ISYE6059 - Human Integrated Systems

PRACTICUM MODULE
HUMAN-INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
(ISYE6059)
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
BINUS UNIVERSITY JAKARTA
2019
Practicum Module
Human-Integrated Systems (ISYE6059)
THE GENERAL RULES ON H.I.S. PRACTICUM
Prior to and during the practicum sessions, student needs to understand the
following rules:
1. Rules and Regulation
a. Plagiarism, Cheating, Collusion and Abuse of Resource Materials Definition:
Plagiarism means the appropriation of another’s work and inadequately
or inappropriately acknowledged incorporation of that work in one’s own
written, oral, visual, or original performativity work that is offered for credit.
Plagiarism definition according to article 1 Regulation of Indonesian
National Education Ministry No 17 of 2010:
“Plagiarism is an intentional or unintentional act to obtain or trying to obtain
creditor score for a scientific work, by citing some or all other scientific work
that acknowledged as his/her scientific work, without declaring the source
properly and adequately.” The Important aspects:
1. Intentionally or unintentionally done,
2. Citing some or all of the scientific work, and
3. Without mentioning the source properly and adequately.
Cheating is not allowed. Cheating means engaging in any of the following

activities:
1. Copying another student’s test, report, paper, computer files or from any
electronic device or equipment
2. Using during a test, unauthorized printed audio or electronic materials.
3. Collaborating, without authorization, with another person during a test,
examination or preparing academic work
4. Substituting for another student or permitting another person to substitute for
oneself in taking an examination or preparing academic work
5. Bribing or coercing another person to obtain an administered information
6. Acquiring and submitting as one’s own work on assignment prepared by
another individual or a firm
7. Falsifying data
Collusion means the unauthorized collaboration with another person in

preparing any work offered for credit.
Abuse of resource materials means the mutilation, destruction,

concealment, theft or alteration of materials provided to assist students in the
mastery of course content.
Source: Texas State University Honor Code
Cheating, Collusion, Plagiarism, or Abuse of resource material done by any

student or group will bear consequence of: DROP OUT from BINUS
University
b. Practicum comprises 13 sessions @ 100 minutes. Group member composition,

rules, grade distribution and practicum’s final project will be socialized during
the first session only.
Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

Industrial Engineering Departement ii
BINUS University
Practicum Module
c. Any student’s lateness exceeding 5 minutes, according to the laboratory’s time,

is considered “absent”. Furthermore, student is not allowed to participate in the
practicum exams (trial test and presentation), if he/she has more than two
absences.
d. Student is obliged to bring the Human-Integrated Systems module and the
needed equipment.
e. Only student wearing white laboratory coat is allowed to participate in practicum
sessions.
f. Only Human-Integrated Systems module, writing note and tools, and practicum
equipment are allowed to be brought to the laboratory.
g. Eating or drinking are prohibited
h. Mobile phones have to be in silent mode or turn off during the practicum session.
Any misconduct will be penalized as “absent”.
i. Student is responsible for any damage or loss during the usage of practicum
equipment.
2. Rules and Regulation In Term Project Presentation

a. Students must be present at IE Laboratory 20 minutes before the presentation
starts.
b. Late arrival after the presentation scheduled time will be marked as absent.
c. Each group will be given 10 - 15 minutes to present their term project.
d. Dress Code:
● Male : Plain long-sleeved white color shirt, black slacks, loafers, and tie.
● Female: Plain long-sleeved white color shirt, black skirt (no shorter than
knee-length), Loafers (high heels is not recommended, max 3 cm heels).
e. The following item must be available during the presentation:
● Softcopy of ppt. file in a flashdisk (free of virus, max 12 slides include cover)
and send to hisbinuss2018.2@gmail.com 1 day before presentation begin, at
9 pm.
● Four copies of printed ppt presentation.
3. Practicum Worksheet
a. Task and Quiz
a) Hardcopy of the weekly report shall be submitted in the beginning of each
session. The status of “No report submission” is applied, for report submitted
five minutes after the deadline.
b) Quiz sheets must be in A4 80 gram. Answer only in the quiz answer sheet.
Failure to follow any instruction will result in ZERO SCORE.
b. Practicum Term Project

a) Term report must be typed in A4 80 gram with single space, and the font is
Times New Roman. Size for the title is 14 point (bold), for the content is 12
point, and for the page number is 8 point. The margin is 4 cm from the left,
and 2.5 cm from right, bottom, and top. For the chapter page, the location of
the page number is in the bottom center of the page, while for all other pages,
the page number is located in the top right corner of the page. Unrelated
documents / reports shall not be attached in the term report.
b) The page number for preface, content, table content, table of figure, glossary
and appendix is written in: i, ii, iii, iv, and so on, in bottom center.
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Practicum Module
c) The numbering mechanism for figure and table has to comply with the chapter
number. Any form that belongs to “table” category has to be located in the
top center alignment with Times New Roman font size 10 point and the
source below the table with Times New Roman font size 10 point; while, the
“figure” category has to be located in the bottom center alignment with Times
New Roman font size 10 point and the source below the figure with Times
New Roman font size 10 point.
E.g.: The numbering mechanism for figure and table in the first chapter are
respectively written as: Figure 1.1, Figure1.2, and onward in the first chapter;
and Table 1.1, Table 1.2, and onward in the first chapter.
d) Header & Footer font format are both written in Times New Roman 8 point,
with single space.
Header : Practicum Term Project
Footer : Industrial Engineering Laboratory
Industrial Engineering Department
BINUS University
e) The term report should be written in systematical, clear and concise manner.
4. Grade Distribution
Assessment Weight (%)

Regular Quiz 10
Quiz Term Test 10
Weekly Report 20
Project Practicum Term Project 50
Soft Cover 10
Prepared by, Checked by,
Safira Sekarini S. Dr. Ho Hwi Chie, M.Sc.

H.I.S Laboratory Coordinator Cognizant Faculty
Approved by, Acknowledged by,
Tan Hauw Sen Rimo, S.T., M.T. Taufik, S.T., M.M., Ph.D
Head of Industrial Head of Industrial Engineering
Engineering Laboratory Department

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Practicum Module
STUDENT OUTCOMES AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

MAPPING BASED ON MODULE
Student Outcomes Description
SO1 An ability to apply mathematics, science, and engineering.
An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze
SO2 and interpret data.
An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired
needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental,
SO3 social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and
sustainability.
An ability to identify, formulate, and solve industrial engineering
SO4
problems.
SO5 An ability to function on multidisciplinary teams.
SO6 An understanding of professional and ethical responsibility.
SO7 An ability to communicate effectively.
The broad education necessary to understand impact of industrial
SO8 engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and
societal context.
A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long
SO9
learning.
SO10 A knowledge of contemporary issues.
An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools
SO11 necessary for industrial engineering practice.
Performance Indicator SO1 SO2 SO3 SO4 SO5 SO6 SO7 SO8 SO9 SO10 SO11
Human-Integrated Systems x xx x x xx xx xx
Identify human factor
problems at workplace
environment. ✓ ✓ ✓
Identify solutions based on
human factor principles
(basic cognitive ergonomics
concepts and formulas, and
physiological concepts to
analyze and solve human ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
factor problems).
Produce recommendation
within the constraints. ✓ ✓ ✓
Prepare human factor
analysis report. ✓ ✓ ✓
Perform human factor
analysis report. ✓
Perform effectively in a
group with other engineers. ✓ ✓

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Practicum Module
Module Description
1 Anthropometry
2 Principles of Room Design
3 Time and Motion Study
4 Biomechanics and Design of Manual Handling
5 Safety and Health in Workplace
6 Energy Consumption
7 Occupational Stress
8 Occupational Fatigue
Module
Learning Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Identify human factor
Problems at workplace ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
environment.
Identify solutions based on
human factor principles (basic
cognitive ergonomics concepts
and formulas, and physiological ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
concepts to analyze and solve
human
Factor problems).
Produce recommendation ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
within the constraints.
Prepare human factor analysis
✓ ✓
report.
Perform human factor analysis
✓ ✓
report.
Perform effectively in a group
✓ ✓
with other engineers.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8
WS 1 WS 2 WS 3 WS 4 WS 5 WS 6 WS 7 WS 8
Assessment
Final Project
Description:
Q = Quiz
WS = Weekly Worksheet

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CONTENT
THE GENERAL RULES ON H.I.S. PRACTICUM ................................................... ii
STUDENT OUTCOMES AND LEARNING OUTCOMES MAPPING BASED ON
MODULE ..................................................................................................................... v
CONTENT ................................................................................................................. vii
LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................................ ix
LIST OF PICTURE...................................................................................................... x
MODULE 1 ANTHROPOMETRY ............................................................................ 1
I. Objectives ........................................................................................ 1
II. Literature Review ............................................................................ 1
III. Tables and Pictures .......................................................................... 2
IV. Formulas ........................................................................................ 11
V. Reference ....................................................................................... 11
MODULE 2 PRINCIPLES OF ROOM DESIGN ..................................................... 12
I. Objectives ...................................................................................... 12
II. Literature Review .......................................................................... 12
III. Pictures........................................................................................... 13
IV. References...................................................................................... 14
MODULE 3 TIME AND MOTION STUDY ............................................................ 15
I. Objectives ...................................................................................... 15
III. Tables ............................................................................................. 17
IV. Formulas ........................................................................................ 21
V. References...................................................................................... 21
MODULE 4 BIOMECHANICS AND DESIGN OF MANUAL HANDLING ........ 22
I. Objectives ...................................................................................... 22
III. Tables ............................................................................................. 25
IV. Formulas ........................................................................................ 26
V. References...................................................................................... 28
MODULE 5 SAFETY & HEALTH IN WORKPLACE ........................................... 29
I. Objectives ...................................................................................... 29
III. Tables and Pictures ........................................................................ 33
IV. Formulas ........................................................................................ 36
V. References...................................................................................... 36
MODULE 6 ENERGY CONSUMPTION................................................................. 37

I. Objectives ...................................................................................... 37
III. Tables ............................................................................................. 40
IV. Formulas ........................................................................................ 41
V. References...................................................................................... 42
MODULE 7 OCCUPATIONAL STRESS ................................................................ 43
I. Objectives ...................................................................................... 43
III. Tables and Pictures ........................................................................ 45
IV. References...................................................................................... 47

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MODULE 8 OCCUPATIONAL FATIGUE ............................................................. 48

I. Objectives ...................................................................................... 48
III. Nasa-TLX ...................................................................................... 51
IV. Tables ............................................................................................. 52
V. Formulas ........................................................................................ 56
VI. References...................................................................................... 56
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... xi

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LIST OF TABLE
Pages
Table 1.1 Guideline for the Measurement of Body Position ....................................... 2
Table 1.2 Guideline for The Measurement of Hand Position ...................................... 7
Table 1.3 Anthropometry Data .................................................................................... 8
Table 1.4 Hand Anthropometry Data ........................................................................... 9
Table 1.5 Formulas for Percentile .............................................................................. 11
Table 3.1 Performance Rating with Westinghouse System ....................................... 17
Table 3.2 Work Performance Rating ......................................................................... 17
Table 3.3 Work Allowance ........................................................................................ 18
Table 3.4 Gilbreth Therbligs ...................................................................................... 19
Table 3.5 Two-Hand Process Chart with MTM Method ........................................... 20
Table 3.6 Confidence Level Constants ...................................................................... 21
Table 4.1 Comparison of Manual Handling Method ................................................. 24
Table 4.2 Hand-to-container Coupling Classification ............................................... 25
Table 4.3 Frequency Multiplier.................................................................................. 25
Table 4.4 Coupling Multiplier.................................................................................... 26
Table 5.1 Effects of Reducing the Core Body Temperature ...................................... 30
Table 5.2 Job Hazard Analysis................................................................................... 31
Table 5.3 Recommended Illuminations Levels for Use in Interior Lighting Design. 33
Table 5.4 Common Light Levels Outdoor at Day and Night ..................................... 34
Table 5.5 Permissible Noise Exposure....................................................................... 34
Table 5.6 Noise Dose for The Use of Office Space ................................................... 34
Table 6.1 Correlation Between Metabolism, Respiration, Body Temperature and
Heart Rate as.............................................................................................. 39
Table 6.2 Observation Heart Rate Before and After Work Using Ergo-bike ............ 40
Table 6.3 Observation Heart Rate Before and After Work Using Footstep .............. 40
Table 6.4 Energy Consumption Using Ergo-bike ...................................................... 41
Table 6.5 Energy Consumption Using Footstep ........................................................ 41
Table 6.6 Equation Correlation for Ergo-bike ........................................................... 41
Table 6.7 Equation Correlation for Footstep.............................................................. 41
Table 7.1 Cocorometer’s Stress Level ....................................................................... 44
Table 7.2 Amylase Assay Result ............................................................................... 45
Table 8.1 Function of Brain Lobes ............................................................................ 50
Table 8.2 Common Frequency Bandwidths ............................................................... 50
Table 8.3 Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI) ...................................... 52
Table 8.4 The NASA Task Load Index Questionnaire .............................................. 54
Table 8.5 Weighted Rating Worksheet ...................................................................... 55

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LIST OF PICTURE
Pages
Figure 1.1 Illustration of Measured Body Dimensions ................................................ 6
Figure 1.2 Illustration of Measured Hand Dimensions ................................................ 7
Figure 1.3 Optimum Sitting Position for Computer Work ........................................ 10
Figure 1.4 A Well Designed Office Chair for Computer ........................................... 10
Figure 2.1 Space Envelope for Control Locations in Construction and Industrial
Equipment ............................................................................................... 14
Figure 4.1 Free-body Diagram of The Lifting Load Activity .................................... 27
Figure 5.1 Fault Tree Symbols ................................................................................... 31
Figure 5.2 Examples of Stretching Activity ............................................................... 35
Figure 6.1 Factors Affecting Individuals Work Ability ............................................. 38
Figure 6.2 Target Heart Rates for Different Ages and Various Levels of Activity ... 40
Figure 7.1 The First Step in Stimulus Secretion Coupling is Release of a
Neurotransmitter...................................................................................... 44
Figure 7.2 Cocorometer ............................................................................................. 44
Figure 7.3 Well-Being Questionnaire ........................................................................ 45
Figure 8.1 Conventional EEG and Emotiv EPOC ..................................................... 48
Figure 8.2 Emotiv EPOC Electrodes Placements ...................................................... 49
Figure 8.3 Brain Lobes ............................................................................................... 49
Figure 8.4 Short Explanation of Wave ....................................................................... 50
Figure 8.5 Fatigue Assesment Scale (FAS) ............................................................... 53
Figure 8.6 The NASA Task Load Index .................................................................... 55

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Practicum Module
MODULE 1
ANTHROPOMETRY
I. Objectives
The objectives of this practicum are:
1. To understand the definition of anthropometry and be able to measure the
anthropometry data.
2. To understand the limitations and advantages of the human anthropometry in
designing an optimum work system.
3. To apply the principle of human-integrated systems in designing an optimum
work system.
4. To analyze and evaluate work system to improve work system in the future.
II. Literature Review

The primary guideline pertaining workplace design is to accommodate
most individuals with regard to structural size of the human body. Furthermore,
proper human body measurement will result in workplace or product design that
is beneficial for people’s comfort and health (Freivalds & Niebel, 2009).
The science of measuring the human body is termed anthropometry and
typically utilizes a variety of caliper like devices to measure structural
dimensions, for example, stature and forearm length (Freivalds & Niebel, 2009).
The approach of anthropometry will better assist the methods analyst in
designing the workplace, equipment, and tools to meet the simultaneous goals of
increased production and efficiency of the operation, and also decreased injury
rates for the human operator. In designing a product, there are three types of
principles according to the purposes (Freivalds & Niebel, 2009):
a. Design for extremes
b. Design for adjustability
c. Design for the average
The approach of ergonomics is to consider product dimensions in human
terms in view of the constraints placed on their design by body size variability
(Bridger, 2009). Main factors that cause data variability:
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Ethnic variability
4. Type of work
Other factors:
1. Disability
2. Pregnancy
3. Clothes (width)

Industrial Engineering Departement 1
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Practicum Module 2
III. Tables and Pictures

Table 1.1 Guideline for the Measurement of Body Position
No Dimensions Applications
A main measure for comparing
Stature population samples. Reference for the
1 The vertical distance from the floor to minimal height of overhead obstructions.
the top of the head, when standing. Add height for more clearance, hat, shoes,
and stride.
Eye height, standing Origin of the visual field of a standing
The vertical distance from the floor to person. Reference for the location of visual
2
the outer corner of the right eye, when obstructions and of targets such as displays;
standing. consider slump and motion.
Shoulder height (acromion),
Starting point form arm length
Standing.
measurements; near the center of rotation of
The vertical distance from the floor to
the upper arm. Reference point for hand
3 the tip (acromion) of the shoulder,
reaches; consider slump and motion.
when standing.
Elbow height, stand
Reference for height and the distance of the
work area of the hand and the location of
the lowest point of the right elbow,
controls and fixtures; consider slump and
4 when standing, with the elbow flexed
motion.
at 90°
Hip height (trochanter), standing
Traditionalanthropometric measure,
indicator of leg length and the height of the
the trochanter landmark
hip joint. Used for comparing population
5 on the upper side of the right tight,
samples.
when standing.
Knuckle height, standing
The vertical distance from the floor to Reference for low locations of controls,
the knuckle (metacarpal bone) of the handles, and handrails; consider slump and
6 middle finger of the right hand, when motion of the standing person.
standing
Fingertip height, standing
Reference for the lowest location of controls,
handles, and handrails; consider slump and
the tip of the extended index finger of
7 motion of the standing person.
the right hand, when standing.
Sitting height Reference for the minimal height of
The vertical distance from the sitting overhead obstructions. Add height for more
8 surface to the top of the head, when clearance, hat, and trunk motion of the seated
sitting. person.
Sitting eye height Origin of the visual field of a seated person.
The vertical distance from the sitting Reference point for the location of visual
9 surface to the outer corner of the right obstructions and of targets such as displays;
eye when sitting. consider slumps and motion.
Sitting shoulder height (acromion)
Starting point from arm length
The vertical distance from the sitting
measurements; near the center of rotation of
surface to the tip
the upper arm. Reference for hand reaches;
10 (acromion) of the shoulders, when
consider slump and motion.
sitting
Industrial Engineering Departement
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Practicum Module 3
Table 1.1 Guideline for the Measurement of Body Position (Continued)

Sitting elbow height
Reference for the height of an arm rest, of the
The vertical distance from the sitting
work area of the hand and of keyboard and
surface to the lowest point of the right
controls; consider slump and motions of the
11 elbow when sitting, with the elbow
seated person.
flexed at 90°
Sitting thigh height (clearance) The
Reference for the minimal clearance needed
vertical distance for the seating
between seat pan and the underside of a
12 surface to the highest point on the top
structure, such as a table or a desk; add
of the horizontal right thigh with the
clearance for clothing and motions.
knee flexed at 90°.
Traditional anthropometric measure for a
Sitting knee height
lower leg length. Reference for the minimal
13 clearance needed bellow the underside of a
the top of the right kneecap, when
structure, such as table or desk; add height
sitting, with the knees flexed at 90°.
for shoe.
Sitting popliteal height
The vertical distance from the floor to Reference for the height of a seat; at height
14 the underside of thigh directly behind for shoe.
the right knee; when sitting with the
knees flexed at 90°.
Shoulder-elbow length
The vertical distance from the other Traditional anthropometric measure for
side of the right elbow to the right comparing population samples
15
acromion, with the elbow flexed at
90° and the upper arm hanging
vertically.
Elbow-fingertip length
The distance from the back of the Traditional anthropometric measure.
16 right elbow to the tip of the extended Reference for fingertip reach when moving
middle finger, with the elbow flexed the forearm in the elbow.
at 90°
Overhead grip reach, sitting the
Reference for the height of overhead controls
vertical distance from the sitting
operated by a seated person. Consider ease
17 surface to the center of a cylindrical
of motion, reach, and finger/ hand/ arm
rod firmly held in the palm of the
strength.
right hand.
Overhead grip reach, standing Reference for the height of overhead controls
The vertical distance from the floor to operated by a standing person. Add shoe
18
the center of a cylindrical rod firmly height. Consider ease of motion, reach, and
held in the palm of the right hand. finger/ hand/ arm strength.
Forward grip reach
The horizontal distance from the back Reference for forward reach distance.
19 of the right shoulder blade to the Consider ease of motion reach and fingers/
center of a cylindrical rod firmly held hands/ arms strength.
in the palm of the right hand.

BINUS University
Practicum Module 4

Arm length, vertical A traditional measure for comparing
The vertical distance from the tip of population samples. Reference for the
the right middle finger to the right location of controls very low on the side of
20 acromion, with the arm hanging the operator. Consider ease of motion, reach,
vertically. and finger/ hand/ arm strength.
Downward grip reach
The vertical distance from the right Reference for the location of controls low on
acromion to the center of a cylindrical the side of the operator. Consider ease of
rod firmly held in the palm of the motion, reach, and finger/ hand/ arm
21 right hand, with the arm hanging strength.
vertically.
A traditional measure for comparing
Chest depth
population samples. Reference for the
The horizontal distance from the back
22 to the right nipple. clearance between seat back rest and the
location of obstructions of the trunk.
Abdominal depth, sitting A traditional measure for comparing
The horizontal distance from the back Population samples. Reference for the
to the most protruding point of the clearance between seat back rest and the
23 abdomen. location of obstruction in front of the trunk.
Buttock-knee depth, sitting The
horizontal distance from the back of Reference for the clearance between seat
the buttocks to the most protruding back rest and the location of obstructions in
point of the right knee, when sitting front of the knees.
24
with the knees flexed at 90°.
Buttock-popliteal depth, sitting
The horizontal distance from
the back of the buttocks to back of the Reference for depth of a seat.
right knee just below of the thigh,
25
when sitting with knees flexed at 90°.
A traditional measure for comparing the
Shoulder breadth (biacromial) The
population samples. Indicator of the distance
distance between the right and left
26 acromions. between the centers of the rotation of the two
upper arms.
Shoulder breadth (bideltoid)
Reference for the lateral and clearance
The maximal horizontal breadth
required a shoulder level. Add space for
across the hips or thighs, whatever is
27 greater when sitting. clothing and ease of motion.
Hip breadth, sitting
The maximal horizontal breadth Reference for seat width. Add space for
across the hips or thighs whatever is clothing and ease of motion.
28 greater, when sitting.
Span
The distance between the tips of the A traditional measure for comparing
middle fingers of the horizontally population samples. Reference for sideway
29 outstretched arms and hands. reach.

BINUS University
Practicum Module 5

Elbow span
The distance between the tips of the
elbows of the horizontally Reference for the lateral space needed at
outstretched upper arms when the upper body level for ease of motion and tool
elbows are flexed so that the use.
30 fingertips of the hands meet in front
of the trunk.
Head length
The distance from the glabella
(between the browridges) to the most A traditional measure for comparing
rearward protrusion (the occiput) on population samples. Reference for head gear
31 size.
the back, in the middle of the skull.
Head breadth
The maximal horizontal breadth of
population samples. Reference for head gear
32 the head above the Attachment of the
size.
ears.
Hand length
The length of the right hand between
population samples. Reference for hand tool
the crease of the wrist and the tip of
33 and gear size. Consider manipulations,
the middle finger with the hand flat.
gloves, and tool use.
Hand breadth
population samples. Reference for hand tool
The breadth of the right hand across
and gear size, and for the opening through
the knuckles of the four fingers.
34 which a hand may fit. Consider
manipulations, gloves, and tool use.
Foot length A traditional measure for comparing
35 The maximal length of the right foot, population samples. Reference for shoe and
when standing. pedal size.
Foot breadth
The maximal breadth of the right foot, A traditional measure for comparing
at right angle to the long axis of the population samples. Reference for shoe size,
36 foot when standing. spacing of pedals.
Weight in kg population samples. References for body
37 Nude body weight taken to the size, clothing, strength, health, etc. add
nearest tenth of kilogram. weight for clothing and equipment worn on
the body.
Source: (Kroemer, 2017)

BINUS University
Practicum Module 6
Source: (Kroemer, 2017)

Figure 1.1 Illustration of Measured Body Dimensions

BINUS University
Practicum Module 7
Table 1.2 Guideline for The Measurement of Hand Position

No Hand Measurement
1 Hand Length
2 Palm Length
3 Thumb Length
4 Index Finger Length
5 Middle Finger Length
6 Ring Finger Length
7 Little Finger Length
8 Thumb Breadth
9 Thumb Thickness
10 Index Finger Breadth
11 Index Finger Thickness
12 Hand Breadth (Metacarpal)
13 Hand Breath (Across Thumb)
14 Hand Thickness (Metacarpal)
15 Hand Thickness (Including Thumb)
16 Maximum Grip Diameter
17 Maximum Spread
18 Maximum Functional Spread
Source: (Ng, Saptari, & Fauzi, 2013)
Source: (Ng et al., 2013)

Figure 1.2 Illustration of Measured Hand Dimensions

BINUS University
Practicum Module 8
Table 1.3 Anthropometry Data

A B C D Σ P1 P5 P10 P50 P90 P95 P99
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

BINUS University
Practicum Module 9
Table 1.4 Hand Anthropometry Data

A B C D Σ P1 P5 P10 P50 P90 P95 P99
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

BINUS University
Practicum Module 10
Source: (Scott, Kogi, & McPhee, 2010)

Figure 1.3 Optimum Sitting Position for Computer Work
Source: (Scott et al., 2010)

Figure 1.4 A Well Designed Office Chair for Computer

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Practicum Module 11
IV. Formulas
1. Mean:
∑𝑋𝑖
𝑋=
𝑁
2. Standard Deviation:
∑(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋)2
𝑆= √
𝑁−1
3. Formula for percentile:
Table 1.5 Formulas for Percentile

Percentile Formula
P1 𝑥̄ − 𝑆 2,325
P2.5 𝑥̄ − 𝑆 1,96
P5 𝑥̄ − 𝑆 1,645
P10 𝑥̄ − 𝑆 1,28
P50 𝑥̄
P90 𝑥̄ + 𝑆 1,28
P95 𝑥̄ + 𝑆 1,645
P97.5 𝑥̄ + 𝑆 1,96
P99 𝑥̄ + 𝑆 2,325
Source: (Freivalds & Niebel, 2009)
The formula for test data adequacy:

2
𝑘
⁄𝑠
√𝑁. ∑ 𝑋 2 𝑗 − (𝑋𝑗)2
𝑁′ = ( )
∑ 𝑋𝑗
< N, maka data cukup
N’ = number of observations needed

k = confidence level
s = degree of accuracy
N = number of observations have been done
Xj = observations data
V. Reference
1. Freivalds, A., & Niebel, B. (2009). Niebel's Methods, Standards, and Work
Design (12th ed.). USA: McGraw Hill International Edition.
2. Kroemer, K. H. (2017). Fitting the Human: Introduction to Ergonomics (7th
ed.). Florida: CRC Press.
3. Ng, P. K., Saptari, A., & Fauzi, A. M. (2013). Hand Anthropometry: A
Descriptive Analysis on Elderly Malaysians. Malaysia: Research Gate.
4. Salvendy, G. (2012). Handbook of human Factors and Ergonomics. New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5. Scott, P., Kogi, K., & McPhee, B. (2010). Ergonomic Guidelines for
Occupational Health Practice in Industrially Developing Countries.
Germany: University of Darmstadt.

BINUS University
Practicum Module
MODULE 2
PRINCIPLES OF ROOM DESIGN
I. Objectives
1. To understand and design the layout in workplace.
2. To understand and design the section at office.
3. Able to analyze layout using Personal Space and Horizontal Work Surface
Area
4. Able to evaluate the layout in workplace

Workplace design deals with the shape, the dimensions, and the layout
(i.e., the placement and orientation) of the different material elements that
surround one or more working persons. Examples of such elements are the seat,
working surfaces, desk, equipment, tools, controls, and displays used during the
work as well as the passages, windows, and heating/cooling equipment
(Salvendy, 2012).
The main ergonomics requirements concern the tasks performed, the work
organization, and the environmental factors (Salvendy, 2012):
1. The layout of the workstations should facilitate the work flow.
2. The layout of the workstations should facilitate cooperation (of both
personnel and external persons, e.g., customers).
3. The layout of the workstations should conform to the organizational
structure.
4. The layout should ensure the required privacy.
5. Access to the workstations should be unobstructed and safe.
The colours which have longer wavelength such as red, orange, and yellow
are viewed as arousing, while colours which have shorter wavelength such as
green, blue, and violet are viewed as calming (Samara, 2014).
The observed colours of visible spectrum and corresponding wavelengths
(in nanometers) (Turgeon, 2015):
1. Violet 380 – 440
2. Blue 440 – 500
3. Green 500 – 580
4. Yellow 580 – 600
5. Orange 600 – 620
6. Red 620 – 750
As orderliness, section of or whole machines, rooms, hallways, and

buildings can be coded by color. This helps in maintaining a building, in general,
keeping the whole works on an orderly plan. For example:
1. Placing items into certain area.
2. Identifying pipes that carry different fluids such as grades of fuel.
3. Guiding people to their destinations.
Personal space indicates in four classes (Barney & Al-Sharif, 2015):

1. Circulation zone (min. 61 cm), ex: important in the design of lift lobbies and
the landings of escalators and moving walks.
2. Personal comfort zone (min. 53,3 cm),ex: a lift lobby, which is a public place.
BINUS University
Practicum Module 13
3. No touch zone (min. 45,7 cm), ex: passengers in a lightly loaded lift car.
4. Touch zone (min. 30,5 cm), ex: a crowded lift car.
As safety colours, if the same color is always used to indicate a particular

danger, or place of help in an emergency, the correct association and reaction of
them become automatic. A uniform color used in most countries according to
international ISO 3864-1:2011 standards.
1. Red is danger color:
Halt, stop, prohibited, red is also color the warning color for fire used on
extinguishers and firefighting equipment.
2. Yellow means:
Danger of collision, attention, look out, risk of tripping.
3. Green means:
Rescue services, safety exit and ‘things are in order’. It is used to indicate all
forms are in order”. It is used to indicate all forms of rescue equipment and
first aid.
4. Blue means:
Actually a safety colour, but is used for giving directions, advice, and general
indications.
Color contrast in larger areas, should be chosen so they have similar

reflectance in order to have color contrast without differences in luminance.
Large areas and big objects should not be covered by pure colors, nor with
fluorescent paint, since these cause local overloading of the retina, and lead
to the production of after-images. Color contrast at workplace, for small
object (1-2 cm2), gives bright and contrast color. Color code used to make
controlling easier to do, reducing the time taken to search for them, and hence
reducing the diversion of attention from the work itself.
III. Pictures
To minimize these problems, appropriate design of the workplace is
required. More specifically, the working surface should be at a height that
permits a person to work with the shoulders at the relaxed posture. It should be
noticed here that the working height does not always equate to the work surface
height. The former depends on what one is working on (e.g., the keyboard of a
computer), while the later is the height of the upper surface of the table, desk,
bench, and so on. Furthermore, to define the appropriate work surface height,
one should consider the angles between the upper arms and the elbows and the
angle between the elbows and the wrists (Salvendy, 2012).
It is necessary to limit the extent of forward and sideways reaches to avoid
having to bend over or twist the trunk. Work pieces, tools and controls that are
in regular use should be located directly in front of or near the body. The most
important operations should take place within a radius of approximately 50 cm.
This value applies do both seated and standing work (Salvendy, 2012).

BINUS University
Practicum Module 14
Source: (Scott et al., 2010)

Figure 2.1 Space Envelope for Control Locations in Construction and Industrial Equipment
IV. References
1. Barney, G., & Al-Sharif, L. (2015). Elevator Traffic Handbook: Theory and
Practice. New York: Routledge.
2. Salvendy, G. (2012). Handbook of human Factors and Ergonomics. New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3. Samara, T. (2014). Design Elements A Graphic Style Manual (2nd ed.).
Beverly: Rockport Publishers.
4. Scott, P., Kogi, K., & McPhee, B. (2010). Ergonomic Guidelines For
Occupational Health Practice In Industrially Developing Countries.
Germany: University of Darmstadt.
5. Turgeon, M. L. (2015). Linne & Ringsrud's Clinical Laboratory Science: The
Basics and Routine Techniques. Boston: Elsevier Health Science.

BINUS University
Practicum Module
MODULE 3
TIME AND MOTION STUDY
I. Objectives
1. To give an understanding of time and motion study concepts
2. Able to collect time and motion data directly and indrectly
3. Able to define Therbligh movement and classfy the motion into effective and
ineffective movement
4. Able to eliminate or reduce ineffective movement base on given study case
5. Able to define time cycle, normal time and standard time by applying
Westtinghouse and ILO allowance method
6. Able to analyze current workstation layout and propose the optimal one

Directly The measurement of time is stated directly because the observer
is in the place of the measurement object that is being observed directly. Thus
direct observation is a measurement of the work time needed by an operator
(object of observation) in completing the work. Direct measurement of time can
be divided into two types of measurements, namely:
1. Stopwatch
2. Sampling (test quotes) works.
Both measurements differ in terms of the characteristics of the work being
measured, and the length of the observer in making measurements
Indirectly Measurement of this type of time is called indirect, because the
observer is not directly at the location (object) of measurement from beginning
to end. Work time measurement is done by analyzing based on the formulation
and based on the time data that is available. Indirect time measurement can be
divided into five types of measurement, namely:
1. MOST movement time data (Standard Time for Maynard Operation Order)
2. Work factor
3. MTM (Time Measurement Method)
4. Basic Movement
Freivalds & Niebel (2009) indicated that in time study principal, the
performance being executed by operators with the same activity seldom
conforms to the exact definition of standard. Thus, some adjustment must be
made to the mean observed time to derive the time required for a qualified
operator to do the job when working at a standard pace. Only in this manner can
they establish a true standard for qualified operators. Standard performance is
defined as the level of performance attained by a thoroughly experienced
operator working under customary conditions at a pace neither too fast nor too
slow, but representative of one that can be maintained throughout the day. In
other hand, adding allowances is used because no operator can maintain a
standard pace every minute of the working day. There are 3 interruptions which
extra time must be provided. The first is personal interruptions, such as trips to
the restroom and drinking fountain; the second is fatigue, which can affect even
the strongest individual on the lightest work. The third is unavoidable delays,
such as tool breakage, supervisor interruptions, slight tool trouble, and material
variations, all of which require that some allowance be made.

BINUS University
Practicum Module 16
Standard time it is the time, which is taken by a normal worker for a

specific task or job, working under moderate conditions and including other
allowances such as fatigue, setting of tool and job, repairing of tool and checking
of job, etc. Motion study is the careful analysis of body motions employed in
doing a job. The purpose of motion study is to eliminate or reduce ineffective
movements, and facilitate and speed effective movements (Freivalds & Niebel,
2009).
As part of motion analysis, Gilbreths concluded that all work, whether
productive or not, is done by using combinations of 17 basic motions that they
called Therbligs (Gilbreth spelled backward). The therbligs can be either
effective or ineffective. Effective therblig directly advanced the progress of the
work. They can frequently be shortened, but typically cannot be completely
eliminated. Ineffective therblig do not advance the progress of the work and
should be eliminated by applying the principles of motion economy (Freivalds
& Niebel, 2009).
Layout analysis concerns the application of various principles of display
design for determining how to group or locate the functional elements of a
device. Three commonly used principles are (Fisk, Czaja, Rogers, Charness, &
Sharit, 2009):
1. Frequency of use: states that functional elements that are frequently used
should be grouped together.
2. Sequence of use: similarly to frequency-of-use principle, states that
functional elements used in sequence should be grouped together.
3. Importance of functional elements: the need for making important elements
easily detectable and accessible and the need for grouping certain elements
together.

BINUS University
Practicum Module 17
III. Tables
Table 3.1 Performance Rating with Westinghouse System

Skill Effort
+ 0.15 A1 Super skill + 0.13 A1 Super skill

+ 0.13 A2 + 0.12 A2
+ 0.11 B1 Excellent + 0.10 B1 Excellent
+ 0.08 B2 + 0.08 B2
+ 0.06 C1 Good + 0.05 C1 Good
+ 0.03 C2 + 0.02 C2
0.00 D Average 0.00 D Average
- 0.05 E1 Fair - 0.04 E1 Fair
- 0.10 E2 - 0.08 E2
- 0.16 F1 Poor - 0.12 F1 Poor
- 0.22 F2 - 0.17 F2
Condition Consistency
+ 0.06 A Ideal + 0.04 A Ideal
+ 0.04 B Excellent + 0.03 B Excellent
+ 0.02 C Good + 0.01 C Good
0.00 D Average 0.00 D Average
- 0.03 E Fair - 0.02 E Fair
- 0.07 F Poor - 0.04 F Poor
Table 3.2 Work Performance Rating

No. Factor Class Symbol Rating
1. Skill
2. Effort
3. Condition
4. Consistency
Total

BINUS University
Practicum Module 18
Table 3.3 Work Allowance

Tabel ILO Recommended Allowances
A. Constant allowances:
1. Personal allowance 5
2. Basic fatigue allowance 4
B. Variable allowances:
1. Standing allowance 2
2. Abnormal position allowance:
a. Slightly awkward 0
b. Awkward (bending) 2
c. Very awkward (lying, stretching) 7
3. Use of force, or muscular energy (lifting, pulling,
or pushing):
Weight lifted, pounds:
5 0
10 1
15 2
20 3
25 4
30 5
35 7
40 9
45 11
50 13
60 17
70 22
4. Bad light:
a. Slightly below recommended 0
b. Well below 2
c. Quite inadequate 5
5. Atmospheric conditions (heat and humidty) - variable 0-100
6. Close attention:
a. Fairly fine work 0
b. Fine or exacting 2
c. Very fine or very exacting 5
7. Noise level:
a. Continuous 0
b. Intermittent - loud 2
c. Intermittent - very loud 5
d. High - pitched - loud 5
8. Mental strain:
a. Fairly complex process 1
b. Complex or wide span of attention 4
c. Very complex 8
9. Monotony:
a. Low 0
b. Medium 1
c. High 4
10. Tediousness:
a. Rather tedious 0
b. Tedious 2
c. Very tedious 5
BINUS University
Practicum Module 19
Table 3.4 Gilbreth Therbligs

Effective Therbligs
(Directly advance process of work. May be Shortened but difficult to
eliminate completely.)
Therblig Symbol Description
Motion of empty hand to or from object; time depends
Reach RE on distance moved; usually preceded by Release and
followed by Grasp.
Movement of loaded hand; time depends on distance,
Move M weight, and type of move; usually preceded by Grasp
and followed by Release or Position
Closing fingers around an object; begins as the fingers
contact the object and ends when control has been
Grasp G
gained; depends on type of grasp; usually preceded by
Reach and followed by Move.
Relinquishing control of object, typically the shortest of
Release RL
the therbligs.
Positioning object in predetermined location for later
Preposition PP use; usually occurs in conjunction with Move, as in
orienting a pen for writing.
Manipulating tool for intended use; easily detected, as it
Use U
advances the progress of work.
Bringing two mating parts together; usually proceeded
Assemble A
by Position or Move; followed by Release.
Opposite of Assemble, separating mating parts; usually
Disassemble DA
preceded by Grasp and followed by Move or Release.
Ineffective Therbligs
(Do not advance of work. Should be eliminated if possible.)
Therblig Symbol Description
Eyes or hand groping for object; begins as the eyes move
Search Symbol
in to locate an object.
Select SE Choosing one item from several; usually follows Search.
Orienting object during work usually proceeded by
Position P Move and followed by Release (as opposed to during for
Preposition).
Comparing object with standard, typically with sight, but
Inspect I
could also be with the other senses.
Pausing to determine next action; usually detected as a
Plan PL
hesitation preceding Motion.
Beyond the operator's control due to the nature of the
Unavoidable
UD operation, e.g., left hand waiting while right hand
Delay
completes a longer Reach.
Avoidable
AD Operator solely responsible for idle time, e.g., coughing.
Delay
Rest to
Appears periodically, not every cycle, depends on the
overcome R
physical workload.
Fatigue
Hold H One hand supports object while other does useful work.

BINUS University
Practicum Module 20
Table 3.5 Two-Hand Process Chart with MTM Method

TWO-HAND PROCESS CHART WITH MTM METHOD
Job : Proposal
Dept. :
Map Number : Now
Mapped Date :
Picture of Layout Work Station Picture Explanation
Left Hand Symbols Time Time Symbols Right Hand
Total Total
Cycle Time
Number of Product/cycle
Assembly Time (one product)

BINUS University
Practicum Module 21
IV. Formulas
The formula is as following (Shim, 2009):
assembly time
Cycle Time=
number of assembly
100% + % rating
Normal time = cycle time x ( )
100%
100%
Standard time = normal time x ( )
100% - %allowance
Cycle Time = total time required for a worker to complete one cycle of an
operation
Normal Time = the normal time for a particular employee is rated against the
average job element time
Standard time = the time needed to complete an operation by an employee
working at 100% efficiency with unavoidable delays
The formula for test data adequacy:

2
𝑘
⁄ √ 2
𝑠 𝑁. ∑ 𝑋 2 𝑗 − ∑(𝑋𝑗)
𝑁′ =
∑ 𝑋𝑗
( )
< N, maka data cukup
N’ = number of observations needed
k = confidence level
s = degree of accuracy
N = number of observations have been done
Xj = observations data
Confidence level can be acquired from table z:

Table 3.6 Confidence Level Constants
Confidence Level 90% 95% 99%
∝
𝑍 1.645 1.96 2.575
2
Source: (Carson & Nicol, 2014)
V. References
1. Carson, B., & Nicol, N. (2014). Discrete-Event System Simulation. United
Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
2. Fisk, A. D., Czaja, J. S., Rogers, W. A., Charness, N., & Sharit, J. (2009).
Designing for Older Adults: Principles and Creative Human Factors
Approaches (2nd ed.). Florida: CRC Press.
4. Shim, J. D. (2009). The Pockets MBA. Los Alamitos: Delta Publishing
Company.

BINUS University
Practicum Module
MODULE 4
BIOMECHANICS AND DESIGN OF MANUAL HANDLING
I. Objectives
1. To understand the importance of manual handling issues in a workplace.
2. To understand various causes of injury in a workplace and how to prevent it.
3. To be able to differentiate the right lifting method and the wrong lifting
method which can cause injury.
4. To be able to calculate NIOSH Lifting Equation.
5. To be able to calculate the effect of compressive force and shear force in the
process of lifting of the load.
6. To analyze NIOSH lifting equation, compressive force and shear force.

According to Freivalds, A. (2011) biomechanics is the science that deals
with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects
produced by these forces. The human body has limitations that can determine its
capacity in performing different tasks from various aspects. So it is important to
consider the ratio of the weight of the actual load to the Recommended Weight
Limit (RWL) (Badiru & Racz, 2015).
The object of interest in occupational ergonomics is a quantitative
assessment of mechanical loading occurring within the musculoskeletal system.
The goal of such an assessment is to quantitatively describe the musculoskeletal
loading that occurs during work so that one can derive an appreciation for the
degree of risk associated with work-related tasks (Salvendy, 2012).
Some factors that impact to the movement of material as follows:

1. Comparison between load and operator’s weight.
2. Horizontal distance from relative weight to the operator.
3. Size of load that must be lifted.
4. Height of load that must be lifted and the distance of load movement.
5. The twisting load on the operator’s body during the lifting activity.
6. Prediction to the lifting load.
7. Lifting load’s stability.
8. Simplicity to be reached by workers or operators.
9. Obstacles and limitation of body posture in a workplace.
10. Working conditions that consist of lighting, temperature, noise, and the
slippery floor.
11. Right lifting frequency and method.
12. No coordination in a lifting team.
13. Load lifting in a period.

BINUS University
Practicum Module 23
Some organizations like OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health

Administration) and NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health) were founded in order to increase awareness regarding safety and health
issues in a workplace. According to Goetsch (2015), lists parts of a body that
frequently injured in a workplace:
1. Back
2. Legs and fingers
3. Arms and multiple parts of the body
4. Trunks
5. Hands
6. Eyes, head, and feet
7. Necks, toes, and body systems
Musculoskeletal disorders become one of the most often issue in
industrial workplace. Impact of musculoskeletal disorders can directly
influence the productivity of the company. There are some methods that used
to evaluate risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders as follows:
1. Job Strain Index (JSI)
This method quantifies exposure to Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD)
risk factors for the hands and wrists.
2. Rapid Upper Limb Assessment Method (RULA)
This method provides an overall score that takes into account postural
loading on the whole body with particular attention to the neck, trunk,
shoulders, arms, and wrists. The overall score also takes into account the time
the posture is held, the force used and the repetitiveness of the movement.
3. Rapid Entire Body Assessment Method (REBA)
This method provides an overall score that takes into account postural
loading on the whole body with particular attention to the neck, trunk, legs,
shoulders, arms, and wrists. The overall score takes into consideration the
same additional factors as RULA as well as the quality of the hand coupling.
4. Occupational Repetitive Actions (OCRA)
This methods was developed to analyze workers’ exposure to task
featuring various upper-limb injury risk factors (repetitiveness, force,
awkward postures and movements, lack of recovery periods, and others,
defind as “additionals”).
5. The Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA)
This methods designed to quickly quantify risks associated Alt
computer work and to establish an action level for change based on reports
of worker discomfort. Computer use risk factors were identified in previous
research and standards on office design for the chair, monitor, telephone,
keyboard and mouse. ROSA proved to be an effective and reliable method
for identifying computer use risk tractors related to discomfort.

BINUS University
Practicum Module 24
Table 4.1 Comparison of Manual Handling Method

Method Indicator Purpose
JSI The resulting score indicates Assessment of risk for upper
the risk of developing a distal extremity disorders,
upper extremity disorder. It particularly focused on
should also be noted that this repetitive tasks Method
method has a degree of description and worksheets:
subjectivity, as not all the http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/
factors can be explicitly ahJSI.html
measured. This method does
not consider tasks involving
vibrations or contact stress,
which will obviously have a
significant impact on the
worker over time.
RULA In a RULA analysis, the Upper body & limb
positions of six different body assessment, screening of
regions are considered: upper postures. Intoduction, paper
arm, forearm, wrists, neck, and spreadsheet-based
trunk and legs. Based on the worksheets:
deviations of each body part, http://ergo.human.cornell.e
the weight of any loads, and du/ahRULA.html
the nature of movements an
overall score is calculated.
This final score between 1–7
corresponds to a ranking,
which indicates to the analyst
whether the posture presents
an injury rial
REBA Points are added for Whole-body posture analysis,
conditions that worsen the screening of postures
nature of the posture, and Introduction, paper- and
points can also be subtracted spreadsheet-based worksheets:
if something contributes http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/
towards lessening the loading ahREBA.html
impact of the posture (such as
gravity-assisted postures).
The final score between 1–15
is calculated using the REBA
assessment form
Source: (Berlin & Adams, 2017)
In order to avoid the injuries and stress in a work place, company must
have the proper safety rules and regulations. The safety rules can be summarized
as follow:
1. Employers must set rules that ensure a safe and healthy workplace.
2. Employers must ensure that all employees are knowledgeable about the rules.
3. Employers must ensure that safety rules are enforced objectively and
consistently.

BINUS University
Practicum Module 25
III. Tables
Table 4.2 Hand-to-container Coupling Classification

GOOD FAIR POOR
1. For containers of optimal 1. For containers of 1. Containers of
design, such as boxes, crates, optimal design, a “Fair” less than optimal
etc., a “Good” hand-to- hand-to object coupling design or loose
object coupling would be would be defines as parts or irregular
defined as handles or hand handles or handhold cut- objects that are
hold cut-outs of optimal outs of less than optimal bulky, hard to
design. design. handle, or have
sharp edges.
2. For loose parts or 2. For containers of 2. Lifting non-
Irregular objects, which are optimal design with no rigid bags (i.e.,
not usually containerized, handles or hand-hold bags that sag in
such as castings, stock, and cut-outs or for loose the middle).
supply materials, a “Good” parts or irregular objects,
hand-to-object coupling a “Fair” hand-to object
would be defined as a coupling is defined as a
comfortable grip in which the grip in which the hand
hand can easily be wrapped can be flexed about 90
around the object. degrees.
Table 4.3 Frequency Multiplier

Work Duration
Frequency ≤1 hour >1 but ≤ 2 hours >2 but ≤ 8 hours
Lift/min V<30 V≥30 V<30 V≥30 V<30 V≥30
(F) inches inches inches inches inches inches
≤0.2 1 1 0.95 0.95 0.85 0.85
0.5 0.97 0.97 0.92 0.92 0.81 0.81
1 0.94 0.94 0.88 0.88 0.75 0.75
2 0.91 0.91 0.84 0.84 0.65 0.65
3 0.88 0.88 0.79 0.79 0.55 0.55
4 0.84 0.84 0.72 0.72 0.45 0.45
5 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.35 0.35
6 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.27 0.27
7 0.7 0.7 0.42 0.42 0.22 0.22
8 0.6 0.6 0.35 0.35 0.18 0.18
9 0.52 0.52 0.26 0.26 0 0.15
10 0.45 0.45 0 0.23 0 0.13
11 0.41 0.41 0 0.21 0 0
12 0.37 0.37 0 0 0 0
13 0 0.34 0 0 0 0
14 0 0.31 0 0 0 0
15 0 0.28 0 0 0 0
>15 0 0 0 0 0 0

BINUS University
Practicum Module 26
Table 4.4 Coupling Multiplier

Coupling Coupling Multiplier
Type V< 30 inches V ≥ 30 inches
(75 cm) (75 cm)
Good 1 1
Fair 0.95 1
Poor 0.9 0.9
IV. Formulas
The formula is as following:
RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM
HM = 10/H (for inch)
HM = 25/H (for cm)
VM = 1 – (0.0075 |V-30|) (for inch)
VM = 1 – (0.003 |V-75|) (for cm)
DM = 0.82 + (1.8/D) (for inch)
DM = 0.82 + (4.5/D) (for cm)
AM = 1 – (0.0032 x A)
D = | Vawal – Vakhir |
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐿𝐼 =
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
Where:
1. RWL = Recommended Weight Limit. Represents the weight that can be lifted
by almost all healthy workers for approximately eight hours without
increasing the risk of injury.
2. LC = Load Constant. This load constant’s value is 51 lbs (23 kg). This value
represents the maximum load that is recommended for standard lifting.
3. HM = Horizontal Multiplier. Horizontal multiplier determined by horizontal
distances from the center of ankle and the point of the center of hand to floor.
4. VM = Vertical Multiplier. Vertical multiplier determined by vertical
distances from the floor to the center of the handgrip.
5. DM = Distance Multiplier. Distance multiplier’s factor is determined by the
vertical movement of both hands, from the starting point to the destination of
the lifting.
6. AM = Asymmetric Multiplier. Asymmetric multiplier measures if the body
must twist or turn during the lifting. This measurement is done in degrees
(with 360o being one complete circle).
7. FM = Frequency Multiplier. Frequency multiplier’s factor is determined
based on the amount of lifting per minute, the duration of the lifting, and the
lifting’s vertical distance.
8. CM = Coupling Multiplier. The NIOSH equation divides the coupling based
on the quality of the handle and the vertical position of the load. The good
coupling means the container’s handle is very easy to grip. The fair coupling
means the container’s handle is easy to grip. Lastly the poor coupling means
the container is pretty big, hard to handle, or has sharp corners.
9. If LI > 1, then the work (lifting) can be categorized as dangerous.

BINUS University
Practicum Module 27
Source: (Chaffin, Anderson, & Martin, 2006)

Figure 4.1 Free-body Diagram of The Lifting Load Activity
The appointment is static, then the magnitude of the moment is 0 and in

this case the magnitude of the internal moment is equal to the external moment.
Where external moment is affected by the load is lifted and body mass by an
operator (Iridiastadi & Yassierli, 2014).
The formula is as following (Houglum & Bertoti, 2012):

∑ =0
Mexternal + Minternal = 0
Mexternal = - Minternal
Where:
Mexternal = Mupperbody + Mload
= (-Fupperbody × Lbody ) + (-Fload × Lload )
= [-(68,8% × mbody × g ) ( Lbody )] + [-( mload × g)( Lload )]
Minternal = Fmuscle × d
Muscular work results in the presence of compressive force and shear

forces on the external moment. The calculations of both forces are as follow:
Fcompression =0
= Fbodysin𝜃+ Floadsin𝜃 + Fmuscle
= mbody × g × sinθ + mload × g × sinθ + Fmuscle
Fshear =0
= Fbodycos𝜃+ Floadcos𝜃
= mbody × g × cosθ + mload × g × cosθ
If Fcompression > 3400 N and Fshear > 500 N then the work can be categorized
as dangerous.

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Practicum Module 28
V. References
1. Badiru, A. B., & Racz, L. (2015). Handbook of Measurements: Benchmarks
for Systems Accuracy and Precision. London: CRC Press.
2. Berlin, C., & Adams, C. (2017). Production Ergonomics: Designing Work
Systems to Support Optimal Human Performance. London: Ubiquity press.
3. Chaffin, D., Anderson, G. B., & Martin, B. J. (2006). Occupational
Biomechanics. New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience.
4. Freivalds, A. (2011). Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs: Mechanics,
Modeling and Musculoskeletal Injuries. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
6. Goetsch, D. L. (2015). Occupational Safety and Health for Technologist,
Engineers, and Managers (8th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
7. Houglum, P. A., & Bertoti, D. B. (2012). Brunnstrom's Clinical
Kinesiology. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.
8. Iridiastadi, H., & Yassierli. (2014). Ergonomi Suatu Pengantar. Bandung:
PT Remaja Rosdakarya Offset.

BINUS University
Practicum Module
MODULE 5
SAFETY & HEALTH IN WORKPLACE
I. Objectives
1. To understand the importance of safety and health issues in a workplace.
2. To understand various causes of injury in a workplace and how to prevent it.
3. To understand the effect of illumination, temperature, ventilation, vibration
and noise dose level on worker’s productivity.
4. To analyze and evaluate a proper environment in a workplace based on the
illumination, temperature, ventilation, vibration and noise dose limit.
5. To analyze error in workplace using fault tree analysis.
6. To prevent accident using hazard control.

Workplace safety is an extension of the concept of providing a good, safe,
comfortable working environment for the operator. The primary goal of this
chapter is not to increase production through more efficient working conditions
or improved worker morale, but specifically to decrease the number of accidents,
which potentially lead to injuries and loss of property (Freivalds & Niebel,
2009).
According to Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (2016), occupational
safety and health (K3) in office includes:
a. Work safety;
b. Occupational health;
c. Healthy working environment in office; and
d. Ergonomic office.
According to Bridger (2009), the objective measurement of light is

essential in the design and evaluation of workplace. Any subjective estimates of
the amount of light in a workplace are likely to be misleading because the
illumination levels in every workplace are varied one another. To meet visual
comfort and demands, the following factors need to be considered: (1) a suitable
level of illumination, (2) a balance of surface luminance, (3) avoidance of glare,
(4) temporal uniformity of lighting.
According to Freivalds & Niebel (2009), noise is any unwanted sound.
Though the sound is measurable, noise is a subjective phenomenon. "The
amplitude of sound is objectively evaluated by measuring the sound pressure
level (SPL). The range of SPLs to which the human ear is sensitive is so wide
(0.00002 N/m2 to 20 N/m2) that linear scaling would present a problem. For this
reason, a logarithmic scale – the decibel scale – is used to express the intensity
of sound. The decibel (dB) is a dimensionless unit related to the logarithm of the
ratio of the measured sound pressure level to a reference level".
Most workers are exposed to excessive heat at one time or another. In
many situations, artificially hot climates are created by the demands of the
particular industry. Core temperatures exhibit a narrow range around a normal
value of 37°C. At values between 37.8°C and 38.9°C, physiological
performance drops sharply. At temperatures above 40.6°C, the sweating
mechanism may fail, resulting in a rapid rise in core temperature and eventual
death. The shell tissues of the body, on the other hand, can vary over a much
BINUS University
Practicum Module 30
wider range of temperatures without serious loss of efficiency, and can act as a
buffer to protect core temperatures. Clothing, if worn, acts as a second shell to
insulate the core temperature further (Bridger, 2009).
Besides hot climates, cold climates can also be unsafe, which can be fatal.
The goal of safety and health professionals in protecting employees from acute
cold stress is to prevent the deep body temperature from falling below 360C and
to prevent cold injuries to body extremities, especially the hands, feet, and head.
A fatal exposure to cold typically results from failure to remove the employee
from a cold air environment or immersion in cold water. Here is the body's
response to reducing its core temperature (Goetsch, 2015):
Table 5.1 Effects of Reducing the Core Body Temperature

Core Temperature
0 0 Body’s Response
C F
37.6 99.6 Normal rectal temperature
36.0 96.8 Metabolic rate increases
35.0 95.0 Pronounced shivering
33.0 91.4 Severe hypothermia
30.0 86.0 Progressive loss of consciousness begins
24.0 75.2 Pulmonary edema
20.0 68.0 Cardiac standstill
Source: (Goetsch, 2015)
If the room has people, machinery, or activities in it, the air in the room
will deteriorate due to the release of odors, the release of heat, the formation of
water vapor, the production of carbon dioxide, and the production of toxic
vapors. Ventilation must be provided to dilute these contaminants, exhaust the
stale air, and supply fresh air. This can be done in one or more of three
approaches: general, local, or spot. General or displacement ventilation is
delivered at the 2.4 – 3.6 m level and displaces the warm air rising from the
equipment, lights and workers (Freivalds & Niebel, 2009).
Vibration can cause detrimental effects on human performance. Vibrations
of high amplitude and low frequency have especially undesirable effects on body
organs and tissue. The parameters of vibration are frequency, amplitude,
velocity, acceleration, and jerk. Every mechanical system can be modeled using
a mass, spring, and dashpot which, in combination, result in the system having
its own natural frequency. The nearer the vibration comes to this frequency, the
greater the effect on that system. The human tolerance for vibration decreases as
the exposure time increases. Thus, tolerable acceleration level increases with
decreasing exposure time (Freivalds & Niebel, 2009).
Job safety analysis (JSA) is a procedure for identifying the hazards
associated with each step of a job for the purpose of improving the safety of
overall job. Job safety analysis is one of many tools that are emerged to reduce
the cause of injury.
In a JSA, the safety engineer does few important things, such as (Freivalds
& Niebel, 2009):
1. Breaks down a job into its component elements in a sequential order.
2. Examines each element critically for a potential hazard or the possibility of
an accident occurrence.
3. Identifies ways of improving the safety of this element.

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Practicum Module 31
According to Freivalds & Niebel (2009), here are four major factors that
he or she should focus on:
1. Worker: the operator, the supervisor, or any other individual that may be
associated with this element.
2. Method: the work procedures being utilized in this particular process.
3. Machine: the equipment and tools being utilized.
4. Material: the raw material, parts, components, fasteners, etc., that are being
used or assembled in the process.
Table 5.2 Job Hazard Analysis

JOB DESCRIPTION: PREPARED BY :
ISSUING DEPARTMENT : REVIEWED BY :
LOCATION: DATE :
POTENTIAL SAFE
HEALTH AND PRACTICES
NO KEY JOB STEPS
INJURY APPAREL AND
HAZARD EQUIPMENT
1
2
3
…
According to Blanchard & Fabricky (2014) The fault-tree analysis (FTA)

is a deductive approach involving the graphical enumeration and analysis of
different ways in which a particular failure can occur and the probability of its
occurrence. It may be applied during the early stages of design, is oriented to
specific failure models, and is developed using a top-down fault-tree structure,
such as illustrated in the picture below. A separate fault tree is developed for
every critical failure mode.
Source: (Blanchard & Fabricky, 2014)

Figure 5.1 Fault Tree Symbols

BINUS University
Practicum Module 32
Source: (Blanchard & Fabricky, 2014)

Figure 5.1 Fault Tree Symbols (continued)
The development of a fault tree starts with identifying all the events that
are deemed undesirable for normal operation. These events need to be separated
into mutually exclusive groups according to similar causes with one head event
for each group. For example, in a grinding operation there could be several
mutually exclusive fault events leading to different head events or accidents:
finger scraped by grinder. Next, the relationship between the various causal
events and head event are established through the combination of the AND and
OR gates. This is continued until basic fault events are reached, which cannot be
developed any further. In the final step, appropriate controls are attempted along
with estimated reductions in probabilities, leading to a decrease in the probability
of the final head event (Freivalds & Niebel, 2009).
According to Freivalds & Niebel (2009), hazard is a condition with the
potential of causing injury or damage while danger is the relative potential
consequences of that hazard. Thus, an unprotected worker on scaffold is exposed
to a hazard and has the danger of serious injury. Hazards can occur in several
general categories:
1. Due to inherent properties such as high voltage, radiation, or caustic
chemicals.
2. Due to potential failure, either of the operator (or some other person) or of the
machine (or some other equipment).
3. Due to environmental forecast or stresses, for example wind, and corrosion,
etc.
The general approach is to first completely eliminate the hazard and
prevent the accident, and then if not successful, to reduce the hazard level to the
point that, should the accidents still happen, the potential injury or damage is
minimized. Elimination of a hazard can be achieved through good design and
proper procedure, for example use of non-combustible materials and solvents,
rounding edges or equipment, automating corrosive dips (that is, removing the
operator from the hazardous environment, building an overpass at railroad, and
highway intersections, etc.) (Freivalds & Niebel, 2009).

BINUS University
Practicum Module 33
Table 5.3 Recommended Illuminations Levels for Use in Interior Lighting Design
Range of
Category illuminance Type of activity Reference area
(ftcd)
Public areas with dark
A 2-3-5
surroundings.
Simple orientation for short General lighting
B 5-7.5-10
temporary visits. throughout room
Working spaces where visual or area.
C 10-15-20 tasks are performed only
occasionally.
Performance of visual tasks of
high contrast or large size, e.g.,
reading printed material, typed
D 20-30-50 originals, handwriting in ink and
xerography; rough bench and
machine work; ordinary
inspection; rough assembly
medium contrast or small size,
e.g., reading medium pencil
handwriting, poorly printed or Illuminance on
E 50-75-100
reproduced material; medium task.
bench and machine work;
difficult inspection; medium
assembly.
low contrast or very small size,
e.g., reading handwriting in hard
F 100-150-200 pencil on poor-quality paper and
very poorly reproduced material;
highly difficult inspection,
difficult assembly.
low contrast and very small size
over a prolonged period, e.g.,
G 200-300-500 fine assembly; very difficult
inspection; fine bench and
machine work; extra fine Illuminance on
assembly. task via a
Performance of very prolonged combination of
and exacting visual tasks, e.g., general and
H 500-750-1,000 the most difficult inspection; supplementary
extra fine bench and machine local lighting.
work; extra fine assembly.
Performance of very special
1,000-1,500- visual tasks of extremely low
I
2,000 contrast and small size, e.g.,
surgical procedures.

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Practicum Module 34
For each category, there is a range of illuminances (low, middle, high).
Table 5.4 Common Light Levels Outdoor at Day and Night

Illumination
Condition
(ftcd) (lux)
Sunlight 10,000 107,527
Full Daylight 1,000 10,752
Overcast Day 100 1,075
Very Dark Day 10 107
Twilight 1 10.8
Deep Twilight .1 1.08
Full Moon .01 .108
Quarter Moon .001 .0108
Starlight .0001 .0011
Overcast Night .00001 .0001
Source: (NOAO, 2015)
Where: ftcd = Foot candle
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) uses the concept

of noise dose, with the exposure to any sound level above 80 dB causing the
listener to incur a partial dose (Freivalds & Niebel, 2009).
Table 5.5 Permissible Noise Exposure

Duration (h) Sound Level (dB)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1.5 102
1 105
0.5 110
0.25 or les 115
Noise dose that appropriate for the use of office space (Menteri Kesehatan
Republik Indonesia, 2016):
Table 5.6 Noise Dose for The Use of Office Space

Use of Room Sound Level (dB)
Office room (open space) 55-65
Office room (personal space) 50-55
Public space and canteen 65-75
Meeting rim 65-70
Source: (Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2016)
The duration of working for each employee is in accordance with the

provisions legislation. Related to activity on working period, typing activity or
the use of VDU is recommended to intercalate it with other activities such as,

BINUS University
Practicum Module 35
filing, meeting, assisted by doing short breaks, and stretching. Short breaks used
with 20-20-20 method, which is (Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2016):
1. Every 20 minutes work using computer.
2. Intercalated with short 20 seconds short break.
3. By not looking at computer as far as 20 ft.
And every two hours of working ought to intercalate stretching activity for
10-15 minutes. Here are the examples of stretching activity on the picture below
(Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2016):
Source: (Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2016)

Figure 5.2 Examples of Stretching Activity

BINUS University
Practicum Module 36
IV. Formulas
According to Freivalds & Niebel (2009), here are the formulas:
8
𝑇𝑛 = (𝐿−90)/5
2
Where:
Tn = Maximum duration time at a specified noise level (hour)
L = Sound levels (dB)
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶
D = 100 × (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 + ⋯ + 𝑇𝑛 )
𝑛
Where:
D = Noise Dose level (%)
C = Exposure time at a specified noise level (hour)
T = Maximum duration time at a specified noise level (hour)
n = 1, 2, 3, ….
TWA = 16.61 Log (D/100) + 90
Where:
TWA = Time Weight Average
V. References
1. Blanchard, B. S., & Fabricky, W. J. (2014). Systems Engineering and
Analysis (5th ed.). USA: Pearson Education.
2. Bridger, R. S. (2009). Introduction to Ergonomics (3rd ed.). Boca Roton:
CRC Press.
4. Goetsch, D. L. (2015). Occupational Safety and Health for Technologist,
Engineers, and Managers (8th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
5. Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2016). Peraturan Menteri
Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 48 Tahun 2016 Tentang Standar
Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Perkantoran. Indonesia: Direktur
Jenderal Peraturan Perundang-undangan Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi
Manusia Republik Indonesia.
6. NOAO. (2015, December 2). Recommended Light Levels. Retrieved from
The National Optical Astronomy Observatory:
https://www.noao.edu/education/QLTkit/ACTIVITY_Documents/Safety/Li
ghtLevels_outdoor+indoor.pdf

BINUS University
Practicum Module
MODULE 6
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
I. Objectives
1. To provide work load determinant knowledge based upon physiological
criteria.
2. To provide understanding of workload influence on human body during
activities.
3. To provide adequate knowledge and understanding in order to design work
system through biomechanics work aspect and measurement.
4. To be able to determine specific workload magnitude using three variables:
heart rate, energy expenditure and rest time.
5. To analyze energy consumption of heart rate and rest time that can come out
due to specific workload.

Basic nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, are the basis of
all life activities. The three components are carbon framework (intermediate
metabolites) of various functional molecules, and provide energy through
oxidized compositions. Traditionally, the main purpose of nutrition is prevent
and treat nutritional deficiencies. Even during evolution, nutritional experience
seems recorded in nucleosomes and DNA, which involves all aspects of
nutrition, cell communication, metabolic regulation, gene expression, and
epigenetic modification. However, food intake is a fundamental activity of the
human body energy sources (Guangchang, Junbo, Qingsen, & Zhihe, 2014).
Hard work is physical activity that uses intense skeletal muscles in the
human body. This can convert chemical energy into work (physical energy) by
moving body segments against internal and external resistance. In carrying out
physical activity, the metabolic rate requires rapid adaptation to the supply of
nutrients and oxygen to the muscles. Blood flow, powered by the heart, provides
a means of transportation for supply and expenditure. The body's ability to
maintain internal balance determines how much heavy work can be done: that
capacity is highly dependent on the functioning of the respiratory system and
blood circulation to serve the muscles involved. Service is basically a supply of
energy and oxygen carriers and waste and heat disposal (Kroemer K. H., 2017)
About 60 percent or more of the energy the average person spends goes to
support the ongoing metabolic work of the body's cells, the basal metabolism.
This is the work goes on all the time, without conscious awareness. The beating
of the heart, inhaling and exhaling of air, the maintenance of body temperature,
and sending of nerve and hormonal message to direct these activities are the basal
processes that maintain life (Boyle, 2015).
Normal human body temperature is a concept that depends upon the place
in the body at which the measurement is made, and the time of day and level of
activity of the body. Although the value 37C is the commonly accepted average
core body temperature (Silverthorn, 2016).

BINUS University
Practicum Module 38
In the digestion of food, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are metabolized

to form energy-containing substances used for life-sustaining processes, work,
growth, and recuperation. At rest, this energy is called basal metabolism or Basal
Metabolic Rate (BMR) (Toomingas, Mathiassen, & Tornqvist, 2016).
The basal metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight is somewhat lower
in women compared with men, because women have a greater proportion of fatty
tissue, whose metabolic activity is low. Basal metabolism also varies between
individuals of the same gender and a basal metabolic rate of 10% above or below
the mean value is not unusual. These individual differences may explain why
certain people can remain slim, while others increase in weight, even if they both
eat the same amount and are equally physically active. The difference between
different individual’s energy metabolisms, therefore, results mainly from the
degree of muscle work (Toomingas et al., 2016).
Heavy physical work is characterized by high energy metabolism and
makes great demands on the body’s ability to take up oxygen. The relative load
on the individual depends on how great a proportion of the individual’s maximal
capacity is used in the work. The load on the individual in a specific amount of
work performed depends on factors in the work – for example, what equipment
is used (Toomingas et al., 2016).
Source: (Toomingas et al., 2016)

Figure 6.1 Factors Affecting Individuals Work Ability

BINUS University
Practicum Module 39
The approximate meaning of work ability is the ability to successfully

perform occupational work. Work ability depends on the type and level of the
physical, mental, and social work demands. Examples of demands of this kind
may be: transfer of heavy patients, a long period sitting at a computer, solitary
work or dealing with customer’s complaints and threats. The work ability is also
dependent on the individual’s ability to respond to the various physical,
psychological and social demands of work, which is to say the individual’s
functional ability. Functioning is dependent on individual capacity. A further
factor which is decisive for work ability is the individual’s working technique.
The working technique is the individual’s way of “translating” work demands
into internal exposure (Toomingas et al., 2016).
A number of negative effects may occur when the physical burden of a job
has exceeded the workers physiological capacity owned. Excessive workload
can also be a negative impact on the quality and work performance. Effects
include decreased reaction time, increased errors in decision-making, as well as
increased potential for workplace accidents. In the context of ergonomics, the
aim is to ensure that the working system was designed in order to obtain the best
productivity and quality of work, which can be achieved if the energy costs is
within the limits of physical ability (Iridiastadi & Yassierli, 2014).
Table 6.1 Correlation Between Metabolism, Respiration, Body Temperature and Heart Rate as
Media of Workload Measurement
Cycle Oxygen
Heart Rates
Classification Ergometer Uptake METs Occupation
(Beats/min)
(W) L/min
Heavy
manual
Very heavy forestry, heavy
>125 >1.75 >6.7 >150
Labour manual
transport
labour, fire
fighting
Heavy with
Heavy labour 100-125 1.5-1.75 5.7-6.7 130-150 breathing
construction
apparatus
work,
agricultural
Heavy
labour
healthcare
Moderately
50-100 1.0-1.5 3.8-5.7 100-130 work,
heavy labour
construction
work, service,
and cleaning
Household
workwork,
(hotel and
Light labour 40-50 0.75-1.0 2.8-3.8 80-130 restaurant)
light factory
work, light
healthcare
work, retail
Office work,
Very light 20-40 0.5-.75 1.9-2.8 70-80 work,
car
Labour <20 <0.5 <1.9 <70 laboratory
driving, seated
Source: (Toomingas et al., 2016) Works
work
(reading,
writing)

BINUS University
Practicum Module 40
Source: (Hales, 2007)

Figure 6.2 Target Heart Rates for Different Ages and Various Levels of Activity
III. Tables
Table 6.2 Observation Heart Rate Before and After Work Using Ergo-bike
Speed DNo (heart DNi (heart CNi
No Name
(Km/hour) rate/minute) rate/minute) (Kcal)
20
1 30
40
20
2 30
40
Table 6.3 Observation Heart Rate Before and After Work Using Footstep
Reps / DNo (heart DNi (heart CNi
No Name
minute rate/minute) rate/minute) (Kcal)
20
1 30
40
20
2 30
40

BINUS University
Practicum Module 41
Table 6.4 Energy Consumption Using Ergo-bike

Speed DNo (heart DNi (heart CNi Average
No Name
(Km/hour) rate/minute) rate/minute) (Kcal) CNi
20
1 30
40
20
2 30
40
Table 6.5 Energy Consumption Using Footstep

Reps / DNo (heart DNi (heart CNi Average
No Name
Minute rate/minute) rate/minute) (Kcal) CNi
20
30
1 40
20
30
2 40
Table 6.6 Equation Correlation for Ergo-bike
Speed (x) DNo DNi DNi - DNo CNi (y) r

20
30
40
∑
Table 6.7 Equation Correlation for Footstep
Reps (x) DNo DNi DNi –DNo CNi (y) r

20
30
40
∑
IV. Formulas
According to Freivalds & Niebel (2009), here are the formulas:
1. Energy consumption:
DNi - DNo
E = 1.33 +
10
Where:
1.33 = Basal Metabolism
E = Energy consumption (kcal/minute)
DNi = Heart rate after work (rate per minute)
DNo = Heart rate before work (rate per minute)

BINUS University
Practicum Module 42
Break time method:

(𝑊 − 5,33)
𝑅= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒
(𝑊 − 1,33)
(𝑊 − 4)
𝑅= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒
(𝑊 − 1,33)
Break time = R x (total work time (minute))
Where:
R = Break time needed (percentage)
W = Average of energy consumption for working (Kcal/minute) (CNi)
Correlation equation:
n ∑ni=1 Xi Yi - (∑ni=1 Xi ) (∑ni=2 Yi )
r=
√[n ∑ni=1 X2i - (∑ni=1 Xi )2 ][n ∑ni=1 Y2i - (∑ni=1 Yi )2 ]
Where:
r = Correlation
n = Number of item
x = Independent Variable (Speed)
y = Dependent Variable (CNi)
V. References
1. Boyle, M. A. (2015). Personal Nutrition. Boston: Cengage Learning.
3. Guangchang, P., Junbo, X., Qingsen, C., & Zhihe, H. (2014). Energy Intake,
Metabolic Homepstatis, and Human Health. Food Science and Human
Wellness, 89-103.
4. Hales, D. (2007). An Invitation to Wellness: Making Healthy Choices.
Belmont: Cengage Learning.
5. Iridiastadi, H., & Yassierli. (2014). Ergonomi Suatu Pengantar. Bandung: PT
Remaja Rosdakarya Offset.
6. Kroemer, K. H. (2017). Fitting the Human: Introduction to Ergonomics (7th
ed.). Florida: CRC Press.
7. Silverthorn, D. U. (2016). Human Physiology. United Kingdom: Pearson
Education Limited.
8. Toomingas, A., Mathiassen, S. E., & Tornqvist, E. W. (2016). Occupational
Physiology. Florida: CRC Press.

BINUS University
Practicum Module
MODULE 7
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS
I. Objectives
1. To understand the concept of mental stress.
2. To be able to use the Cocorometer to measure stress.
3. To be able to use Well-Being questionnaire to measure stress.
4. Able to analyze the result from Cocorometer and Well-Being to propose
improvement at the work system

Occupational stress refers to the process through which employees
perceive appraise, and respond to adverse or challenging job demands at work
(Perrewe & Ganster, 2011). Stress is defined as a n acute threat to homeostasis
of an organism. It may be real (physical) or perceived (psychological) and posed
by events in the outside world or from within. Stress can classified into eustress
and distress. Eustress is called positive stress which health and performance
continue to improve even as stress increases. On the other hand, distress is called
negative stress, distress refers to the unpleasant or harmful stress under which
health and performance begin to deteriorate. When stress level reach mental,
emotional and physiological limit, stress becomes distress (Hoeger, Hoeger,
Hoeger, & Fawson, 2017).
This module is focused on mental stress. Mental exposures are in a sense
invisible, and are made visible and recordable with the aid of various methods
such as scales, questionnaires, brain scanning techniques, psychophysiological
techniques, and different types of experiments (Melin, 2016).
There are 2 kinds of stressors, mental stressor and physical stressor.
Mental stressor is everything that takes its toll on one’s mind, like time pressures
or demands that are too great. Physical stressor is everything that can disturb
body’s function like stressful heat, cold, and noise (Melin, 2016). A recent
review distinguished eight major categories of stressor in employees work
setting. These stressors include work role stressor, workload, situational
constraints, lack of autonomy or control, poor social interactions, career-related
concerns, job conditions, and acute events (Perrewe & Ganster, 2011).
Stress level can be determined by the rise of cortisol and norepinephrine
in blood. One of cortisol that often used as a method to evaluate stress is salivary
cortisol in salivary grands. Salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) is a human enzyme
produced by the salivary grands andi s regulated by the sympathetic nervous-
adrenomedullary system (SAM). Some studies reported that physiological and
psycological stress were associated with the increase in SSA (Batista, Pereira, &
Vaz, 2017).

BINUS University
Practicum Module 44
Source: (Michael, Colin, Denis, & Whelton, 2012)

Figure 7.1 The First Step in Stimulus Secretion Coupling is Release of a Neurotransmitter
In this practicum, we will use Cocorometer, a portable salivary amylase

activity monitor produced by Nipro. It is stated that the stress level very
depending on the result. After getting the result from Cocorometer, the number
is grouped into:
Table 7.1 Cocorometer’s Stress Level

Result (KU/L) Stress Level
0-30 low
31-45 medium
46-60 high
≥61 very high
Source: (Carolina, Rusyanti, & Susanto, 2017)
Source: (Carolina, Rusyanti, & Susanto, 2017)

Figure 7.2 Cocorometer
The procedures to collect saliva are as follow:

1. Place the collecting strip under the tongue for 1-3 minutes.
2. Place the collecting strip in the Cocorometer until it beeps.
3. Examine the number that is shown on the Cocorometer screen.
However, as the Cocorometer is not always available, subjective method

like questionnaire can be used. To measure stress level, we can use Well-Being
questionnaire.

BINUS University
Practicum Module 45
Table 7.2 Amylase Assay Result

Time Period Amylase Assay Result
5 minutes before
Pre-stress
Kraepelin Test
5 minutes after
Post-stress
Kraepelin Test
Figure 7.3 Well-Being Questionnaire

BINUS University
Practicum Module 46
Figured 7.3 Well-Being Questionnaire (continued)

BINUS University
Practicum Module 47
IV. References
1. Batista, P., Pereira, A., & Vaz, A. B. (2017). Salivary Biomarkers in
Psychological Stress Diagnosis. ARC Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9-
18.
2. Hoeger, W. W., Hoeger, S. A., Hoeger, I. C., & Fawson, A. L. (2017).
Lifetime Physical Fitness & Wellness A Personalized Program. Boston:
Cengage Learning.
3. Impress Watch Corporation. (2007). Retrieved from k-tai@impress.co.jp:
http://k-tai.watch.impress.co.jp/cda/article/todays_goods/37618.html
4. Melin, B. (2016). Work with High Levels of Mental Strees. In A. Toomingas,
S. E. Mathiassen, & E. E. Tornqvist, Occupational Physiology (183-203).
Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
5. Michael, E., Colin, D., Denis, O., & Whelton, H. (2012). Introduction: The
Anatomy and Physiology of Salivary Glands. London: Stephan Hancocks
Limited.
6. Nipro's Stress Test: DigInfo. (2007, june 24). Retrieved from DigInfoTv:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5GcQQD31ys
7. Perrewe, P. L., & Ganster, D. C. (2011). The Role of Individual Differences
in Occupational Stress and Well Being. Wagon Lane, Bingley: Emerald
Group.

BINUS University
Practicum Module
MODULE 8
OCCUPATIONAL FATIGUE
I. Objectives
1. To describe the functions of Electroencephalogram (EEG) in terms of fatigue.
2. To be able to use Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory to measure fatigue.
3. To be able to use Fatigue Assessment Scale to measure fatigue.
4. Able to analyze the result from SOFI and FAS to propose improvement at the
work system

Type of fatigue (Kroemer K. , 2009):
1. Muscular Fatigue : Painful phenomenon because of overstressed certain
muscles
2. General Fatigue : A diffused sensation which is accompanied by feelings of
indolence and disinclination for any kind of activity
3. Eye Fatigue : Arising from overly straining the visual system
4. General Bodily Fatigue: Physical overloading of the entire organism
5. Mental Fatigue : Induced by mental or intellectual work
6. Nervous Fatigue : Caused by overstressing one part of the psychomotor
system, as in skilled, often repetitive work
7. Chronic Fatigue : An accumulation of long-term effects
8. Circadian Fatigue : Part of the day-night rhythm and initiating a period of
sleep
Severe occupational fatigue is associated with prolonged or irregular

working hours, particularly with early starting times and overnight works
(Herman, et al., 2009). Fatigue is a factor that must be considered when deciding
the workload for workers. Any activity, if pursued long enough, will render a
person unable to maintain skilled performance. To measure fatigue from brain
activity, electroencephalogram (EEG) must be used. Nowadays, there are 2
kinds of EEG available, the conventional one and the wireless one. In this
practicum we will use Emotiv EPOC. It has 14 channels with CMS/DRL
references and P3/P4 locations.
Source: (Emotiv, 2014)

Figure 8.1 Conventional EEG and Emotiv EPOC

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Practicum Module 49
Basically, the EEG measures the difference in voltages from 2 sites of

brain function recorded over time. Voltages are used because nervous system
uses electrical signals to transmit information. According to Tatum (2014),
electrical signals are created when electrical charges move within the central
nervous system. Neural function is normally maintained by ionic gradients
established by neuronal membranes. A resting (diffusion) membrane potential
normally exits through the efflux of positive-charged (potassium) ions
maintaining an electrochemical equilibrium of -75 mV. With depolarization, an
influx of positive-charged (sodium) ions that exceeds the normal
electrochemical resting state occurs. Channel opening within the lipid bilayer is
via a voltage-dependent mechanism, and closure is time-dependent. Conduction
to adjacent portions of the nerve cell membranes results in an action potential
when the depolarization threshold is exceeded. However, it is the synaptic
potentials that are most important source of the extracellular current flow that
produces cerebral potentials that are seen after amplification in EEG. In
measuring brain waves, the placement of electrodes determines The result. The
placements are based on the lobes of the brain. Emotiv EPOC placements are
stationary, lowering the risk of wrong placement.
Source: (Emotiv, 2015)

Figure 8.2 Emotiv EPOC Electrodes Placements
The letters on Figure 8.2 stand for the parts of the brain that are being
observed. The letters F, T, C, P and O stand for frontal, temporal, central,
parietal, and occipital lobes, respectively. C stands for central, but it is used as
identification only.
Source: (Doctors, 2015)

Figure 8.3 Brain Lobes
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Practicum Module 50
Table 8.1 Function of Brain Lobes

Lobe Function
Frontal Luntary movements, judgement, emotional response,
memory for habits and motor activities
Parietal Visual attention, touch perception,
Occipital Receives visual information
Temporal Hearing ability, memory and new learning,
Source: (Queensland Government, 2015)
The EEG can also show the frequency of brain waves. The difference in
frequency results in the difference of state of mind.
Source: (Shakshi & Jaswal, 2016)

Figure 8.4 Short Explanation of Wave
Table 8.2 Common Frequency Bandwidths

Common Frequency General Characteristics
Brainwave Range (Hz)
Frequency
Sleep, Repair, Complex problem solving,
Delta 1-4
Unawareness, Deep-unconsciousness
Creativity, Insight, Deep states,
Theta 4-8 Unconsciousness, Optimal meditative
state, Depretion, Anxiety, Distractibility
Allertness and Peacefulness, Readiness,
Alpha 8-13
Meditation, Deeply-relaxed
Lower Alpha 8-10 Recalling
Upper Alpha 10-13 Optimize cognitive performance
SMR (Sensory Motor
13-15 Mental alertness, Physical relaxation
Rhythm)
Thinking, Focusing, Sustained attention,
Beta 15-20
Tension, Alertness, Excitement
High Beta 20-32 Intensity, Hyperalertness, Anxiety
Learning, Cognitive processing, Problem
Gamma 32-100 or 40 solving tasks, Mental sharpness, Brain
activity, Organize the brain
Source: (Marzbani, Marateb, & Mansourian, 2016)

BINUS University
Practicum Module 51
The procedures to use the Emotiv EPOC are as follow:

1. Moisturize the felt sensors with electrolyte in the Hydrator pack.
2. Place the sensors in the EPOC’s socket and lock it in the place.
3. Switch the EPOC on.
4. Place the EPOC on head as instructed.
It is almost impossible to measure fatigue objectively without using EEG

since perceived fatigue is different from one person to another. However, EEG
is not always available. There are 2 questionnaires that can be used to measure
perceived fatigue:
1. SOFI (Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory) : The Swedish Work Fatigue
Inventory (SOFI) is a method developed to contribute to understanding the
concept of fatigue by investigating the subjective quality of fatigue in people
at different jobs. SOFI consists of 25 question items which are included in the
dimensions of energy deprivation, physical activity, physical discomfort, lack
of motivation and drowsiness (Santos, Carvalhas, & Ramos, 2017).
2. FAS (Fatigue Assessment Scale): The Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) is a
method that provides information about the physical and psychological
aspects of fatigue, and provides a single overall score that measures its
intensity. FAS consists of 10 question items of fatigue. Five questions reflect
physical fatigue and five mental fatigue questions. (Hendriks, Elfferich,
Drent, & De Vries, 2018).
III. Nasa-TLX
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index
(NASA-TLX), which is a subjective method of measuring workload based on
the average loading of 6 dimensional scales, namely Mental Demand, Temporal
Demand, Physical Demand, Effort, Performance, and Frustation (Azemil &
Wahyuni, 2017).
The weighting stage of NASA Task Load Index method are as follow
(Stanton, Salmon, Baber, & Jenkins, 2018):
1. In the weighting stage the workers are asked to compare two different
dimensions with the pairwise comparison method. Total pairwise
comparisons for all dimensions (6 dimensions) are 15. This number of tally
for each dimension will be the dimensional weight.
2. At the rating stage, each descriptor is given a scale of 1-100, then the
employee will provide a scale in accordance with the workload that has been
experienced in his work.
3. The final score of TLX mental load is obtained by multiplying the weight by
rating each dimension, then adding up and dividing it by 15.
The workload score obtained can be interpreted as follows:

1. Score > 80 states heavy workload.
2. Score Score of 50-70 states the workload is moderate.
3. Score Score <50 indicates light workload.

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Practicum Module 52
IV. Tables
Table 8.3 Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI)
Source: (Leung, Chan, & He, 2004)

BINUS University
Practicum Module 53
Source: (Ild care foundation, 2014)

Figure 8.5 Fatigue Assesment Scale (FAS)

BINUS University
Practicum Module 54
Table 8.4 The NASA Task Load Index Questionnaire
Mental Demand or Physical Demand
Mental Demand or Temporal Demand
Mental Demand or Performance
Mental Demand or Effort
Mental Demand or Frustration
Physical Demand or Temporal Demand
Physical Demand or Performance
Physical Demand or Effort
Physical Demand or Frustration
Temporal Demand or Performance
Temporal Demand or Frustration
Temporal Demand or Effort
Performance or Frustration
Performance or Effort
Frustration or Effort
Source: (Salmon, Gibbon, & Stanton, 2010)

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Practicum Module 55
Mental Demand: How much mental and perceptual activity was required (e.g., thinking, deciding,
calculating, remembering, looking, searching, etc)? Was the mission easy or demanding, simple or
complex, exacting or forgiving?
Low High
Physical Demand: How much physical activity was required (e.g., pushing, pulling, turning,
controlling, activating, etc.)? Was the mission easy or demanding, slow or brisk, slack or strenuous,
restful or laborious?
Low High
Temporal Demand: How much time pressure did you feel due to the rate or pace at which the
mission occurred? Was the pace slow and leisurely or rapid and frantic?
Low High
Performance: How successful do you think you were in accomplishing the goals of the mission? How
satisfied were you with your performance in accomplishing these goals?
Low High
Effort: How hard did you have to work (mentally and physically) to accomplish your level of
performance?
Low High
Frustration: How discouraged, stressed, irritated, and annoyed versus gratified, relaxed, content,
and complacent did you feel during your mission?
Low High
Source: (Salmon, Gibbon, & Stanton, 2010)
Figure 8.6 The NASA Task Load Index
Table 8.5 Weighted Rating Worksheet

Adjusted Rating
Scale Title Weight Raw Rating
(Weight x Raw)
Mental Demand
Phsyical Demand
Temporal Demand
Performance
Effort
Frustation
Source: (Trujillo , 2011), (Hart, 2006)
Sum of “Adjusted Rating” Column = ____________
Weighted Rating = (Sum of Adjusted Raings)/15 = ______________

BINUS University
Practicum Module 56
V. Formulas
Task load index formula is as following:
WWL = MD + PD + TD + PO + FR + EF
SCORE NASA TLX = WWL/15
Where:
WWL = Weighted Workload
MD = Mental Demand
PD = Phisycal Demand
TD = Temporal Demand
PO = Performance
FR = Frustration Level
EF = Effort
VI. References
1. Azemil, N., & Wahyuni, H. C. (2017). Analisis Beban Kerja Pegawai
dengan Metode National Aeronautics and Space Administration - Task
Load Index. Dinamika Rekayasa, 81-88.
2. Doctors. (2015, February 4). MD Health. Retrieved from md-health.com:
http://www.md- health.com/images/10402043-lobes-of-the-brain.jpg
3. Emotiv. (2014, February 4). Emotiv | EEG System |
Electroencephalography. Retrieved from emotiv.com:
https://emotiv.com/epoc.php
4. Emotiv. (2015, February 4). Bourns College of Engineering. Retrieved from
engr.ucr.edu: http://www.engr.ucr.edu/~relu/Research/Emotiv.jpg
5. Hendriks, C., Elfferich, M., Drent, M., & De Vries, J. (2018). The Fatigue
Assessment Scale: Quality and Availability in Sarcoidosis and Other Diseases.
Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 1.
6. Herman, H., Chandra, P. S., Fisher, J. E., Kastrup, M., Niaz, U., & Okasha,
A. (2009). Contemporary Topics in Women's Mental Health: Global
Perspective in a Changing Society. United Kingdom: Wiley.
7. Ild care foundation. (2014, February 5). Fatigue Assesment Scale (FAS).
Retrieved from ild care:
http://www.ildcare.nl/Downloads/forms/FAS%20questionnaire.pdf
8. Johansson , S., Charlotte, Y., Back, B., Holmqvist, L., & Koch, L. (2008).
The Swedish Ocupational Fatigue Inventory in People with Multiple
Sclerosis. J Rehabil Med, 737-743.
9. Kroemer, K. (2009). Fitting to The Human. New York: Taylor & Francis.
10. Leung, A. W., Chan, C. C., & He, J. (2004). Structural Stability and
Reliability of the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory Among Chinese
VDT Workers. Applied Ergonomics, 233-241.
11. Marzbani, H., Marateb, H. R., & Mansourian, M. (2016). Neurofeedback:
A Comprehensive Review on System Design, Methodology and Clinical
Applications. Journal of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 143-158.
12. Michielsen, H., Vries, J., & Heck, G. (2003). Psychometric qualities of a
brief self-rated fatigue measure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 54 ,
345 – 352.
13. Queensland Government. (2015). Acquired Brain Injury: Brain Map.
Retrieved from Queensland Health: http://www.health.qld.gov.au/

BINUS University
Practicum Module 57
14. Salmon, P., Gibbon, A., & Stanton, N. (2010). Human Factors Methods and
Sports Science : A Practical Guide. Florida: CRC Press.
15. Santos, J., Carvalhas, C., & Ramos, C. (2017). Portuguese Version of The
Swedish Occupational Fatugue Inventory Amonvg Assembly Workers:
Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity. International Journal of
Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 407-417.
16. Shakshi, & Jaswal, R. (2016). Brain Wave Classification and Feature
Extraction of EEG Signal by Using FFT on Lab View. International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 1208-1211.
17. Stanton, N. A., Salmon, P. M., Baber, C., & Jenkins, D. (2018). Human
Factors Methods. New York: Routledge.
18. Tatum, W. O. (2014). Handbook of EEG Interpretation. New York: Demos
Medical Publishing.
19. Trujillo , A. (2011). Evaluation of Electronic Formats of the NASA.
Virginia: ASA Ames Research Group.

BINUS University
Practicum Module
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Azemil, N., & Wahyuni, H. C. (2017). Analisis Beban Kerja Pegawai dengan Metode National
Aeronautics and Space Administration - Task Load Index. Dinamika Rekayasa, 81-
88.
Badiru, A. B., & Racz, L. (2015). Handbook of Measurements: Benchmarks for
Systems Accuracy and Precision. London: CRC Press.
Barney, G., & Al-Sharif, L. (2015). Elevator Traffic Handbook: Theory and Practice.
New York: Routledge.
Batista, P., Pereira, A., & Vaz, A. B. (2017). Salivary Biomarkers in Psychological
Stress Diagnosis. ARC Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9-18.
Berlin, C., & Adams, C. (2017). Production Ergonomics: Designing Work Systems to Support
Optimal Human Performance. London: Ubiquity press.
Blanchard, B. S., & Fabricky, W. J. (2014). Systems Engineering and Analysis (5th
ed.). USA: Pearson Education.
Boyle, M. A. (2015). Personal Nutrition. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Bridger, R. S. (2009). Introduction to Ergonomics (3rd ed.). Boca Roton: CRC Press.
Carolina, D., Rusyanti, Y., & Susanto, A. (2017). Comparison of Salivary Alpha-Amylase
Levels in Gingivitis and Periodontitis. Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi),
50(4): 216–219.
Carson, B., & Nicol, N. (2014). Discrete-Event System Simulation. United Kingdom:
Pearson Education Limited.
Chaffin, D., Anderson, G. B., & Martin, B. J. (2006). Occupational Biomechanics.
New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience.
Chiasson, M. E., Imbeau, D., Aubry, K., & Delisle, A. (2012). Comparing the Results
of Eight Methods Used to Evaluate Risk Factors Associated with
Musculoskeletal Disorders. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 42,
478-486.
Doctors. (2015, February 4). MD Health. Retrieved from md-health.com:
http://www.md- health.com/images/10402043-lobes-of-the-brain.jpg
Emotiv. (2014, February 4). Emotiv | EEG System | Electroencephalography.
Retrieved from emotiv.com: https://emotiv.com/epoc.php
Emotiv. (2015, February 4). Bourns College of Engineering. Retrieved from
engr.ucr.edu: http://www.engr.ucr.edu/~relu/Research/Emotiv.jpg
Fisk, A. D., Czaja, J. S., Rogers, W. A., Charness, N., & Sharit, J. (2009). Designing
for Older Adults: Principles and Creative Human Factors Approaches (2nd ed.).
Florida: CRC Press.
Freivalds, A. (2011). Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs: Mechanics, Modeling and
Musculoskeletal Injuries. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Freivalds, A., & Niebel, B. (2009). Niebel's Methods, Standards, and Work Design
(12th ed.). USA: McGraw Hill International Edition.
Goetsch, D. L. (2015). Occupational Safety and Health for Technologist, Engineers,
and Managers (8th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Guangchang, P., Junbo, X., Qingsen, C., & Zhihe, H. (2014). Energy Intake, Metabolic
Homepstatis, and Human Health. Food Science and Human Wellness, 89-103.
Hales, D. (2007). An Invitation to Wellness: Making Healthy Choices. Belmont:
Cengage Learning.
Hendriks, C., Elfferich, M., Drent, M., & De Vries, J. (2018). The Fatigue Assessment Scale:
Quality and Availability in Sarcoidosis and Other Diseases. Current Opinion in
Pulmonary Medicine, 1.

Industrial Engineering Departement xi
BINUS University
Practicum Module
Herman, H., Chandra, P. S., Fisher, J. E., Kastrup, M., Niaz, U., & Okasha, A. (2009).
Contemporary Topics in Women's Mental Health: Global Perspective in a
Changing Society. United Kingdom: Wiley.
Hoeger, W. W., Hoeger, S. A., Hoeger, I. C., & Fawson, A. L. (2017). Lifetime
Physical Fitness & Wellness A Personalized Program. Boston: Cengage
Learning.
Houglum, P. A., & Bertoti, D. B. (2012). Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology.
Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.
Ild care foundation. (2014, February 5). Fatigue Assesment Scale (FAS). Retrieved
from ild care:
http://www.ildcare.nl/Downloads/forms/FAS%20questionnaire.pdf
Iridiastadi, H., & Yassierli. (2014). Ergonomi Suatu Pengantar. Bandung: PT Remaja
Rosdakarya Offset.
Ivergard, T., & Hunt, B. (2008). Hanbook of Control Room Design and Ergonomics:
A Perspective for the Future (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Johansson , S., Charlotte, Y., Back, B., Holmqvist, L., & Koch, L. (2008). The Swedish
Ocupational Fatigue Inventory in People with Multiple Sclerosis. J Rehabil Med,
737-743.
Knudson, D. (2007). Fundamentals of Biomechanics (2nd ed.). USA: Springer.
Kroemer, K. H. (2017). Fitting the Human: Introduction to Ergonomics (7th ed.).
Florida: CRC Press.
Leung, A. W., Chan, C. C., & He, J. (2004). Structural Stability and Reliability of the
Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory Among Chinese VDT Workers.
Applied Ergonomics, 233-241.
Marzbani, H., Marateb, H. R., & Mansourian, M. (2016). Neurofeedback: A
Comprehensive Review on System Design, Methodology and Clinical
Applications. Journal of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 143-158.
Melin, B. (2016). Work with High Levels of Mental Strees. In A. Toomingas, S. E.
Mathiassen, & E. E. Tornqvist, Occupational Physiology (183-203). Boca
Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2016). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan
Republik Indonesia Nomor 48 Tahun 2016 Tentang Standar Keselamatan dan
Kesehatan Kerja Perkantoran. Indonesia: Direktur Jenderal Peraturan
Perundang-undangan Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik
Indonesia.
Michael, E., Colin, D., Denis, O., & Whelton, H. (2012). Introduction: The Anatomy
and Physiology of Salivary Glands. London: Stephan Hancocks Limited.
Michielsen, H., Vries, J., & Heck, G. (2003). Psychometric qualities of a brief self-
rated fatigue measure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 54 , 345 – 352.
Ng, P. K., Saptari, A., & Fauzi, A. M. (2013). Hand Anthropometry: A Descriptive
Analysis on Elderly Malaysians. Malaysia: Research Gate.
NOAO. (2015, December 2). Recommended Light Levels. Retrieved from The
National Optical Astronomy Observatory:
https://www.noao.edu/education/QLTkit/ACTIVITY_Documents/Safety/Light
Levels_outdoor+indoor.pdf
Perrewe, P. L., & Ganster, D. C. (2011). The Role of Individual Differences in
Occupational Stress and Well Being. Wagon Lane, Bingley: Emerald Group.
Queensland Government. (2015). Acquired Brain Injury: Brain Map. Retrieved from
Queensland Health: http://www.health.qld.gov.au/

Industrial Engineering Departement xii
BINUS University
Practicum Module
Salmon, P., Gibbon, A., & Stanton, N. (2010). Human Factors Methods and Sports
Science : A Practical Guide. Florida: CRC Press.
Samara, T. (2014). Design Elements A Graphic Style Manual (2nd ed.). Beverly:
Rockport Publishers.
Santos, J., Carvalhas, C., & Ramos, C. (2017). Portuguese Version of The Swedish
Occupational Fatugue Inventory Amonvg Assembly Workers: Cultural Adaptation,
Reliability, and Validity. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and
Environmental Health, 407-417.
Scott, P., Kogi, K., & McPhee, B. (2010). Ergonomic Guidelines For Occupational
Health Practice In Industrially Developing Countries. Germany: University of
Darmstadt.
Shakshi, & Jaswal, R. (2016). Brain Wave Classification and Feature Extraction of
EEG Signal by Using FFT on Lab View. International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 1208-1211.
Shim, J. D. (2009). The Pockets MBA. Los Alamitos: Delta Publishing Company.
Stanton, N. A., Salmon, P. M., Baber, C., & Jenkins, D. (2018). Human Factors
Methods. New York: Routledge
Trujillo , A. (2011). Evaluation of Electronic Formats of the NASA. Virginia .
Widyanti, A., Johnson, A., & Waard, D. (2010). Pengukuran Beban Kerja Mental
dalam Searching Task Dengan Metode Rating Scale Mental Effort.

Industrial Engineering Departement xiii
BINUS University

ISYE6059 - Human Integrated Systems

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PRACTICUM MODULE

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

THE GENERAL RULES ON H.I.S. PRACTICUM

Cheating is not allowed. Cheating means engaging in any of the following

Collusion means the unauthorized collaboration with another person in

Abuse of resource materials means the mutilation, destruction,

Cheating, Collusion, Plagiarism, or Abuse of resource material done by any

b. Practicum comprises 13 sessions @ 100 minutes. Group member composition,

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

c. Any student’s lateness exceeding 5 minutes, according to the laboratory’s time,

2. Rules and Regulation In Term Project Presentation

b. Practicum Term Project

Assessment Weight (%)

Prepared by, Checked by,

Safira Sekarini S. Dr. Ho Hwi Chie, M.Sc.

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

STUDENT OUTCOMES AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

2 Principles of Room Design

3 Time and Motion Study

4 Biomechanics and Design of Manual Handling

5 Safety and Health in Workplace

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

MODULE 6 ENERGY CONSUMPTION................................................................. 37

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

MODULE 8 OCCUPATIONAL FATIGUE ............................................................. 48

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

II. Literature Review

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

III. Tables and Pictures

Table 1.1 Guideline for the Measurement of Body Position (Continued)

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

Table 1.1 Guideline for the Measurement of Body Position (Continued)

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

Table 1.1 Guideline for the Measurement of Body Position (Continued)

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

Source: (Kroemer, 2017)

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Table 1.2 Guideline for The Measurement of Hand Position

Source: (Ng et al., 2013)

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

Table 1.3 Anthropometry Data

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

Table 1.4 Hand Anthropometry Data

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

Source: (Scott, Kogi, & McPhee, 2010)

Source: (Scott et al., 2010)

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

Table 1.5 Formulas for Percentile

The formula for test data adequacy:

< N, maka data cukup

N’ = number of observations needed

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

II. Literature Review

As orderliness, section of or whole machines, rooms, hallways, and

Personal space indicates in four classes (Barney & Al-Sharif, 2015):

As safety colours, if the same color is always used to indicate a particular

Color contrast in larger areas, should be chosen so they have similar

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

Source: (Scott et al., 2010)

Industrial Engineering Laboratorary

II. Literature Review