11  y12  y13   13
(ii) z12 = j0.0005  j0.05 2 2
y12 = –20j = –j10 – j5 + j0.04 + j0.08
y13 = j0.0005  200 = j0.1 = –j14.88
y13 = –j10 y y
Y22  y12  y 23  12  23
z23 = j0.0005  250 = j0.125 2 2
y23 = –j8 = –j10 – j4 + j0.04 + j0.1
  j0.0016  100  j0.16
y12 = –13.86
y y
  j0.0016  200  j0.32
y13 Y33  y13  y 23  13  23
2 2
y23  j0.0016  250  j0.4 = –j5 –j4 + j0.04 + j0.1

y12 y = –j8.82
Y11  y12  y13   13
2 2 Y12   y12  j10;
= –j20 –j10 + j0.08 + j0.16
Y13 = –y13 = j5;
= –j29.76
Y23 = –y23 = j4
y y
Y22  y12  y 23  13  23  14.88 10 5 
2 2
YBUS 
 j 10  13.86 4 
= –j10 – j8 + j0.16 + j0.2
 5 4  8.82
= –j17.64
Y12 = –y12 = j20; Y13 = –y13 = j10;

07. Ans: (b) 02. Ans: (a)

y31 = y13 =  j5 D = 2, R = 0.025,
y23 = y32 = j5 We know that Change in load
Y11 = y11 + y13 = j5  1
PD    D  f ,
Y22 = y22 + y23 = j5  R
Y12 = Y21 = 0 where f = change in frequency
Y13 = Y31 = y13 = j5 1 1
D
2  42 MW / Hz
Y23 = Y32 =  y23 = j5 R 0.025
Y33 = y13 + y23 = j5 j5 = j10.  AFRC  42 MW / Hz
18. Ans: 3500 (3500 to3500) 03. Ans: (b)

Number of Buses (N) = 1000 f = 50 Hz, generator rating = 120 MVA
Number of non- zero elements = 8000 Generator frequency decreases 0.01
= N+2NL (NL = Number of transmission f 0.06X

lines) f 120
1000 + 2NL = 8000 0.01 120
X   0.4 MW
NL = 3500 50 0.06
Minimum number of transmission lines

04. Ans: (c)
and transformers = 3500
Sol: Given data:
The energy stored at no load = 5 100
6. Load frequency control = 500 MJ
Before the steam valves open the energy
lost by the rotor = 25  0.6 = 15 MJ
01. Ans: (c)
As a result of this there is reduction in
Sol: Given data:
speed of the rotor and,
Nominal frequency is 60 Hz,
Regulation is 0.1.  reduction in frequency
When load of 1500 MW, 500  15
f new   50
0.1  60 500
The regulation =
1500 = 49.24Hz
6
 Hz / MW
1500

05. Ans: (c) Vrmax = 2 ARV

f 50  48 ARV = K1 K2 K3 Vmax sin 
Sol: % regulation = f  50  100 K1 = 1  No Armature reaction
p 100
K2 = 1  Assuming fault as grounded
p 100
fault
2
 100 = 4% K3 = 1  ARV/phase
50
17.32
Vmax   2
3
7. Circuit Breakers
L
01. Ans: (a) i
CB
v  Fault PF
Sol: Given data: F Cos  = 0
Sin  = 1
L = 15 10–3 H
C = 0.002  10–6 F
1  17.32 
fr  Vr max  2 1  1  1  2 1
2  LC  3 
1 = 28.28kV

3 6
2 15  10  0.002  10
= 29 kHz 04. Ans: (d)
Sol: Making current = 2.55  IB
02. Ans: (b)  2000 
Sol: Given data:  2.55   = 144.25 kA
 2  25 
I = 10 A, C = 0.01  10–6 F,
L=1H
05. Ans: (a)
1 2 1
L i  C V 2  L i2 = C V2  2000 MVA 
2 2 Sol: For 1-, breaking current   
   25 kV 
L 1 = 100 kV
V  i  10  6  = 80 kA
C  0.01  10 
Making current = 2.55[80 kA] = 204 kA
03. Ans: (a)

06. Ans: (c)
Sol: Given data:
Maximum voltage across circuit breakers L 25mH
Sol: R  0.5  0.5  500 
contacts at current zero point = Maximum C 0.025 H
value of Restriking voltage (Vmax)

07. Ans: (c) 10. Ans: (d)

Sol: A.R.V = K1K2 Vm sin Sol: When interrupting a low inductive current
K1 – first pole clearing factor (shunt reactor (or) magnetizing current of
K1 = 1.5 (LLL fault) Transformer) the current become abruptly
K2 – Due to armature reaction zero well before natural zero instant this
K2 = 1 (Armature reaction not given) phenomenon known as current chopping.
 - p.f angle of the fault A current chopping phenomenon is very
cos  = 0.8   = 36.86o severe during the interruption of low
Vm = maximum value of phase voltage of magnetizing current.
the system
132kV 8. Protective Relays
Vm =  2
3
132 01. Ans: (d)
A.R.V = 1.5   2  sin 36.86 Sol: Relay current setting = 50%  5
3
= 96.7kV  0.5  5  2.5
primary current (fault current)
PSM 
relay current setting  CT ratio
08. Ans: (b)
Sol: ARC is initiated at the instant of contact 2000
  10
separation due to high field gradient (or) 400
 0.5  5
5
field ionization properties of the Arc is
column of ionized gases.
02. Ans: (c)
Sol: The minimum value of current required for
09. Ans: (b)
relay operation is the plug setting value of
Sol: High resistance method of Arc
current.
interruption, it is resistance is increased as
 Minimum value of negative sequence
to reduce the current to a value insufficient
to maintain the arc. When current is Current required for relay operation
interrupted the energy associated with its 5
= 0.2   1A
magnetic field appears in the form of 1
electrostatic energy. A high voltage But for a line to line fault, I R 2  I R1
appears across the contact of circuit And fault current I f   3 I R 2
breaker. If this voltage is very high and
more than with standing capacity of the  3 11.732A
gap between the contacts, the Arc will  Minimum fault current required
strike again. = 1.732 A.

03. Ans: (a) The operating time from given table at

Sol: From figure, it is clear that zone2 of relay1 PSM 5 is 1.4 the operating time for TMS
and relay2 are overlapped. If there is a of 0.5 will be
fault in overlapped section (line2), the fault 0.51.4 = 0.7 sec
should be clear by relay2. Hence zone2
operating time of relay2 must be less than 08. Ans: (c)
zone1 operating time.( TZ2 R1  TZ2 R 2 ) Sol: Mho relay is selected for long
Transmission line should be less affected
04. Ans: (b) due to power swings. Impedance of long
I2 11 400 line is very high effect of ARC resistance.
Sol: ; I 2  400    66.66
i2 66 6
09. Ans: (a)
i2  5 3  2.88
Sol: The angle between voltage coil voltage and
I2
 23 : 1 voltage coil current is adjusted with the
i2
help of phase shifting network so it is
possible to adjust the maximum torque
05. Ans: (b) angle.
Sol: The active power restrained over current V = 45, maximum torque angle  = 45,
relay will have characteristics in R-X
the relay operated torque is 70.7% of
plane.
maximum torque.
X
Operates 10. Ans: (a)

R X
0 Sol:
NOP NOP
OP OP
06. Ans: (b) R
OP OP R= 
Sol: CT ratio = 400/5 = 80
Relay current setting = 50% of 5A NOP NOP
= 0.5 5A
= 2.5A The operation of relay depends only on
Pr imary current (fault current) reactance seen by the relay. Reactance
PSM 
Re lay current setting  CT ratio relay is not affected due to Arc resistance,
1000 occupies more space on RX diagram.
 5
2.5  80

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2.3 Steady state performance analysis VS

01. Ans: (c) 240

 220k  04. Ans: 81.04 kW

 Ans: (b) i.e., load absorbs both real and

105 09. Ans: (c)

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Total susceptance of line = 1.2p.u = 2fC

2.4. Transient Analysis & 2.5. Wave 03. Ans: (c)

01. Ans: (c)

Let “l” be the total length of line

The Reactor is initially open circuit  119.385 

07. Ans: 2.93 kV 600

= cos(90  )  0.9 cos (90  0) = PIM

QC = 27.56 MVAR Reactive power absorbed by reactor =

SIL2 Z c1 After connecting a capacitor, the power

(Q 1 ) =  sin cos 1 0.8 Hence if the capacitor goes out of service

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2.8. Overhead line Insulators

02. Ans: (b) 04. Ans: (b)

03. Ans: (b) C 1

22kV, 50Hz 01. Ans: (a)

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Let “V D ” be the drop of voltage in line 1000 I = 200000

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j0.286 j0.6 The per unit reactance diagram of the

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I b  I b0  I b1  I b2 05. Ans: Ia1 = 23.53 kA

I a1  8  90 o p.u 06. Ans: (b)

= 11. 53154.3 j0.1 j0.15 j0.05 j0.2

04. Ans: 9.80

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Z2 = j 0.2 08. Ans: (b)

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X1G2 = positive sequence reactance in p.u. = 2.827 – j0.756

15. Ans: I F  7.57 kA

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For Phase ‘a’, 1.05

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E R1 21. Ans: (b)

22. Ans: If =11.43 pu

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The equivalent reactance with respect to K.E stroed

H = 9 kW – sec/kVA = 6.152 MJ/MVA

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03. Ans: 40 MJ/MVA SH

Since the system is operating initially  50  2

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= 337.5  2 mech deg/ s 2 Before disturbances speed (Ns) =

Pm3 = 0.8 Pm1 = Pm1 × 0.167  P    0   Pm 3 cos  m 

 P      Pm3 cos max  Pm2 cos0  11. Ans: c = 84

10. Ans: c = 65 Pm3  Pm1  2.2

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0 = 30, 0(rad) = 0.523 2  SH ( L   0 )

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 2.5  18. Ans: (c)

11 1 = (j 0.5)1 + (j 0.25)1 =  j 6

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03. Ans: (a)   2 j11.5  j10  j2.5