CHAPTER 7 - WORK

1. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND MOVEMENT

**Give Oxford Practice Grammar exercises

2. PRESENT PERFECT – Verb to have + 3rd column past participle

Key words: ever, never, since, so far

** Give irregular verbs sheet

a) Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the present perfect to say that an action happened at an

unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You
CANNOT use the present perfect with specific time expressions such as:
yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in
Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the present
perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times,
several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

 I have seen that movie twenty times.

 I think I have met him once before.
 There have been many earthquakes in California.
 People have traveled to the Moon.
 People have not traveled to Mars.
 Have you read the book yet?
 Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
 A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
b) Experience

You can use the present perfect to describe your experience. It is like
saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that
you have never had a certain experience. The present perfect is NOT used
to describe a specific event.

Examples:

 I have been to France.

This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in
France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
 I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
 I have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to
France.
 I think I have seen that movie before.
 He has never traveled by train.
 Joan has studied two foreign languages.

c) Change Over Time

We often use the present perfect to talk about change that has happened
over a period of time.

Examples:

 You have grown since the last time I saw you.

 The government has become more interested in arts education.
 Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the
university since the Asian studies program was established.
 My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
d) Accomplishments

We often use the present perfect to list the accomplishments of

individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

 Man has walked on the Moon.

 Our son has learned how to read.
 Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
 Scientists have split the atom.

e) An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the present perfect to say that an action which we expected
has not happened. Using the present perfect suggests that we are still
waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

 James has not finished his homework yet.

 Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
 Bill has still not arrived.
 The rain hasn't stopped.

f) Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the present perfect to talk about several different actions
which have occurred in the past at different times. Present perfect
suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

 The army has attacked that city five times.

 I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
 We have had many major problems while working on this project.
 She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody
knows why she is sick.
 3. FOR – SINCE
The words for and since are used in sentences where the speaker wants to
talk about something that started in the past and continues into the
present.

For is used when specifying the amount of time (how long):

 I've had this watch for more than 40 years.

 I've only known her for a few weeks.
 He's been here for 6 months and still can't speak a word of
German.
 She's been smoking for a long time. No wonder she coughs so much!

Since is used when specifying the starting point:

 I've had this watch since 1965.

 I've only known her since the beginning of last week.
 He's been here since April and he still can't speak a word of
German.
 She's been smoking since she started grade 5. No wonder she
coughs so much!

4. MAKE or DO
1: We use 'make' when we create or construct something. For example:

 She made a cake.

 I've made us some coffee.

2: We use 'do' for general activities. In this case, 'do' is often used with
'something', 'nothing', 'anything' or 'everything':

 What did you do at the weekend?

 I didn't do anything yesterday.
 She's fed up with doing everything herself. She needs some help.
 Are you doing anything interesting during the holidays?

***'What do you do?' means 'what's your job?'

5. JOB INTERVIEW * virtual room

 CHAPTER 8 - TECHNOLOGY

1. RELATIVE CLAUSES
We can use relative clauses to join two sentences, or to give more
information about something. We use WHO (for people), WHICH (for
things) and WHERE (for places), THAT (for people or things)

I bought a new car. It is very fast.

I bought a new car that is very fast.
She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
She lives in New York, which she likes.

 I like the woman who lives next door.

 I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.

 I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.
 She has a son who / that is a doctor.
 We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.
 I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.
 The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
 The man who / that phoned is my brother.
 The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

2. ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONAL (Sometimes we call them 'if

clauses')

Zero: to talk about facts or things that are generally true.

(if + present simple, ... present simple)

If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. (or viceversa)

The First Conditional: to talk about a posible future situation

(if + present simple, ... will + infinitive) (or viceversa)
If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema.
 CHAPTER 9 – LANGUAGE AND LEARNING

1. PRESENT PASSIVE VOICE- We use the present passive voice when

we focus on the object of the sentence instead of the subject.

We form the Present Passive Voice: vb to be present + past participle (3rd

column)

Example:

Active: Students take the exam in the summer.

subject object

Passive: The exam is taken by students in the summer.

subject object

+ She does her homework on a computer.

- She doesn´t do her homework on a computer ACTIVE

? Does she do her homework on a computer?

+ Her homework is done on a computer.

- Her homework isn´t done on a computer PASSIVE

? Is her homework done on a computer?

 2. PAST PASSIVE VOICE- We use the past passive voice when we focus
on the object of the sentence instead of the subject.

We form the past Passive Voice: vb to be in the past + past participle (3rd
column)

Example:

Active: Students took the exam in the summer.

subject object

Passive: The exam was taken by students in the summer.

subject object

+ She did her homework on a computer.

- She didn´t do her homework on a computer ACTIVE

? Did she do her homework on a computer?

+ Her homework was done on a computer.

- Her homework wasn´t done on a computer PASSIVE

? Was her homework done on a computer?

 Active: People drink champagne on New Year’s Eve.

Passive: Champagne is drunk on New Year’s Eve.
 Active: Chefs use these machines to mix the ingredients.
Passive: These machines are used to mix the ingredients.
 Active: They renovated the restaurant in 2004.
Passive: The restaurant was renovated in 2004.
 Active: The teachers informed the students that the class had been cancelled.
Passive: The students were informed that the class had been cancelled.