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INDEX Page No.

Introduction 1

Principal 2

Display Formation 3

Circuit Component 4

Circuit Diagram 5

Circuit For Motor Constant Supply 6

Circuit Across Arduino 7

Arduino Program 8

Arduino Nano 16

Automatic Light Control 17

LED 18

Problem Faced In Trobelshooting 19

Future Scope 20

Conclusion& Features 21
1. INTRODUCTION

In order to help the visually challenged people, a study that helps those people to walk more
confidently is proposed. The study hypothesizes a smart walking stick that alerts visually-
impaired people over obstacles, pit and water in front could help them in walking with less
accident. It outlines a better navigational tool for the visually impaired. It consists of a simple
walking stick equipped with sensors to give information about the environment.

It is based on the use of new technologies to improve visually impaired person's mobility.
Our research focuses on obstacle detectionfor visually impaired people.

Moving through an unknown environment becomes a real challenge when we can’t rely on
our own eyes. Since dynamic obstacles usually produce noise while moving, blind people
develop their sense of hearing to localize them. A visionless person commonly uses a white
cane or walking cane for navigation. The walking cane is a simple and purely mechanical
device to detect static obstacles on the ground, uneven surfaces, holes and steps through
simple tactile-force feedback. This device is light, portable, but its range is limited to its own
size and is not usable for dynamic components.

The aim of the overall system is to provide a low cost and efficient navigation aid for blind
which gives a sense of artificial vision by providing information about the environmental
scenario of objects around them.

In this system embedded system plays a major role. In this system we are using the
Ultrasonic sensor,Voice synthesizer, Keypad, speaker or headphone, Embedded system and
Battery.

.
ARDUINO-

Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller
kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in
the physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-source hardwareand
software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the
GNU General Public License (GPL),[1] permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and
software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled
form, or as do-it-yourself
(DIY) kits. Arduino is an
open source computer
hardware and software
company, project, and user
community that designs and
manufactures
single-board microcontrollers
and microcontroller
kits for building digital
devices and interactive
objects that can sense and
control objects in the
physical world. The
project's products are
distributed as open-source
hardware and software,
which are licensed under the
GNU Lesser General Public
License (LGPL) or the
GNU General Public
License (GPL),[1]
permitting the manufacture
of Arduino boards and
software distribution by
anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-
yourself (DIY) kits.

The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has
14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a
16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.The
Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver
chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a
USB-to-serial converter.
Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it
easier to put into DFU mode.
Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:

 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new
pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the
voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the
board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that
operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future
purposes.
 Stronger RESET circuit.
 Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The
Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward.
ULTRASONIC SENSORS-

Ultrasonic sensors works on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluates attributes
of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic
sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back
by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving
the echo to determine the distance to an object. That signal is send to the embedded systems.

Ultrasonic sensors works on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluates attributes
of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic
sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back
by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving
the echo to determine the distance to an object. That signal is send to the embedded systems.
It is important to understand that some objects might not be detected by ultrasonic sensors.
This is because some objects are shaped or positioned in such a way that the sound wave
bounces off the object, but are deflected away from the Ultrasonic sensor. It is also possible
for the object to be too small to reflect enough of the sound wave back to the sensor to be
detected. Other objects can absorb the sound wave all together (cloth, carpeting, etc), which
means that there is no way for the sensor to detect them accurately. These are important
factors to consider when designing and programming a robot using an ultrasonic sensor.

ULTRASONIC SYSTEM-

The main part in the system is the microcontroller that controlsthe other components of the
system.When the ultrasonic sensors detect any objects or obstacles in 180 degree horizontal
and 60 degree vertical, it will activate the buzzer and the vibration motor automatically. If
any of the three sensors detect any obstacles with in a range of 100 cm the buzzer will be
activated with 1000Hz and 2000 m/s delay. If the obstacles within range of 100 cm and 50
cm the buzzer will activate with 1000Hz and 1000 m/s delay. Finally, if the detection is
below 50 cm the buzzer will activate with 1000Hz, 500 m/s delay and the vibration motor
will activate.

Description-
The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine distance to an object like bats do. It
offers excellent non-contact range detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an
easy-to-use package. From 2cm to 400 cm or 1” to 13 feet. It operation is not affected by
sunlight or black material like Sharp rangefinders are (although acoustically soft materials
like cloth can be difficult to detect). It comes complete with ultrasonic transmitter and
receiver module.

Features-

 Power Supply :+5V DC

 Quiescent Current :<2mA
 Working Current: 15mA
 Effectual Angle: <15°
 Ranging Distance :2cm – 400 cm/1″ – 13ft
 Resolution :0.3 cm
 Measuring Angle: 30 degree
 Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS
 Dimension: 45mm x 20mm x 15mm

Sensor-

Pins-

 VCC: +5VDC
 Trig :Trigger (INPUT)
 Echo: Echo (OUTPUT)
 GND: GND
VOICE MODULE (ISD1820)-

The ISD1820 voice module board may be a good answer for an additional single sound effect
to a project. These boards can record a single audio sample of up to 10 seconds using a built –
in microphone and will play back the sample on demand with good fidelity.
There are two playback modes. The first is edge triggered; a positive pulse to the Playback-E
pin triggers the module to play the entire message once. The second method, level triggered,
will play the recording while it is high, and stop playing when it is low.
This module use is very easy which you could direct control by push button on board or by
microcontroller such as Arduino.

SPECIFICATION-

On-board ISD1820 chip

On-board microphone, can directly recording voice.
Can play a recording up to 10 seconds.
High-quality, natural voice restore, can be used as a propaganda module.
With a loop playback, jog play, single-pass playback mode.
The pins are leaded out, can control operating by microcontroller.
Working voltage: 3V-5V DC.
Size: 54mm x 38mm.

.
PIN DESCRIPTION-

1. VCC– 3.3V power supply

2. GND– Power ground

3. REC – The REC input is an active‐HIGH record signal. The module starts recording
whenever REC is HIGH. This pin must remain HIGH for the duration of the recording. REC
takes precedence over either playback (PLAYL or PLAYE) signal.

4. PLAYE – Playback, Edge‐activated: When a HIGH‐going transition is detected on

continues until an End‐of‐Message (EOM) marker is encountered or the end of the memory
space is reached.

5. PLAYL – Playback, Level‐activated, when this input pin level transits for LOW to HIGH,
a playback cycle is initiated.

6. Speaker Outputs – The SP+ and SP‐ pins provide direct drive for loudspeakers with
impedances as low as 8Ω.

7. MIC – Microphone Input, the microphone input transfers its signals to the on‐chip
preamplifier.

8. FT – Feed Through: By connecting the mini jumper, this mode enables the Microphone to
drive the speaker directly.

9. P‐E – By connecting the mini jumper, play the records endlessly.

WORKING-

When any obstacle will come in the path of the blind person the ultrasonic sensor which is
stuck at the front will sense that obstacle by transmitting and receiving the ultrasonic rays.If it
senses any obstacle then it will send an immediate signal to the microcontroller (Arduino).
Microcontroller then will send a signal to the voice module (ISD 1820).The voice module
then immediately blow out the recorded message. Thus the blind person will be warned as the
obstacle will come along his path.

BREADBOARD

A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was literally a

bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solder less
breadboard (AKA plug board, a terminal array board) became available and nowadays the
term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these.

Because the solder less breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it
easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this
reason, solder less breadboards are also extremely popular with students and in technological
education. Older breadboard types did not have this property. A strip board (Vero board) and
similar prototyping printed circuit boards, which are used to build semi-permanent soldered
prototypes or one-offs, cannot easily be reused. A variety of electronic systems may be
prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete central
processing units (CPUs).
6. CONNECTIONS
ULTRASONIC SENSOR (HCSR04) TO ARDUINO UNO-

Gnd of HCSR04 - Gnd on Arduino

Vcc of HCSR04 - 5V on Arduino

Trig of HCSR04 - 10 on Arduino

Echo of HCSR04 - 11 on Arduino

ISD 1820 (VOICE MODULE) TO ARDUINO UNO-

Vcc of ISD 1820 - 3.3V on Arduino

Gnd of ISD 1820 - Gnd on Arduino

P-E of ISD 1820 - 13 on Arduino

ISD 1820 (VOICE MODULE) TO SPEAKER-

SP1 of ISD 1820 - Speaker

BATTERY TO ARDUINO UNO-

9V Battery positive - Vin on Arduino

9V Battery negative - Gnd on Arduino

7. PROCEDURE
First we tested Arduino uno by a simple LED blinking program as shown below-

The Arduino UNO already has an led and resistor connected to output pin 13, so we will use
that. No other components are required.
intledPin= 13;
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
delay(1000);
}

After that the LED blinks. It shows that Arduino is working properly.

After checking Arduino is working properly we connected ultrasonic sensors (HCSR04) as

per the connections are being said above.

We connected all these connections with the help of breadboard.

After connecting this sensor we connected ISD1820 voice module to Arduino as per the
connections shown above. Then we recorded a message on ISD1820 voice module as follows
by giving power through battery. To record the message -

1. Push REC button then the RECLED will light and keep push until record end.

2. Release the REC button.

3. Select Playback mode: PLAYE, just need push one time, and will playback all of the
record and until the pre-record sound end ;PLAYL, you need always push this button until
you want to stop playback record or end ; When short P‐E jumper the record will playback
repeatedly until jumper off or power down.

After this we connected SP1 of ISD 1820 voice module to 8 ohm Speaker.

Then we took a stick and put a box on it to contain the whole circuit i.e. Breadboard,
Arduino, ISD 1820 voice module and Battery, Ultrasonic Sensor, 8ohm Speaker outside of
the box.

8.ARDU INO

SKETCH
constint Trigger = 10;
constint Echo = 11;
int Play=13;
int k=1;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(Play, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
long duration, cm;
pinMode(Trigger, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(Trigger, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(Trigger, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(5);
digitalWrite(Trigger, LOW);
pinMode(Echo, INPUT);
duration = pulseIn(Echo, HIGH);
cm = microsecondsToCentimeters(duration);
if(cm<=60)
{
digitalWrite(Play,HIGH);
k++;
if(k==3)
{
digitalWrite(Play,LOW);
k=1;
}
}
else
{
digitalWrite(Play,LOW);
}
}
long microsecondsToCentimeters(long microseconds)
{
return microseconds / 29 / 2;
}