CONVERTOARE C.C. – C.C.

UTILIZATE IN
ACTIONARI ELECTRICE DE C.C.
- CONVERTOARE C.C.-C.C. CU FUNCTIONARE IN 1, 2 SI 4 CADRANE –
D.C. – D.C. CONVERTERS USED IN D.C. ELECTRICAL OPERATIONS
- D.C. – D.C. CONVERTERS RUNNING IN 1, 2 OR 4 QUADRANT –

Problema 1: Convertorul Buck din figura este alimentat cu tensiunea continua E=120V
si are ca sarcina un motor de c.c. ce poate fi echivalat cu R=0,3𝛺, L=1,2mH si t.c.e.m. (tensiune
contra electro motoare) Ec =12V. Perioada de actionare a contactorului static CS ideal realizat cu
tiristorul Th este T=2,5ms, iar raportul de conductie al impulsurilor de comanda este D=Tc / T
=0,4. Se cer:

Problem 1: The Buck Converter, shown in figure, is powered by the direct voltage E=120V and it
has as load, a D.C. motor which it’s equal with R=0,3𝛺, L=1,2mH and a counter-electromotive
force Ec =12V. The action period of the solid-state contactor, the ideal CS realized with the Th
Thyristor is T=2,5ms, and the conduction ratio of the command pulses is D=Tc / T =0,4. The
following requirements are needed:

a) valorile extreme ale curentului prin

sarcina, Imin si Imax;
b) stabiliti regimul de functionare al
convertorului;
c) expresiile si formele de unda ale
tensiunii u si curentului i prin sarcina;
d) spectrul tensiunii u si curentului i;
e) stabiliti cadranul de functionare al
convertorului.
f) ce modificari trebuie aduse schemei
pentru ca acest convertor sa functioneze
in cadranul III? Dar in cadranul IV?
a) The extreme values of the current through the load, Imin si Imax.
b) Find the operating mode of the converter.
c) The expressions and the waveforms of the voltage(u) and the current through the load (i).
d) The voltage spectrum and the current spectrum.
e) Find the operating quadrant of the converter.
f) What should you modify in the figure in such way that the converter works in the 3rd and
4th quadrant?

1
Solutie: a) **pentru t𝝐[𝟎, 𝑫𝑻] - Th conduce si D este blocata.
Teorema II Kirchhoff aplicata pe ochiul format din E, Th, L, R si Ec este:
E=Ldi/dt+Ri+Ec, cu conditia initiala i(t=0) = Imin. Solutia este:
−𝑡 −𝑡
𝐸−𝐸𝑐
ⅈ(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑒 𝜏 )+Imin 𝑒 𝜏 , cu 𝜏=L/R.
𝑅

Presupunem un regim de functionare neintrerupt. Atunci, la sfarsitul acestui interval de comutatie,

curentul i ia valoarea:
−𝐷𝑇 −𝐷𝑇
𝐸−𝐸𝑐 𝜏 𝜏
(1) i(t=DT) = Imax = (1 − 𝑒 )+Imin 𝑒 .
𝑅

Solution: a) **for t𝝐[𝟎, 𝑫𝑻] – Th is in conduction and D is blocked. The Kirchhoff's second law
used in the circuit portion containing the next components: E, Th, L, R and Ec is: E=Ldi/dt+Ri+Ec.
−𝑡 −𝑡
𝐸−𝐸𝑐
It has the initial condition: i(t=0) = Imin. The solution is: ⅈ(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑒 𝜏 )+Imin 𝑒 𝜏 , with
𝑅

𝜏=L/R.
We suppose a continuous-mode operation. Thus, at the end of the switching range, the current(I)
has the following value:
−𝐷𝑇 −𝐷𝑇
𝐸−𝐸𝑐 𝜏 𝜏
(1) i(t=DT) = Imax = (1 − 𝑒 )+Imin 𝑒 .
𝑅

**pentru t𝝐[𝑫𝑻, 𝑻], adica pentru ti=t-DT𝝐[𝟎, (𝟏 − 𝐃)𝐓] - Th blocat si D conduce

Teorema II Kirchhoff aplicata pe ochiul format din D, L, R si Ec este: 0=Ldi/dt+Ri+Ec, cu conditia
−𝑡′ −𝑡′
−𝐸𝑐
initiala i(t’=0) = Imax. Solutia este: ⅈ(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑒 𝜏
)+Imax 𝑒 𝜏
.
𝑅
Presupunem un regim de functionare neintrerupt. Atunci, la sfarsitul acestui interval de comutatie,
curentul i ia valoarea:
−(1−𝐷)𝑇 −(1−𝐷)𝑇
−𝐸𝑐
(2) i(t’ =(1-D)T) = Imin = (1 − 𝑒 𝜏
)+Imax 𝑒 𝜏
.
𝑅

Se rezolva sistemul format din ecuatiile (1) si (2) avand necunoscutele Imin si Imax. Rezulta:
𝐸 (1−ⅇ 𝐷𝑇⁄𝜏 ) 𝐸𝑐 𝐸 (1−ⅇ −𝐷𝑇⁄𝜏 ) 𝐸𝑐
(3) Imin=𝑅 (1−ⅇ 𝑇⁄𝜏 )
− ≅ 90,9𝐴. (4) Imax=𝑅 (1−ⅇ −𝑇⁄𝜏 )
− ≅ 150𝐴.
𝑅 𝑅

** for t𝛜[𝐃𝐓, 𝐓], 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 ti=t-DT𝛜[𝟎, (𝟏 − 𝐃)𝐓] – Th is blocked and D is in conduction.
The Kirchhoff's second law used in the circuit portion containing the next components: D, L, R
and Ec is: 0=Ldi/dt+Ri+Ec. The initial condition is

2
 −𝑡′ −𝑡′
−𝐸𝑐
i(t’=0) = Imax. The solution is: ⅈ(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑒 𝜏
)+Imax 𝑒 𝜏
.
𝑅

We suppose a continuous-mode operation. Thus, at the end of the switching range, the current(I)
has the following value:
−(1−𝐷)𝑇 −(1−𝐷)𝑇
−𝐸𝑐
(2) i (t’ =(1-D)T) = Imin = (1 − 𝑒 𝜏
)+Imax 𝑒 𝜏
.
𝑅

We solve the system containing (1) and (2) ecuations. The unknowns are: Imin, Imax. We obtain the
following values:
𝐸 (1−ⅇ 𝐷𝑇⁄𝜏 ) 𝐸𝑐 𝐸 (1−ⅇ −𝐷𝑇⁄𝜏 ) 𝐸𝑐
(3) Imin= − ≅ 90,9𝐴. (4) Imax= − ≅ 150𝐴.
𝑅 (1−ⅇ 𝑇⁄𝜏 ) 𝑅 𝑅 (1−ⅇ −𝑇⁄𝜏 ) 𝑅

b) Regimul de functionare in curent al

chopperului avand ca sarcina un motor de c.c. poate fi
reprezentat prin una din figurile de mai jos:
S-a notat prin Dlim valoarea factorului de umplere
(raportului de conductie) care caracterizeaza regimul
de granita. El se obtine punand conditia: Imin(Dlim) = 0
in relatia (3).
Rezulta:
𝑇
𝜏 𝐸
(5) Dlim = 𝑇 𝑙𝑛 [ 𝐸𝑐 (𝑒 𝜏 − 1) + 1]=0,133.

Deoarece D=0,4>Dlim=0,133 rezulta ca chopperul

functioneaza in regim de conductie neintrerupta de
curent prin sarcina (fig.A).

b) Using the figure, we represented the D.C.

chopper with a D.C. motor load, in different modes.
Dlim is the value of the duty cicle (the conduction ratio)
which characterizes the boundary mode. Dlim is
obtained using the following condition: Imin(Dlim) = 0
in the ecuation (3).
The result is:
𝑇
𝜏 𝐸
(5) Dlim = 𝑇 𝑙𝑛 [ 𝐸𝑐 (𝑒 𝜏 − 1) + 1]=0,133.

Because D=0,4>Dlim=0,133 the chopper is working in Continuous Conduction Mode

through the load. This fact is illustrated in fig.A.

3
 c) Expresia tensiunii pe sarcina este:

Forma de unda a tensiunii pe sarcina este:

iar forma de unda a curentului este cea din fig. A). Expresia curentului pe sarcina se determina
inlocuind relatiile (3) si (4) in relatiile (1) si (2). Rezulta:

c) The voltage expression on the load is:

The the voltage’s waveform on the load is ilustrated

in the above image. The current waveform is
ilustrated in fig. A). The expression of the current
on the load is determined by replacing relations (3)
and (4) in relations (1) and (2). We obtain the
following results:

4
d) Expresia tensiunii u este simpla si dezvoltarea in serie Fourier nu pune probleme:
∞
(SFT): 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑈0 + ∑𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜔𝑡), unde:
1 𝑇
𝑈0 = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑢(𝑡) ⅆ𝑡 = 𝐷𝐸 - valoarea medie (componenta de c.c.) a tensiunii ;
2 𝑇 𝐸
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑢(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝜔 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 = 𝑛𝜋 (1 − cos 2𝜋𝑛𝐷) - componenta sinusoidala de rang n
2 𝑇 𝐸
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑢(𝑡) cos 𝑛𝜔 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 = 𝑛𝜋 sin 2𝜋𝑛𝐷 - componenta cosinusoidala de rang n
∞
(SFA): 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑈0 + ∑𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑𝑛 ), unde

𝐸√2
𝑈𝑛 = √𝑎𝑛2 + 𝑏𝑛2 = √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 𝑛𝐷 - amplitudinea armonicii de rang n si
𝑛𝜋
𝑎 sin 2𝜋𝑛𝐷
𝜑𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝑏𝑛 =arctg1−cos 2𝜋𝑛𝐷 - faza armonicii de rang n.
𝑛
Expresia curentului i(t) este mult mai complicata si, de aceea, in locul calculului direct a
SFT si apoi a SFA, se propune metoda calculului fiecarei armonici In a curentului din armonica Un
a tensiunii si apoi aplicarea principiului superpozitiei:
∞ 𝑈 −𝐸 𝐷𝐸−𝐸
(SFA): i(𝑡) = 𝐼0 + ∑𝑛=1 𝐼𝑛 𝑠ⅈ𝑛( 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑𝑛 − 𝜃𝑛 ), unde 𝐼0 = 0 𝑅 𝐶 = 𝑅 𝐶 se determina direct
din topologia circuitului (tinand cont ca tensiunea pe bobina in c.c. este nula),
𝑈𝑛 𝐸√2 √1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑛𝐷
𝐼𝑛 = = - armonica de rang n a curentului pe sarcina;
𝑍𝑛 n 𝜋𝑍𝑛

𝑍𝑛 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑛𝜔𝑡)2 - impedanta de sarcina in c.a. la frecventa unghiulara 𝑛𝜔;

𝑛𝜔𝐿
𝜃𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 - unghiul de faza al sarcinii la frecventa unghiulara 𝑛𝜔.
𝑅

d) The voltage(u) expression is simple and the Fourier series does not have any problem.
∞
(TFS): 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑈0 + ∑𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜔𝑡), where:
1 𝑇
𝑈0 = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑢(𝑡) ⅆ𝑡 = 𝐷𝐸 – the voltage mean value (the D.C. component);
2 𝑇 𝐸
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 𝑛𝜔 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 = 𝑛𝜋 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑛𝐷)-the n rank sinusoida lcomponent
2 𝑇 𝐸
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜔 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 = 𝑛𝜋 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 2𝜋𝑛𝐷 - the n rank cosinusoidal component

∞
(HFS): 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑈0 + ∑𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 𝑠ⅈ𝑛 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑𝑛 ), where:

𝐸√2
𝑈𝑛 = √𝑎𝑛2 + 𝑏𝑛2 = 𝑛𝜋
√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋 𝑛𝐷 – the n rank harmonica’s amplitude
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜋𝑛𝐷
𝜑𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝑏𝑛 =arctg1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑛𝐷 - the n rank harmonica’s phase
𝑛

The expression of the current i(t) is much more complicated and therefore, instead of the
direct calculation of the TFS and then the HFS, we propose the method of calculating each current
harmonica In in the voltage harmonica Un and then applying the superposition principle:

5
 ∞ 𝑈0 −𝐸𝐶 𝐷𝐸−𝐸𝐶
(HFS): i(𝑡) = 𝐼0 + ∑𝑛=1 𝐼𝑛 𝑠ⅈ𝑛( 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑𝑛 − 𝜃𝑛 ), where 𝐼0 = = is directly
𝑅 𝑅
determined from the circuit topology(bearing in mind that the voltage on the coil in D.C. is null)
𝑈𝑛 𝐸√2 √1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜋𝑛𝐷
𝐼𝑛 = = - the n rank current’s harmonica on the load;
𝑍𝑛 𝑛 𝜋𝑍𝑛

𝑍𝑛 = √𝑅 2 + (𝑛𝜔𝑡)2 – the load impedance in A.C. at the angular frequency 𝑛𝜔;

𝑛𝜔𝐿
𝜃𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑔 – the load’s phase angle at the angular frequency 𝑛𝜔;
𝑅

e) Cadranul de functionare al chopperului se stabileste dupa semnele valorilor medii U0 si I0 ale

U −E
tensiunii si curentului prin sarcina, in planul U0= U0(I0). Doarece U0= DE>0, iar I0 = 0 R C =
DE−EC
> 0 sau <0 rezulta ca aceasta configuratie de
R
chopper poate functiona numai in cadranul I (daca I0>0,
deci D>EC/E=0,1) sau in numai in cadranul II (daca I0<0,
deci D<0,1). Cum D=0.4>0.1, rezulta ca pentru datele
problemei convertorul functioneaza in cadranul I.

e) We establish the operating quadrant of the chopper, after the signs of the mean values of the
voltage(U0) and current(I0) through the load, in the plane U0= U0(I0).
𝑈 −𝐸 𝐷𝐸−𝐸
Because U0= DE>0, and 𝐼0 = 0 𝑅 𝐶 = 𝑅 𝐶 > 0 or <0,
it results that this chopper configuration can only work in
quadrant I(if I0>0, so D>EC/E=0,1) or only in quadrant II
(if I0<0, so D<0,1). Also, because D=0.4>0.1, we obtain
for this data of the problem that the converter works in the
quadrant I.

Obs: Schema propusa in aceasta problema este cea a unui

convertor c.c.-c.c. cu functionare intron singur cadran.
Pentru a putea face trecerea catre convertoarele cu
functionare in doua, respectiv patru cadrane din
problemele propuse urmatoare, redesenam schema ca in
figura alaturata. Se vede cum pozitia componentelor nu
4 permite curgerea curentului i decat in sensul aratat in
figura: lucrul in cadranul I sau in II se stabileste fie prin
valorea lui D (pentru Ec dat), fie prin valoarea lui Ec (pentru un D dat).

6
 Obs: The proposed schema in this problem is that of a
D.C. – D.C. converter with single-quadrant operation. In
order to be able to make the transition to converters
running in 2 or 4 quadrants of the following proposed
problems, we redesign the circuit as in the figure below.
It can be seen that, the position of the components allows
the flow of the current(i) only in the sense shown in the
figure: the work in the quadrant I or II is established
either by the value of D (for Ec given) or by the value of Ec (for a given D).

f) Pentru ca variatorul sa functioneze in cadranul III (daca el functiona in cadranul I) sau

in cadranul IV (daca el functiona in cadranul II), trebuie inversata polaritatea sursei de
alimentare si a tuturor componentelor cu conductie unidirectionala din schema (aici,
tiristorul si dioda).

f) In order for the variator to function in quadrant III (if it was working in quadrant I) or in
quadrant IV (if it was working in quadrant II), we have to reverse the polarity of the power supply
and the polarity of all components with unidirectional conduction in the circuit (here, the thyristor
and the diode).

Problema 2: Variatorul c.c.-c.c. din figura este alimentat la tensiunea continua E=120V si
debiteaza pe o sarcina R=0,2 Ω, L=0,15mH si Ec = 40V. Perioada impulsurilor aplicate pe portile
tiristoarelor este T=2,5ms, iar factorul de umplere
al impulsurilor de comanda este D=Tc / T =0,4,
unde Tc este durata de conductie a diodei D2 si
tiristorului Th1 reunite.
Se cer:
a) expresiile si formele de unda ale marimilor i, u,
iTh1 , iTh2 , iD1 , iD2 si iE ;
b) stabiliti cadranul de functionare al variatorului;

Problem 2: The D.C.-D.C. variator ilustrated in the above image is powered by the direct voltage
E=120V and it drives the electric load R=0,2 𝛺, L=0,15mH and
Ec =40V. The impulse period applied to thyristor
gates is T=2,5ms and the duty cicle of the command
impulses is D=Tc / T =0.4, where Tc is the
conduction time of diode D2 and thyristor Th1
combined. The following requirements are needed:
a) The expressions and the waveforms of the
following quantities: i, u, iTh1 , iTh2, iD1 , iD2 and iE;
b) Find the operating quadrant of the variator.

7
Solutie: a) **pentru t𝝐[𝟎, 𝑫𝑻]- Th1 conduce curentul i>0 si D2 conduce curentul i<0. Ecuatia
Kirchhoff si solutia sunt aceleasi ca in problema precedenta:
−𝑡 −𝑡
𝐸−𝐸𝑐 𝜏 𝜏
ⅈ(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑒 )+Imin 𝑒 , cu 𝜏=L/R.
𝑅
Analog, la sfarsitul acestui interval de comutatie, cand
t=DT, curentul i ia valoarea:
−𝐷𝑇 −𝐷𝑇
𝐸−𝐸𝑐 𝜏 𝜏
Imax = (1 − 𝑒 )+Imin 𝑒 .
𝑅

Solution: a) **for t𝝐[𝟎, 𝑫𝑻] – Th1 conduct the

current(i>0) and D2 conduct the current(i<0). The
Kirchhoff's law and the solution are the same as in the
𝐸−𝐸𝑐
previous issue. The solution is: ⅈ(𝑡) = (1 −
𝑅
−𝑡 −𝑡
𝜏 𝜏
𝑒 )+Imin 𝑒 , with 𝜏=L/R.

Similarly, at the end of this switching range when

t=DT, the current(i) has the following value:
−𝐷𝑇 −𝐷𝑇
𝐸−𝐸𝑐 𝜏 𝜏
Imax = (1 − 𝑒 )+Imin 𝑒 .
𝑅

**pentru t𝛜[𝐃𝐓, 𝐓], 𝐬𝐢 𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐮 (ti=t-DT)𝛜[𝟎, (𝟏 − 𝐃)𝐓]- Th2 conduce curentul i<0 si
D1curentul i>0. Ecuatia Kirchhoff si solutia sunt aceleasi ca in problema precedenta: ⅈ(𝑡) =
−𝑡′ −𝑡′
−𝐸𝑐 𝜏 𝜏
(1 − 𝑒 )+Imax 𝑒 . Analog, la sfarsitul acestui interval de comutatie cand t=(1-D)T, curentul
𝑅
−(1−𝐷)𝑇 −(1−𝐷)𝑇
−𝐸𝑐 𝜏 𝜏
i ia valoarea: Imin = 𝑅
(1 − 𝑒 )+Imax 𝑒 .
Analog, se rezolva sistemul avand necunoscutele Imin si Imax. Rezulta:
𝐸 (1−ⅇ 𝐷𝑇⁄𝜏 ) 𝐸𝑐 𝐸 (1−ⅇ −𝐷𝑇⁄𝜏 ) 𝐸𝑐
Imin=𝑅 (1−ⅇ 𝑇⁄𝜏 )
− ≅ −138𝐴 < 0. Imax=𝑅 (1−ⅇ −𝑇⁄𝜏 )
− ≅ 258𝐴 > 0
𝑅 𝑅

** for t𝝐[𝑫𝑻, 𝑻], 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒐𝒓 ti=t-DT𝝐[𝟎, (𝟏 − 𝑫)𝑻] – Th2 conduct the current(i<0) and D1
conduct the current(i>0). The Kirchhoff's law and the solution are the same as in the previous
−𝑡′ −𝑡′
−𝐸𝑐 𝜏 𝜏
issue: ⅈ(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑒 )+Imax 𝑒 .
𝑅

Similarly, at the end of this switching range when t=(1-D)T, the current(i) has the following value:

8
 −(1−𝐷)𝑇 −(1−𝐷)𝑇
−𝐸𝑐 𝜏 𝜏
Imin = (1 − 𝑒 )+Imax 𝑒 .
𝑅
Similarly, we solve the system containing: Imin and Imax. We obtain the following values:
𝐸 (1−ⅇ 𝐷𝑇⁄𝜏 ) 𝐸𝑐 𝐸 (1−ⅇ −𝐷𝑇⁄𝜏 ) 𝐸𝑐
Imin=𝑅 (1−ⅇ 𝑇⁄𝜏 )
− ≅ −138𝐴 < 0. Imax=𝑅 (1−ⅇ −𝑇⁄𝜏 )
− ≅ 258𝐴 > 0
𝑅 𝑅

Expresiile si formele de unda ale curentului i si tensiunii u prin sarcina sunt aceleasi ca in problema
precedenta, evident, cu noile valori. Celelalte forme de unda ale curentilor sunt fractiuni ale
curentului i, urmarind functionarea schemei.

The expressions and the waveforms of the current(i) and the voltage(u) through the load are the
same as in the previous problem, but obviously, with the new values. The other waveforms of the
currents are fractions of the current i, following the operation of the scheme.

b) Analog problemei precedente, se calculeaza valorile medii ale tensiunii u si curentului

U −E DE−E
i: U0 = DE = 48V>0 si I0 = 0 R C = R C = 16A > 0 – cadranul I din planul U0 = U0(I0).
Obs: Deoarece U0 >0 si I0>0 sau <0, schema propusa in aceasta problema completeaza schema
din problema anterioara asfel incat sa permita circulatia curentului si in sens invers prin sarcina.
Ea este cea a unui variator de tensiune continua cu functionare in doua cadrane: cadranul I -
conduce Th1 sau D1in sensul pozitiv al curentului i si cadranul II - conduce Th2 sau D2in sensul
negativ al curentului i.

b)Similarly to the previous problem, we calculate the mean values of voltage(u) and
𝑈 −𝐸 𝐷𝐸−𝐸
current(i): U0 = DE = 48V>0 si 𝐼0 = 0 𝑅 𝐶 = 𝑅 𝐶 = 16𝐴 > 0 – quadrant I in the plane U0 =
U0(I0).
Obs. Because U0 >0 si I0>0 or <0, the proposed circuit in this problem completes the
scheme from the previous problem, in such way that the current flows in reverse direction through
the load. This circuit illustrates a D.C. voltage variator working in 2 quadrants: the quadrant I -
Th1 or D1 are leading in the positive direction of the current(i) and the quadrant II – Th2 or D2 are
leading in the negative direction of the current(i).

Problema 3: Pentru variatorul de tensiune continua din figura, stabiliti ce componente

trebuie sa conduca in fiecare cadran si in ce conditii poate acesta functiona in patru
cadrane.

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 Solutie:
Variatorul din problema 2 precedenta permite inversarea
curentului prin sarcina, dar nu poate schimba polaritatea
tensiunii prin sarcina. Conectand impreuna doua
variatoare de cate doua cadrane, se realizeaza si
inversarea polaritatii tensiunii prin sarcina, obtinandu-se
astfel functionarea in patru cadrane.
Se comanda simultan in conductie pe durata t𝝐[𝟎, 𝑫𝑻𝒕],
tiristoareleTh1 siT h4, iar pe durata t𝝐[𝟎, (1 − D)Tt]
tiristoareleTh2 si Th3. In figura din stanga sus sunt indicate
componentele ce asigura functionarea in fiecare cadran.

Problem 3: For the continuous voltage variator in the figure, determine which components have
to lead the current in each quadrant and under which conditions it can work in four quadrants.

The Solution:
The variator, from the previous problem, allows the current to be reversed through the load but
cannot change the voltage polarity through the load. By connecting together two variators of two
quadrants each, it is possible to reverse the voltage polarity through the load. In this way, we can
operate in four quadrants. Simultaneously, we command in conduction the following components:
the thyristors Th1 and Th4 during the time t𝜖[0, 𝐷𝑇𝑡], the thyristors Th2 and Th3 during the time
t𝜖[0, (1 − 𝐷)𝑇𝑡]. In the above figure, there are illustrated the components that provide the
operation in each quadrant.

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 Regimurile de functionare ale masinii de c.c. sunt date in tabelul urmator:

Pentru calculul curentilor si tensiunilor in diferite laturi, se utilizeaza relatiile de la variatorul

intr-un cadran in conductie permanenta si variatorul in doua cadrane, in care
Ec va fi negativa.

The operating modes of the D.C. of the machine are represented in the table below:

To calculate the currents and the voltages in different sides, we use the ecuations from the single
quadrant variator in permanent conduction combined with the two-quadrants variator, where Ec
will be negative.

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 PROBLEME PROPUSE
Proposed problems

Problema 1: Se considera variatorul de c.c. din problema rezolvata nr.1, in care se cunosc:
E=120V, R=0,3 𝛺, L=0,24mH, Ec =40V, T=2,5ms, D=0,5. Se cer:
a) Care este valoarea Dlim a parametrului D pentru care variatorul trece din regim de conductie
continua in regim de conductie intermitenta? Care este regimul de functionare al
variatorului pentru valoarea numerica D data?
a) Pentru cazul regimului de functionare stabilit la punctul a), sa se deduca expresia curentului
i si valoarea coeficientului y, unde yT este durata de conductie a diodei D.

Problem 1: We consider the D.C. variator used in nr.1 solved problem, where we know: E=120V,
R=0,3 𝛺, L=0,24mH, Ec =40V, T=2,5ms, D=0,5. The following requirements are needed:
a) What is the value Dlim of the D parameter so the variator is passing from continuous-mode
operation to discontinuous-mode operation? What is the operation mode of the variator
for the D number value given?
b) For the case of the operating mode set out in point a), deduct the expression of the current
(i) and the value of the coefficient y, where yT is the conduction duration of the diode D.

Problema 2: Se considera variatorul de c.c. din problema rezolvata nr.1, in care se cunosc:
E=150V, R=0,5 𝛺, L=2mH, Ec =40V si T=10ms. Se cer:
a) Sa se traseze formele de unda ale curentilor prin tiristor si dioda si sa se determine
expresiile si valorile medii si eficace ale acestor curenti pentru D=0,7;
b) Sa se repete punctul a) pentru D=0,5.

Problem 2: We consider the D.C. variator used in nr.1 solved problem, where we know: E=150V,
R=0,5 𝛺, L=2mH, Ec =40V and T=10ms. The following requirements are needed:
a) Draw the current waveforms through the thyristor and diode and determine the
expressions, the mean values and the effective values of the currents for D=0.7;
b) Repeat the a) point for D=0.5;

Problema 3: Se considera variatorul de c.c. din problema rezolvata nr.1, in care se cunosc:
E=600V, R=0,1 𝛺, L=1mH, Ec =350V si T=1,8ms. Se cer:
a) pentru ce valori ale intervalului de conductie Tc = DT al tiristorului, valoarea medie a
curentului prin sarcina este I0 =150A?
b) Care este puterea disipata de rezistenta R si randamentul 𝜂 al variatorului?
c) Marind inductanta L astfel ca i sa poata fi considerat practic constant, sa se determine
valorile parametrului D pentru care valoarea medie si valoarea eficace a curentului prin
dioda sunt maxime; sa se calculeze aceste valori.

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Problem 3: We consider the D.C. variator used in nr.1 solved problem, where we know: E=600V,
R=0,1 𝛺, L=1mH, Ec =350V and T=1,8ms. The following requirements are needed:
a) For what values of the conduction interval of the thyristor Tc = DT, the mean value of the
current through the load is I0 =150A?
b) What is the dissipated power by the resistor R and the efficiency 𝜂 of the variator?
c) Increasing the inductance L so that the current(i) can be considered practically constant,
you have to determine the values of the parameter D for which the mean value and the
effective value of the current through the diode are maximum; you have to calculate these
values.

Problema 4: Se considera variatorul de c.c. din problema rezolvata nr.2, in care se cunosc:
E=100V, R=0,5 𝛺, L=0,55mH, Ec =40V si T=4ms. Se cer:
a) pentru D=0,8, sa se calculeze valorile extreme ale curentului i si sa se traseze forma de
unda. Care este cea mai mica valoare a parametrului D pentru care variatorul este
echivalent unui variator intr-un singur cadran?
b) sa se repete punctul a) pentru D=0,1. Care estevaloarea maxima a parametrului D pentru
care curentul i ia numai valori negative?
c) Sa se determine valoarea Dlim pentru care punctul de functionare al variatorului trece din
primul cadran in al doilea.

Problem 4: We consider the D.C. variator used in nr.2 solved problem, where we know: E=100V,
R=0,5 𝛺, L=0,55mH, Ec =40V and T=4ms. The following requirements are needed:
a) for D = 0.8, calculate the extreme values of the current (i) and plot the waveform. What is
the lowest value of parameter D so the obtained variator is equivalent to a variator in a
single quadrant?
b) repeat paragraph (a) for D = 0,1. What is the maximum value of parameter D for which
the current only takes negative values?
c) Determine the Dlim value for which the variator's working point passes from the first
quadrant to the second.

Problema 5: Se considera variatorul de c.c. din problema rezolvata nr.2, in care se cunosc:
E=100V, R=0,5 𝛺, L=0,55mH, Ec =40V, T=4ms si D=2/3. Se cer:
a) Care sunt tensiunile maxime in stare de blocare aplicate tiristoarelor si diodelor?
b) Care sunt expresiile si valorile maxime si medii ale curentilor prin tiristoare si diode?
c) In situatia in care parametru D este variabil, sa se determine valorile maxime pe care le pot
atinge curentii medii prin tiristoare si diode.
Obs: Numai la punctul c) se va considera inductanta L suficient de mare pentru ca curentul i prin
sarcina sa poata fi presupus constant.

Problem 5: We consider the D.C. variator used in nr.2 solved problem, where we know: E=100V,
R=0,5 𝛺, L=0,55mH, Ec =40V, T=4ms and D=2/3. The following requirements are needed:

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 a) What are the maximum voltages used in blocking status which are applied to thyristors and
diodes?
b) What are the maximum and mean expressions and values of currents through thyristors
and diodes?
c) If the parameter D is variable, determine the maximum values that the medium currents
can achieve through thyristors and diodes
Obs: Only in point c) we will consider the inductance L large enough for the current(i) through its
load to be assumed constantly

Convertor converter
tensiune contra electro-motoare counter-electromotive force
contactor static solid-state contactor
tiristor Thyristor
raport de conductie the conduction ratio
interval de comutatie switching range
sarcină load
regim de functionare neintrerupt continuous-mode operation
regim de functionare intrerupt discontinuous-mode operation
regim de granita boundary mode
factor de umplere duty cicle
raport de conductie conduction ratio
SFT (Serie Fourier Trigonometrica) TFS (Trigonometric Fourier Series)
SFA (Serie Fourier Armonica) HFS (Harmonic Fourier Series)
impedanta de sarcina load impedance
frecvență unghiulară angular frequency
unghi de fază phase angle
sursa de alimentare power supply
variator variator
motor engine
frana brake
generator generator
valori eficace effective values
randament efficiency

14