Final Year Project Report

On

Contactless
Tachometer
Submitted for Partial fulfillment of

Bachelor of Technology
in

Electronics & Communication Engineering

by
RAVI PRAKASH ARTI GAUTAM SATYANAM
1514131023 1614131901 1614131801

Under the Guidance of

Mr. R.D Bagh
Assistant Professor
Dept. of E.C.E, SITM

Sagar Institute of Technology & Management

Barabanki-225001, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
Affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow
(Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University)
May, 2019
 SAGAR Date: / /
INSTITUTE OF 2019

TEChNOLOGY &
MANAGEMENT,
BARABANKI
Approved by A.I.C.T.E. Ministry of H.R.D. & affiliated to
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Uttar
Pradesh, Lucknow (An ISO -9001-2008
Certified Institute, Accredited by NBA)
th
Campus: 6 km stone, Faizabad road, Barabanki-225001(U.P.)
India
Tel. +91-5248-220001, 220002,220900, Fax: +91 - 5248 – 220003
College e-mail:sitmbbk@rediffmail.com,sesbbk@rediffmail.com
Website: www.sagarbbk.org
ECE Department e-mail: ecedeptt.sitmbbk@gmail.com

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ravi Prakash (1514131023), Arti Gautam

(1614131901), Satyanam (1614131801) have carried out the
project work presented in this report entitled “ Contactless
Tachometer ” for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Dr. A.P.J.
Abdul Kalam Technical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow
(Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University) during academic
session 2019-20.

Mr. R.D Bagh

Project Guide & HOD
Assistant Professor
(Department of E.C.E)
 Page|i
SMART HEALTH MONITORING AND PATIENT GUIDANCE SYSTEM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep gratitude to our project guide Mr. R.D Bagh Assistant
Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication, Sagar Institute of Technology
and Management, Barabanki for his extraordinary guidance in the successful
completion of the project and becoming a source of enlightenment throughout the
course.We express our sincere gratitude to, Mr. Raj Kumar, Assistant Professor, Mr.
R.D.Bagh, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication, Sagar
Institute of Technology & Management for their extraordinary guidance through their
soft words and proper guidelines for providing us the enthusiasm to complete the
project.Last but not the least we express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Raj Kumar,
HOD, Department of Electronics & Communication, Sagar Institute of Technology &
Management for his extraordinary guidance provided us the enthusiasm to complete the
project.

We would also like to thank all the staff members of the Department of
Electronics and Communication, Sagar Institute of Technology & Management,
Barabanki for their unbelievable cooperation in the successful completion of the object.

Ravi Prakash (1514131023)

Arti Gautam (1614131901)
Satyanam (1614131801)
 SAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BARABANKI

ABSTRACT

Tachometer is a device used for measuring the number of revolutions of an object in a given interval of time.
Usually it is expressed in revolutions per minute or RPM.

Earlier tachometers purely mechanical where the revolution is transferred to the tachometer through
mechanical coupling (cable or shaft) the rpm is determined using a gear mechanism and it is displayed on a
dial.
A contactless tachometer is a device which uses infrared sensor and a microcontroller like 8056 or arduino
to measure up the speed of the running motor and based on a pre set value the cut off circuit present cuts off
the supply of the motor when it
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page No.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION………………………………….…………….…..01

1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………….…..................... 02
1.2 Historical Background……………………………………………….…………………..06

CHAPTER 2: WORKING PRINCIPLE...................................................... 10

2.1 Principle…………………………………………………………..……….….…………… 11
2.2 How Does Heartbeat Sensor Works………………………..………..…………. 12
2.3 Practical Heartbeat Sensor…………………………………………………………….14

CHAPTER 3: BLOCK DIAGRAM............................................................... 15

3.1 Parts of the System…………………………………………………..………………….16

3.1.1 Heartbeat Sensor……………………………………..…..……… 17
3.1.2 Temperature Sensor………………………………………….. 17
3.1.3 Analog to Digital Converter(ADC)……………………..…… 17
3.1.4 GSM …………………………..…………………….………………… 18
3.1.5 16X2 LCD Screen…………………………………………..…….. 17
3.1.6 ATmega16 Microcontroller…………………….………………..18
3.2 Flow chart of the system................................................................. 19

CHAPTER 4: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM............................................................ 20

4.1 Circuit diagram........................................................................... 21

CHAPTER 5: HARDWARE DESCRIPTION................................................22

5.1 ATmega16 Microcontroller ………..………………………………………….…….. 23
 5.1.1 Pin Description……………………………………………………… 25
5.1.2 Features…………………………………………………………….…27
5.2 Liquid Crystal Display………………………………………………….………………..29
5.2.1 Architecture……………………………………..………….….…….30
5.2.2 Instruction Set……………………………………………………....31
5.3 GSM/GPRS……………………………….………………………………….…………….. 35
5.3.1 The History of GSM………………………..………………….... 35
5.3.2 Timeline of the Development of GSM…………………… 36
5.3.3 GSM Technology…………………………………………………….37
5.3.4 GSM/GPRS Module……………………………………………….. 40
5.4 Temperature Sensor LM35…..…………………………………………………. 43
5.4.1 Features……..………………………………………………………. 44
5.4.2 Pin Description ………………………………………….……….. 45
5.5 Heartbeat Sensor……………………………………...……………….………..…… 45
5.5.1 System Overview………………………………………………… 46
5.5.2 Experimental Result………………………………………………. 50
5.5.3 Two Ways to Measure a Heartbeat………….…………….. 54
5.5.4 Features……………………………………………………………….. 54
5.5.5 Application…………………………………………………………….54
5.6 Power Supply………………………………………………………………………….…..55
5.6.1 How Does Power Supply Work……………………………….. 56
5.6.1.1 Reduction of AC Mains…………………………………………56
5.6.1.2 Conversion of AC to DC……………………………………….57
5.6.1.3 Regulation of a Output Voltage……………………………. 57
5.6.1.4 Protection against excessive voltages…………………….58
5.6.1.5 Others PSU’P……………………………………………………….58
5.7 Resistor………………….…………………………………………………………………. 60
5.8 Capacitor ……………………………………………………………………………………61
5.9 Infrared……….………..……………………………………………...……………..…… 62
5.10 Operational Amplifier………………………………………………………………….63
5.11 Diode………………………………………………………………………………………..64

CHAPTER 6: SOFTWARES USED............................................................. 65

6.1 AVR Studio Simulator Introduction………………….……………………...….. 66

6.1.1 AVR Studio 5.1……………………………………………………. 67
6.1.2 Feature…………………………………………………………….… 67
6.1.3 Steps for Creating a New Project in AVR Studio 5.1… 67
6.1.4 AVR Studio 5 Simulator and Debugger……………….….. 68
6.2 Shortcut Summary………………………………….……………….................... 68
6.3 Express PCB…………………………………………………………………………………69
6.3.1 How its work…………………………………………………………69

CHAPTER 7: ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES….……………………..... 71

 7.1 Advantage………………………………………….…………………………………….. 72
7.2 Disadvantages…………………………………….…………………...……………….. 72

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION…................................................................. 73

CHAPTER 9: FUTURE SCOPE………………………….…………………...……. 75

8.1 Applications……………………………………….………………………..……………. 76
8.2 Future Scope for Further Development…………….………………….…….… 76

CHAPTER 10: REFERENCES ……………………………..…………….…..…... 77

APPENDIX…………………………………..………………..………..……………. 79

List of Abbreviations…………………………………………....……………….…... 80

Program Used For the System……………………..……………….………….…. 84

 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Description Page No.

2.1 Working of Heartbeat Sensor………………….…….……. 12

2.2 Pulse Detection………………..……………………………….… 13

2.3 First Stage Signal Conditioning……………………………… 13
2.4 Second Stage Signal Conditioning……………………...…. 13
3.1 Block Diagram of the System…………………………….…. 16
4.1 Circuit Diagram………………………………………….…….…. 21
5.1 ATmega16 Pin-out Diagram..……………………….…….… 23
5.2 LCD…………………………………………………….……………… 29
5.3 Sim Card Socket………………………………………….……….. 41
5.4 DB-25 Connector as Described in the RS-232 Standard.43
5.5 LM35……………………………………………..........………...... 43

5.6 Heartbeat Sensor……………………..………………………….. 45

5.7 Finger Positioning on the HRM Device…………………… 47

5.8 Portion of The Pulse Amplifier Circuit……………………… 48

5.9 Physical Appearance of HRM Device ……….…………………………………..50
5.10 Extracted Heartbeat Signal…….………………………………………………… 50

5.11 Amplified Output Signal………….………………………………………………… 51

5.12 Output Of Pulses………………………………………………………………………..53

5.13 Block Diagram Of Power Supply………………………………………… 55

300 RPM Side Shaft Heavy Duty DC Gear Motor
Introduction
300 RPM Side Shaft Heavy Duty DC Gear Motor is suitable for large robots /
automation systems. It has sturdy construction with gear box built to handle stall
torque produced by the motor. Drive shaft is supported from both sides with metal
bushes. Motor runs smoothly from 4V to 12V and gives 300 RPM at 12V. Motor
has 8mm diameter, 17.5mm length drive shaft with D shape for excellent coupling.
Table below gives fairly good idea of the motor’s performance in terms of RPM
vs voltage at no load and that of stall torque at different voltages.
Note: This motor will be bit noisy while running.

Specifications

RPM: 300 at 12V

Voltage: 4V to 12V
Stall torque: 23Kg-cm at stall current of 8.4A@12V
Shaft diameter: 8mm
Shaft length: 17.5mm
Gear assembly: Spur
Brush type: Carbon
Motor weight: 280gms
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino
boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into
an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board
what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to complex
scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and
professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an
incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at
students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community,
the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from
simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All
Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually
adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the
contributions of users worldwide.

Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user community that
designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices
and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world. The project's products are
distributed as open-source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public
License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards
and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or
as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits

.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets
of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and
other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on
some models, which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are
typically programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to
using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project
.
The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction Design Institute
Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy,[2] aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create
devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices
intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats, and motion detectors.
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project used to meet.
The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of
Italy from 1002 to 1014.

Features

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Operation power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power
source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter
can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a
battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V
pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:

VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to
5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through
this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the
board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another
regulated 5V supply.

3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.

GND. Ground pins.

Memory
The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0,5 KB is used for the bootloader); It
has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input output pins

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(),
and
digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and
has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have
specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. TThese pins are
connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip .

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a
rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.

PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication, which,
although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino language.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is
on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By
default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range
using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized
functionality:

I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board.

See also the mapping between Arduino pins and Atmega328 ports.
Communication
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other
microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on
digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB
and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB
COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required..
The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-
toserial
chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire
library to simplify use of the I2C bus;