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Pipe characteristics:
Outside diameter of the inner pipe, Do = 0.625 inch = 0.01588 m
[Reference: Copper Development Association Inc. (2010), The Copper Tube Handbook (Table-
2a, pp. 21). New York: Madison Avenue.]
= 3.14×0.01588×1.6256 m2
= 0.081 m2
T1 +T2 (29.5+35.5)
Mean temperature, TM = = °C= 32.5 °C
2 2
V 1
Volumetric flow rate of water, Vw = = L/s = 0.108 L/s
tw 9.22
Mass flow rate of water, Mw = Vw × ρM = 0.108 × 10−3 × 994.8 kg/s = 0.107 kg/s
= 2.70 KW
= 2.91 KW
QW + QC 2.68+2.91
Mean rate of heat flow, Qm = = KW = 2.81 KW
2 2
QC − QW 2.91−2.70
Percent heat loss = × 100% = × 100% = 7.23%
QC 2.91
Ts +Tm 115.2+32.5
Tube wall temperature on steam side, TW = = = 73.85 °C
2 2
Ts +Tw 115.2+73.85
Film temperature, Tf = = 2
= 94.525 °C
2
Density of water at film temperature, ρf = 962.45 kg/m3
[Reference: Holman, J. P., & Bhattacharyya, Souvik (2011). Heat Transfer In SI Units (10th ed.,
pp. 609). New Delhi: McGraw-Hill.]
0.25
ρ2f gλs k3f
Steam side heat transfer coefficient, h0 = 0.943( )
Lμf (Ts −Tw )
0.25
962.452 ×9.81×2215.7×103 ×0.6793
= 0.943( )
1.6256×3.01×10−4 ×(115.2−73.85)
= 3958.6 W/m2.K
[Reference: Holman, J. P., & Bhattacharyya, Souvik (2011). Heat Transfer In SI Units (10th ed.,
Eqn. 9-10). New Delhi: McGraw-Hill.]
D2i
Cross-sectional flow area of water flow, Ai = π( )
4
0.01342
= 3.1416 × m2
2
= 0.000141 m2
Vw 0.108×10−3
Velocity of water flow, v = = m/s = 0.77 m/s
Ai 0.000141
Calculations for overall heat transfer coefficient, U:
ΔT1−ΔT2 85.7−79.7
Log mean temperature difference, ΔTln = ΔT1 = 85.7 = 82.66 °C
ln( ) ln( )
ΔT2 79.7
Qw 2702.5
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U = = W/m2-K
∆Tln ×Ac 82.66×0.081
= 403.25 W/m2.K
0.25
4×3.01×10−4 ×0.679×0.5×(115.2−94.525)
=( )
9.81×2215.7×103 ×962.45×(962.45~0)
= 0.00017 m
= 0.000171 m
0.25
ρf (ρf −ρv )gλs k3f
Local heat transfer coefficient, hlocal = ( )
4μf z(Ts −Tw )
0.25
962.452 ×9.81×2215.7×103 ×0.6793
=( )
4×3.01×10−4 ×0.5×(115.2−73.85)
= 3985.9 W/m2.K
Average local heat transfer coefficient = (3971.11+3963.65+3962.1+4055.59) W/m2.K
= 3971.55 W/m2.K