Insecticide Property of the Capsicum Annuum L.

(Chili pepper) Pod Extract against Ants

and Roaches

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Undergraduate School

La Consolacion University Philippines

Malolos City, Bulacan

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Biology

By:

Sherlene A. Gesim

May 2016
Acknowledgement

Abstract
Table of Contents
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter explains the background of the study, the problems to be answered,

the formulated hypotheses, the significance of the study and the scope and limitations of

the study.

Introduction

The chili pepper was known for its frequent use to add spice and zest to dishes. It

is also become a part of human diet of many countries and other cooking tradition. For

instance; in India, they use kashmiri chili to their dry sauce-based dish vindaloo; in

Thailand, corn cake that served with sweet chili sauce, in Philippines, the famous spicy

dish known in the country is the Bicol express and many other countries that used to add

a chili to their favorite dish like in Mexico, Indonesia, Sri lanka, China, Korea, etc.

The chili pepper’s popularity had seen across different cuisines of the world. But chili

pepper is not only for food. It also used as medicine. Many researchers who conducted a

study found out that the chili pepper contains possible benefit for health including

fighting cancer and providing pain relief. The active ingredient of chili pepper that can

fight against cancer cells and to relieve pain that has powerful antioxidants properties is

capsaicin, the compound responsible for chili heat and may use as a dietary addition.

Moreover, the chili pepper or the Capsicum annuum has shown a particular potential

benefit as a source of organic insecticides. It can be extracted to have a formulated

substance and become a natural insecticide to prevent or lessen the negative effect of the
insects. Nowadays, insects can cause unfavorable effects to people who affected by these

pests.

Significance of the Study

The main purpose of the study is to determine the Capsicum annuum (Chili pepper)

pod extract can be effective against ants and roaches and to understand the use of natural

insecticide does have advantage especially in all living organism on the earth. Even

though synthetic insecticide are widely used nowadays and can be bought at the online

shop, supermarket or to the organic garden stores, the natural insecticide can easily be

done at home are much cheaper and has less harmful effect on human, animals and to the

environment.

The study has a great significant to the researcher to understand the used of the

natural insecticide has a vast difference to the synthetic insecticide. The study also

assisted the researcher to the appropriate procedure of controlling the pest insect that has

an adverse effect to the environment or community and to the living organism. Moreover,

the researcher learned to generate and develop a formulation that can use as alternative

remedy for fighting ants and roaches in natural process.

Furthermore, the study has a benefit to the following people; first is to the seller

of sweet foods. It helps them to lessen the loss obtain made by pest and assurance of

having a safe way of prevention. Second, is to the home owners who are currently

affected by ants and roaches. It will provide them a natural insecticide that control and

prevent pest from damaging their property as well as to minimize their expenses and

health risk. Third, is to the seller of chili pepper that will help them gaining more
additional income to their business. Lastly, is to the environment and society. As the

product of the study, it will decrease the problem in our ozone layer, air/water pollution,

food contamination, Inoculation of disease-causing bacteria and to our plant or crop

production.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the insecticidal property of Capsicum annuum pod

extract against ants and roaches.

Specifically, this study answered the following queries:

1. What are the effects of Capsicum annuum pod extract in the mortality of ants and

roaches in the following concentrations:

1.1. 1:10 concentrate

1.2. 1:20 concentrate

1.3. 1:30 concentrate

2. Are there significant differences in the effects of different concentration of Capsicum

annuum pod extract in the mortality of ants and roaches?

Hypothesis

To answer the queries mentioned, the researcher hypothesized that there are no

significant differences in the effects of different concentration of Capsicum annuum pod

extract (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30) in the mortality of ants and roaches.
Conceptual Framework of the Study

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Different
Concentration of
the Chili Pepper Mortality Rate of
Ants and
Pod Extract
Roaches

The model depicted in the diagram shows the different variables present in the

study. The extract could have an effect on the mortality of the subject animals. The

researcher assumed that the concentration of the extract is directly proportional to the

mortality rates of the insects. As the concentration of the extract increases, the mortality

rates increases too. The researcher is expecting to have a good result in the highest

concentration.

Definition of Terms

The following definitions of words are made for the better understanding of the

contents of the study.

Aerosol - is a colloid of fine solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas.

Capsaicin – is the active ingredient of the chili peppers that are responsible of the heat of

the pepper and has both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that has

shown some promise for cancer treatment (Mercola 2014). And use this extract

from the Capsicum annuum as insecticide against ants and roaches in the study.
Capsicum annuum - is the scientific name of chili pepper used in the study.

Insecticide – is a pesticide that is formulated to control insect.

Liquid formulation – a liquid material or mixture prepared according to a particular

formula.

Mortality – number of individuals died with regards to the original population.

Natural insecticide – can be chemical, mineral, or biological. The common goal of all

three is to kill, repel, or otherwise interfere with the damaging behavior of

insect pests (Murray et al, 2013).

Negative Control – served as control group in the experimental unit that received no

concentrations of Capsicum annuum and water in the study.

Pesticide –is a chemical substance that used to kill, repel, or control certain forms of

plant or animal life that are considered a pest.

Spray - water or other liquid broken up into minute droplets and blown, ejected into, or

falling through the air. The spray was use in the study to have insecticide

formulation that could kill the ants and roaches.

Synthetic insecticide - manufactured in a laboratory and marketed/sold by a chemical

company.
Scope and Limitation of the study

This study mainly focused on the effects of Capsicum annuum pod extract (1:10,

1:20, and 1:30) in the mortality of ants and roaches. The chili pepper was bought in

Guiguinto, Bulacan, were exactly the sample specimen was brought to National Museum

to verified and used for the study. The researcher gathered one hundred twenty common

red ants as the subject of the study. The set-up was comprised of three replicates

containing ten samples for each set-up. Ants were exposed to different concentration of

the prepared solution. Observation was done at the point that ants were subjected to the

solution until it took two hours. The number of dead ants from each concentration and

replicate were counted. There was a negative control in the experimental set-up that

determined that death of ants was caused by the prepared solution and not by extraneous

variables. After which, twenty roaches were gathered. Each set-up contained five

roaches. And the same processed were done to the roaches. The said study was conducted

in the college biology laboratory in Mother Rita Building.

Materials used for the formulation of the insecticide are available at the

researcher’s house and other related equipment needed was provided by the university

laboratory.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter offers a synopsis of knowledge and prior studies about the

researcher’s topic. It includes the types of insecticide as well as the beneficial effects and

harmfulness of insecticide.

Review of Related Literature

Taxonomic Classification of Chili pepper/ Hot or Red Pepper

Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms)
Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
Order: Solanales
Family: Solanaceae
Genus: Capsicum
Species: Capsicum annuum
Common Name: Chili pepper/ Hot or Red Pepper

Taxonomic Description of Chili pepper/ Hot or Red Pepper

The Chili pepper is scientifically known as Capsicum annuum and belongs to

family of Solanaceae (Shook, 2011). Genus Capsicum has five species that are commonly

recognized as domesticated: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum

chinense, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum pubescens (Al-Snafi, 2015). And the

complete taxonomic classification was taken from the United States Department of

Agriculture Classification.
 The Capsicum annuum L. is a small herb that can grow up to 1 m tall. Leaves are

oblong-ovate, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 4–13 cm by 1.5–4 cm with entire margin. Its

flowers are small, white or tinged purple. The fruits are mostly red, but can be green,

orange, yellow, and can grow up to 15 cm. And seeds are pale yellow, discoid or

reniform and 3–5 mm Capsicum annuum was used traditionally to treat toothache. The

fruits are used to stimulate gastric activities and increase blood circulation. It is also a

stimulant, carminative, and used locally for neuralgia and for rheumatism. Uterine pain

associated with childbirth is treated with soup containing the fruit (Al-Snafi, 2015).

The pepper are used fresh, cooked, or dried in an enormous variety of dishes

characteristic of different regional cuisines. They are high in vitamins A, C and B

complex. According to Hunt (2008) the hot chilli peppers are used extensively as

flavoring in several cuisines including Indian, Thai, Korean and Chinese as well as in

many Latin American and African dishes. The fresh or dried fruits are used in curries,

marinades, soups and salads and also as a component in stir fry dishes.

The peppers are also one of the important agricultural crops, not only because of

its economic importance, but also due to nutritional and medicinal value of the fruits.

Mercola (2014), said that chilies can be used for treatment of health like pain relief, may

help kill the cancer cells and may be effective for weight loss.
Insecticides

According to Ware & Whitacre (2004), Insecticides are agents of chemical or

biological origin that control insects. Control may result from killing the insect or

otherwise preventing it from engaging in behaviors deemed destructive. Insecticides may

be natural or synthetic and are applied to target pests in a myriad of formulations and

delivery systems (sprays, baits, slow-release diffusion, etc.). The science of

biotechnology has, in recent years, even incorporated bacterial genes coding for

insecticidal proteins into various crop plants that deal death to unsuspecting pests that

feed on them.

Furthermore according to Damalas (2009), the pesticides include naturally

occurring and man-made substances which are used to control destructive pests such as

insects, plant disease organisms, and weeds, including many other living organisms such

as nematodes, arthropods other than insects, and vertebrates that endanger our food

supply, health, or comfort. In particular, the term pesticide refers to chemical substances

that are biologically active and interfere with normal biological processes of living

organisms deemed to be pests, whether these are insects, mold or fungi, weeds or noxious

plants. Pesticides are widely used in most areas of crop production to minimize

infestations by pests and thus protect crops from potential yield losses and reduction of

product quality.

Types of Insecticides

Insecticides play an important role especially in food production and used for

controlling pests in residential and workplace settings. Insects which are capable of
destroying the crop, and food production as parasite in our livestock, or being a nuisance

and health threat to humans and animals there is a solution to control this problem by

producing the insecticide. The products are either natural or chemical. These include the

synthetic (Man-made) and natural insecticide to control or kill unwanted insects.

The type of insecticide which is the synthetic was used in the US began in the

1930’s and has been known after World War II. By 1950, pesticide was found to increase

farm yield far beyond pre-World War II levels. Farmers depend heavily on synthetic

pesticides to control insects in their crops and it is one of the most commonly used

methods in controlling insects (Glare & O’Callaghan, 2000). And the other type which is

the natural insecticides according to Murray (2013) that it can be chemical, mineral, or

biological. The common goal of all three is to kill, repel, or otherwise interfere with the

damaging behavior of insect pests. Because this purpose corresponds with the legal

definition of a pesticide, all natural insecticide products must comply with federal and

state regulations for registration, sales, transport, use, storage, and disposal.

For further information about synthetic and natural insecticide from the study of

Mr. Joel R. Coats (1994) entitled “Risks from Natural Versus Synthetic Insecticides”; he

provided some kinds of Synthetic and Natural Insecticides.

The synthetic contact insecticides are now the primary agents of insect controls.

In general they penetrate insects readily and are toxic to a wide range of species. The

main synthetic groups are the chlorinated hydrocarbons, organic phosphates

(organophosphates), and carbamates. The Organochlorines or Chlorinated hydrocarbons

was used for mosquito control, in dairy in barns and on crops including fruits and
vegetables. Residues of organochlorines are quite persistent in the environment, having a

half-life of about 10 years in soil. They are virtually insoluble in water, but are highly

soluble in fats and lipids and it can affect the animals especially in reproductive,

endocrine and immune system. The Organophosphates were design as nerve gases during

World War II and they are not very persistent in the environment, but most are extremely

toxic to arthropods and also to non-target fish, birds, and mammals and damage their

central nervous system. The Carbamate insecticides they have a moderate persistence in

the environment, but are highly toxic to arthropods and in some cases to vertebrates and it

can also damage the nervous system.

The natural insecticide includes nicotine extracted from tobacco (usually applied

as nicotine sulphate). The pyrethrum extracted from daisy-like plants, and the rotenone

from several tropical shrubs as botanical insecticides. They also include abamectin that

against some thrips, ivermectin for veterinary use and spinosad against larvae and thrips

are use as antibiotic insecticides and Horticultural oil that work by disrupting insect

feeding and egg laying when the pest is entirely coated. Eggs covered with oils are

prevented from gas exchange, which suffocates the developing pest is use as mineral oil.

Biological insecticides are formulations of microbes that are pathogenic to

specific pests, and consequently have a relatively narrow spectrum of activity in

ecosystems. The example of insecticides can be based on the bacterium Bacillus

thuringiensis. According to Glare & O’Callaghan (2000), this Bacillus thuringiensis has

been used for decades by organic farmers to control crop-eating insects and by the World

Health Organization to kill mosquitoes without using dangerous chemical pesticide. The

Bacillus thuringiensis is a natural and non-pathogenic bacterium that is found naturally in

the soil and according to Murray (2013) the Bacillus thuringiensis also feeds on the larval

stages of insect pests such as Colorado potato beetles, and cabbage loopers. Bt. var.

kurstaki feeds on Lepidopteran larvae, known as caterpillars, commonly found on

vegetables and fruit. Under natural conditions when a caterpillar ingests Bacillus

thuringiensis the bacterium releases a toxin within the insect’s gut, and the toxin degrades

the stomach lining, causing the insect to die.

The synthetic compounds include both very hazardous and very safe chemicals.

The hazardous examples exhibit acute or chronic toxicity and have residue problems. On

the other hand, the safe compounds often have little or no toxicity to mammals. Some are

extremely selective, and some pose no residue problems at all. While, the properties of

the naturally occurring chemicals that help protect plants vary greatly. Some chemicals

are quite hazardous, while others are very safe. Their toxicities can be acute or chronic,

and some even cause concerns over residues.

Insecticides Formulations

Insecticides are not normally applied as a pure chemical. Instead, insecticides use

various formulations that are referring to the form a specific product that you use; it can

be gas, liquid or dry formulation. According to Ware & Whitacre (2004), along with the

additives or adjuvants are typically consisting of an active ingredient and several inactive

materials that are mixed with inert ingredients to make it convenient and effective to use.

According to the study of Frederick M. Fishel from UF/IFAS Extension

University of Florida entitled “Pesticide Formulations” (2010); who provided a two

formulation that can be packaged in various forms including sprays, dust, gels and baits.
 The first is the liquid formulations that are generally mixed with water, but in

some instances labels may permit the use of crop oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, or some other

light oil as a carrier. Liquid formulations are intended to be applied as an aerosol or

pressurized spray. The aerosol is easy to use and apply, designed for application of

residual sprays for crawling insects as well as for aerosol fogs for flying insects,

depending on product. Commonly sold for ant and roach control, or flying insect control..

The spray can be ready-to-use or concentrate solutions. Spray-ready to use solutions

contain the correct amount of solvent when you buy them. No further dilution is required

before application. These formulations, usually in petroleum-based solvents, contain

small amounts (often 1% or less) of active ingredient per gallon. Spray-concentrate

solution, these must be further diluted with a liquid solvent before you apply them.

Occasionally the solvent is water, but more often the solvent is a specially refined oil or

petroleum-based solvent. Some uses include livestock and poultry pest control, space

sprays in barns and warehouses, shade tree pest control, as well as mosquito control.

The second is the dry formulations that can be dusts, that are made up of a finely

ground mixture of active ingredient combined with clay, talc, or other powdered

materials and commonly used for interior wall void and perimeter treatments, as well as

for crop-dusting; Bait is an active ingredient mixed with food or another attractive

substance. The bait either attracts the pests or is placed where the pests will find it;

Granules that are hard, dry particles made up of porous materials and active ingredient

and used most often for soil treatments. Dry formulation also includes the wettable or

soluble powders, and pellets.

 Since the 1900s, people have been using different types of Insecticides and the

environment is filled with various levels of these chemicals. These include

organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamates, and pyrethroids, which all became

successful in controlling pests. However, consumers have to be aware of the positive and

negative impact of these chemicals on the environment.

The benefits from pesticides of increased yields from sufficient pest control may

be outweighed by developed resistance in pests and killing of beneficial natural enemies.

Other negative effects are human health problems and lower prices because of consumers'

desire to buy organic products. (Bommarco et al., 2011)

Beneficial effect of using insecticides

The insecticide contains chemical that are very hazardous substance that can

cause harmful effect if it is inappropriately used. However, it can also provide

significance in agricultural, health risk, industrial as well as in household and economic

benefits when used properly.

There are many kinds of benefits that may be attributed to pesticides but often

these benefits go unnoticed by the public. The most obvious and easiest benefits to

calculate are economic benefits for the farmers derived from the protection of commodity

yield and quality and the reduction of other costly inputs such as labor and fuel because

without pesticides, food production would drop and food prices would soar. With lower

production and higher prices, farmers would be less competitive in global markets for

major commodities (Damalas, 2009).

 According to Bennett from delta farm press entitled “Insecticides benefits –

CropLife study” (2009) reported that a three-year study by the Crop Protection Research

Institute has found that for every dollar spent by farmers on insecticides, $19 is returned.

And the Value of Insecticides in U.S. Crop Production was also claims that without

insecticides 31 of the 50 crops surveyed would see yields drop 40 percent, or more.

Seven of the crops would experience yield losses of over 70 percent. The reported in their

study also says that “without insecticides and the higher yields and quality of crops they

provide to consumers would pay higher prices for the staples they and their families rely

on. Annually, billions of pounds of apples, oranges, potatoes, tomatoes and countless

other U.S. crops would be lost if not for these frontline weapons of technology farmers

have available in the form of crop protection insecticide products.”

The other benefit of the insecticide are the protection of human health from

disease-carrying organisms, the suppression of nuisance causing pests, and the protection

of other organisms including endangered species from pests.

The benefit of using insecticide as protection human health from diseases-

carrying organism using insecticide was reported by Times Staff and Wire Reports from

Long Angeles Times article in 1991 that the use of mosquito netting dipped in a

biodegradable insecticide could cut malaria deaths in children by as much as two-thirds.

In the study the children in 17 Gambian villages where bed nets soaked in the insecticide

permethrin were tested and showed that malaria deaths of young children were reduced

by 70%. The nets work by stopping and killing mosquitoes carrying the malaria parasite

before they can bite the children. The study found that the insecticide did no harm to

people using the nets and there are planning a program to distribute nets to all villages.
 Times Staff and Wire Reports from Long Angeles Times (1988) article also

reports that researchers at the University of Illinois, develop an insecticide that turns

sunlight into a death ray against bugs. The researches employs a simple amino acid that

its designers that will be harmless to man and animals, and be biodegradable as well. Its

potential targets range from houseflies and cockroaches to agricultural pests. The amino

acid, delta aminolevulinic acid triggers a buildup of biochemicals, naturally occurring

chemicals, in the cells of the insects. When exposed to sunlight, the overbalance of

biochemicals triggers a chain reaction that destroys insect cell membranes, causing the

bug to convulse and die in a matter of seconds.

The benefit of using insecticide as the protection to the other organisms from

pests, the Philippine star news (2005) reported that there are 13 botanical insecticides

found effective in Mindanao. The plants are lagundi, wild sunflower, madre de cacao,

tubli, makabuhay, luyang dilaw, neem, tobacco, hot pepper, eucalyptus, adelfa, and atis.

Those 13 plants were done by Tatoy et al., and monitored by the Philippine Council for

Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD). The

extract of 13 plants is sprayed at five percent concentration reduced the population of

whitefly because the whitefly has become a major problem when potato was grown in

screen houses since 2000. As they conducted "The botanical insecticides were effective,

environment-friendly, and had no adverse effects on health,"

In Bommarco et al. (2011) studies, they demonstrate that Nicaraguan cabbage

(Brassica spp.) farmers may suffer economically by using insecticides as they get more

damage by the main pest diamondback moth. The effect of using insecticides against

diamondback moth were found for the density of parasitoids and generalist predatory
wasps, and tended to affect spiders negatively. They observed the increased leaf damages

in insecticide-treated fields may be a combined consequence of insecticide resistance in

the pest, and of lower predation and parasitization rates from naturally occurring

predators that are suppressed by the insecticide applications. As the results they indicate

biological control as a viable and economic alternative pest management strategy,

something that may be particularly relevant for the production of cash crops in tropical

countries where insecticide use is heavy and possibly increasing.

Harmful effect of Insecticides

Improvement of the quality of human life is one of the benefits of insecticides and

the environment can be protected at the same time. The insecticides are intended to harm

only the target insect however it cannot be denied that chemicals also have harmful

effects on humans, to other animals and to the environment.

The exposure to the use of insecticide has a great impact on health of the human

and animals. According to Aktar et al. (2009), the high risk groups exposed to pesticides

include production workers, formulators, sprayers, mixers, loaders and agricultural farm

workers since they handle various toxic chemicals. During manufacture and formulation,

the possibility of hazards may be higher because the processes involved are not risk free.

Dawe et al. (2006) mentioned that the excessive pesticide use has damaged the

health of the farmers and consumers is worse because of poor training and lack of money

for buying proper pesticide application equipment, farmers are directly exposed to

chemicals that injure their eye, skin, respiratory tract, and nervous system.
 In the United States according to Lorenz (2009), the use of insecticides cause the

greatest number of pesticide poisoning. The most serious pesticide poisoning usually

result from acute exposure to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides.

In the year 2000, Glare & O’Callaghan stated that the acute effects are injuries or

illnesses that appear immediately after the exposure of using the insecticide and they also

identify the other effect of the insecticide on human which can also be the delayed effect

and the allergic effect. The delayed effects which are illness or injuries that do not appear

immediately and this include cancer. While the allergic effects are the reaction to the

substance that may develop to the some people that are exposed to the insecticide.

Andersson et al. (2014) stated that the different risks associated with pesticides

are often classified based on whether they have short‐term effects such as diarrhea,

abdominal pain, headaches, nausea, vomiting, etc. or long‐term effects such as skin

diseases, cancer, depression, neurological deficits, diabetes, genetic disorders, or even

death.

Group (2010) explains that the people who use chemical pesticides regularly are

at greatest risk for achieving toxic levels in their bodies and the danger of pesticide are

can carried on the wind, leave residues on produce, remain inside produce & animals, and

run off into open water, contaminating public water supply as well as fish and other

seafood and pesticide can enter the body through skin, eyes, mouth and nose.

According to O’Malley et al. (2015), the properties that make insecticides deadly

to insects can sometimes make them poisonous to humans. Most serious insecticide

poisonings result from the organophosphate and carbamate types of insecticides,

particularly when used in suicide attempts. Many insecticides can cause poisoning after

being swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Some insecticides are odorless,

thus the person is unaware of being exposed to them. Organophosphate and carbamate

insecticides make certain nerves “fire” erratically, causing many organs to become

overactive and eventually to stop functioning. Pyrethrins can occasionally cause allergic

reactions and pyrethroids rarely cause any problems.

In the Philippines the most damaging environmental consequence of intensive

farm production in the past 30 years has been farmers widespread use of pesticides

especially insecticide. Because of many farmer overuse or indiscriminate the use of

insecticide to kill insect pests, natural predators such as spiders causing an ecological

imbalance that can actually contribute to pest outbreaks instead of preventing them.

(Dawe et al., 2006).

One major negative impact is chemical pollution. An insecticide may be designed

to have a short-lived effect. However, the residues are found in the atmosphere,

waterways, and the ground. Over time, as people keep on using synthetic chemical

substances, the environment accumulates the residues that later on become pollutants.

Carrington (2014) reported that according to a comprehensive scientific

assessment of the chemicals, the world’s most widely used insecticides have

contaminated the environment across the planet so pervasively that global food

production is at risk which is the neonicotinoids, a class of insecticides on which farmers

spend $2.6 billion a year. The insecticides harm bee’s ability to navigate and learn,

damage their immune systems and cut colony growth. In worms, which provide a critical
role in aerating soil, exposure to the chemicals affects their ability to tunnel. Dragonflies,

which eat mosquitoes, and other creatures that live in water are also suffering, with some

studies showing that ditchwater has become so contaminated it could be used directly as a

lice-control pesticide. They concluded the “Overall, a compelling body of evidence has

accumulated that clearly demonstrates that the wide-scale use of these persistent, water-

soluble chemicals is having widespread, chronic impacts upon global biodiversity and is

likely to be having major negative effects on ecosystem services such as pollination that

are vital to food security,”

Insect

Insects account for a great majority of the species of animals on earth. They are a

tremendously successful group. Insects can be found in almost all terrestrial and

freshwater habitats, from the driest deserts to freshwater ponds, from the canopy of a

tropical rainforest to the arctic wastes. A few species are even in marine (Myers, 2001).

According to Malinoski (2004), the insect are member of one class of phylum arthropods

and all the member of phylum arthropoda, have rigid exoskeleton, jointed limbs and

body. Insect are distinguished from other arthropods by the fact that they are have six

legs in at least one development stage. They vary greatly in appearance and habit. Many

have wings and active fliers and other insects spend their lives under ground.

The majority of insects are considered harmless or beneficial such as pollinators

or production of certain foods like honey, and decomposers of organic materials.

However, the insects that affect man directly or indirectly get more publicity as a pest and

those insects can cause serious crop losses, eat our food, feed on our blood and skin,

contaminate our dwellings and transmit diseases to human and animals.

 The insect that can cause particular nuisance to the people, may cause a serious

health problem or can cause severe complications and can even be life-threatening that

can find at home are the ants and roaches. The ants according to Armstrong (2013) they

are social insects in the family Formicidae and order Hymenoptera and they evolved

during 130 million years ago from wasp-like ancestor and more than 12,500 species out

of an estimated 22,000 species have been classified. Hahn & Pelliter (2004) said that the

ants have distinct body parts; the head, thorax and abdomen and they also divided into

three castes; the workers, males, and the queen. And the life span of the ants depends on

the caste member of a particular species. It also depends on optimal environmental

conditions and available food supply. Workers generally live for a few months to a year.

Queens of some species can live for more than 20 years.

Rust and Choe (2014) said the ants are among the most prevalent pests in

households. Ants also invade restaurants, hospitals, offices, warehouses, and other

buildings where they can find food and water. Britton (2009) also said that ants generally

do not cause structural damage to buildings but few species will occasionally attack

electrical wiring for unknown reasons, and in these situations extensive damage can

occur. Some ants will build nests in walls and foundations, and that can result in soil

being deposited on gardens, around pots and between tiles and brickwork resulting in a

mess and some seed harvesting ant species can be a nuisance when attempting to grow

plants by direct sowing of seeds

The cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea and sometimes considered a

suborder, Blattaria, of order Dictyoptera. The cockroach English name is derived from

Spanish “cucaracha”. They are 4,600 species worldwide with 500 genera of 7 families.
The best known cockroach species are the brown banded and oriental cockroaches (Blatta

orientalis) world-wide, American cockroach (Periplaneta Americana), the German

cockroach (Blattella germanica), and the Asian cockroach (Blattella asahinai) (Eiseman

et al., 2009). The roaches according to Jacobs (2002), the fossil evidence indicates that

the cockroaches have been on earth for over 300 million years. They are considered one

of the most successful groups of animals. Because cockroaches are so adaptable, they

have successfully adjusted to living with humans. About 3,500 species of cockroaches

exist worldwide.

In year 2002, Jacob stated that the roaches produce odorous secretions that can

affect the flavor of various foods. The Disease-producing organisms such as bacteria,

protozoans, and viruses have been found on cockroach bodies. But according to

Rupavate (2014), that the roaches do not cause any disease hence, they are vectors or

carriers for millions of bacteria and infectious agents that can lead to an array of diseases

from diarrhea to food poisoning. And the diseases that transmitted by roaches is the

different forms of gastroenteritis like food poisoning, dysentery, diarrhea, and other

illnesses and because of the roaches excrement and cast skin that contains a number or

allergens that can cause of allergic responses of the person infected by roaches, such as

skin rashes, watery eyes and sneezing, congestion of nasal passages, and asthma by

inhaling cockroach allergens.

Review of Related Studies

This part presents the various related studies about chili pepper from other studies

completed by individuals. It also show the different kind of method used, their findings

and conclusion as well as the summary of the study completed.

The insecticide produced by Tropical Advisory Service (2000), said that the

insecticidal properties of the chili pepper are highest in the ripe fruit especially in the skin

and seed. Chili is acts as a stomach poison, anti-feedant and repellent to a number of

pests. The study prepared four kinds of Chili pepper spray. The first two Chili pepper

spray have same uses, it use as a spray or sprinkle using twigs or grass tied together to

form a whisk, against most insects including caterpillars, aphids, flies, ants and mealy

bugs. Apply once a week if there is no rain or two or three times a week if it rains. It is

important to use this solution as a preventive measure. Third is the chilies and garlic

spray, Use as a spray for caterpillars in fruit trees. Fourth is the chili, Mexican marigold

and onion spray, it use spray onto red spider mite infestations. And last is the chili dust, it

use to sprinkle the powder around the base of plants to repel ants, cutworms, slugs and

snails as well as many soil pests. The other uses of Chili based on their study it can be

inter-planted with crops to act as a repellent against many insects, fungi and viruses.

According to Antonious et al. (2007), in their study entitled “Growing hot pepper

for cabbage looper, Trichopulsia ni (Hubner) and spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch)

control” is to determine the potential of using fruit extracts from Capsicum chinense, C.

frutescens, C. baccatum, and C. annuum as pesticide for controlling the cabbage looper,

and spider mite. The study conducted an experiment to investigated differences in

chemical composition of the crude fruit extracts that may explain the observed

differences in mortality and repellency between accessions. In the study, the extract from

the different species of Capsicum were prepared and tested, they dried the fruit in an oven

at 65° for 48h to a constant weight, ground using a mortar and pestle, and sieved to pass

through a No. 18 (1 mm) mesh screen. The study also prepared a two ways of pesticide

using the hot pepper fruit extracts first is by shaking 20g dried fruit powder of each

accession with 100 ml of distilled water with 10 drops of 2% sodium dioctyl

sulfosuccinate for 1hr. The mixture was passed through a double-layer of cheesecloth and

squeezed manually then the extracts were then vacuum filtered using Buchner funnels.

Second, the fruit extracts prepared by blending 50g fresh fruits of each accession with

100 ml of methanol for 2 min. and also filtered using Buchner funnels. The larvae of the

cabbage looper were sprayed with hot pepper water extract, and the other were sprayed

with distilled water as control group and their mortality use analysis of variance

(ANOVA) procedure and it was recorded at 6 and 24 hrs. The concentration of the

different fruit with methanol extracts was tested against gravid female spider mites.

According to the study of Tomita, and Endo (2009) entitled “Homemade Hot

pepper Spray for Organic Gardening” the content of the Capsicum annuum which is the

capsaicin as pest control material in plant cultivation. Capsaicin is the material that is

extracted from chili pepper and used as a botanical insecticide and the product contain are

primarily used to repel insects rather than to kill existing infestations. In the study, the

300g of medium-sized dry peppers were soaked for 1 month in 4000 ml of 80% ethanol

and the solution was filter used to soak new dry peppers again for 1 month and re-filter

again the solution to be diluted and used to the experiment. As the result the content of
the chili pepper extract was effective at decreasing the density of both spider mites and

aphids. The mixture of chili pepper extract with a low concentration of neem extract was

more effective and the study conclude that there is no negative effects on growth of

seedlings when spraying chili pepper extract repeatedly.

The Yvonie (2009) study, entitled “Makabuhai and Chili extract: A Household

Insecticide”, it investigates the potential makabuhai and chili extracts combine together

as a household insecticide against ants and cockroaches. The study prepared a solution of

chili fruit extract and makabuhai stem extract. The 300g of chili was pound with mortar

and pestle and add a 25ml of water and strain it; the 300g of makabuhai stems was

chopped into small pieces and also pound with mortar and pestle then soaked it in 25ml

of water for 25minutes then the only liquid extract was left. The chili and makabuhai

extract was mixed and add 25ml of water. The study was observed under 30minutes and

evaluated the number of ants and cockroaches killed by the extract and study concluded

that the commercial insecticide and homemade insecticide is almost the same.

In the study of Carmelle (2013), was all about a feasibility of the Capsicum

annuum, Moringa Oleifera (Malunggay leaves) and the Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Kamias) as

a natural pesticide. The study determine the effect of Malunggay leaves, Kamias and

Chili fruit against cockroach and evaluated the number of cockroaches survived and died

in different number of times spraying the insect in every minutes. The study used

experimental method of research and the purpose was to study the relative effect of

various set-ups given. It has four set up which are the first set-up; the extract of the

Malunggay leaves. Second was the extract of the chili fruit. Third were the extract of the

kamias and lastly the mixture of the extract of the Malunggay leaves, Kamias and Chili
fruit. The study also used the counting method to count the amount of cockroaches

unable to survive and die as well as the table used to shows the number of times spray,

number of cockroaches, number of cockroaches killed and time killed. It has five tables

to show and the result of the experiment was presented. In the first table, Malunggay

Pesticide was used by the researcher. There are two tables consisting of 3 cockroaches

and a constant number time of spray. The cockroach didn’t die in the 2 times number of

spray therefore it is less effective. In the second table, the cockroach was tested with

Chili fruit Pesticide. It is effective. In the third table, the cockroach was tested with

Kamias fruit Pesticide. It is less effective compared to the Chili fruit Pesticide. In the

fourth table, the Natural Pesticide was used by the researchers. It is more effective than

first three tables. In the fifth table, the Cockroach was tested with Commercial Pesticide.

All the cockroaches died in just a couple of seconds. Therefore, the study concludes that

it was feasible to used Malunggay leaves (Moringa Oleifere) and Chili fruit in making

pesticide in their experimentation. The study also recommends more study about the

Malunggay, Kamias and Chili as pesticide and accurate procedure and measures will be

used.

The Ashouri & Shayesteh (2010), study entitled “Insecticidal activities of two

powdered spices, Black pepper and Red pepper on adults of Rhyzopertha Dominica (F)

and Sitophilus Granarius (L)”. The experiments of their study were carried out in the

laboratory of the Department of Entomology, University of Urmia, Iran. The study was

conducted to investigate the insecticide potency of black pepper seed powder and red

pepper fruit powder, against wheat and corn weevil a stored-grain insects. The fruit

powders were selected because of the assumption of absence of mammalian toxicity

owing to its use as a popular spice in several foods and those powders of black pepper

and red pepper were mixed in wheat grains in different rates to evaluate the mortality and

progeny production (adult emergence) of two the stored-grain insects. These powders

were mixed with 20 g wheat grains as direct admixtures at five different rates 0, 0.15, 0.2,

0.27, 0.37 and 0.5% for black pepper and 0, 0.5, 0.85, 1.5, 3 and 5% for red pepper to

assess for mortality and reduction of progeny. The treated grains were infested with 20

adults. All insects were removed after 14 days and the experiments were monitored for

the extra 36 days in order to count the number of emerged adults. The results revealed

that black pepper at 0.5% concentration caused 100% mortality of S. granarius in the first

five days, also R. dominica showed complete mortality at 5% level after 14 days, but red

pepper did not cause complete mortality on two insects after 14 days. Both plant

materials caused complete reduction in progeny of S. granarius at highest tested dosages.

Also they significantly reduced progeny emergence of R. dominica. This plant powders

exhibited promising potential in protecting wheat grains against two species of insects.

As the result of their study, the fruit powder is very effective in causing mortality and

reducing adult emergence of both insects. The results revealed that black pepper seed

powder and red pepper fruit powder had significant insecticidal effects on the adults of R.

dominica and S. granarius as compared to the control. They were found to be very

effective in causing mortality and reducing adult emergence of both insects. A highly

significant difference was found among all the treatments. The study concluded that plant

powders pose potential in protecting wheat against two species of tested insects.

Regarding the side effects of synthetic pesticides, the study demonstrates that these plant

powders can play an important role in protection of wheat from insect invasion during
storage. This technology is cheap, safe, environmentally friendly and easy to adopt by

small-scale farmer.

According to Gudeva et al (2013), study entitled “Content of capsaicin extracted

from hot pepper (Capsicum annuum ssp. microcarpum L.) And its use as an

ecopesticide”. The study examine the relationship between the concentrations of

capsaicin and determine the content of Capsicum annuum as ecopesticide or biopesticide

against the green peach aphid, a pest that can cause decreased growth, shriveling of the

leaves and the death of various tissues in peach trees. The study aimed to examine the

character of the biopesticides, they are categorized into three major classes: microbial

pesticides, protective elements, and biochemical pesticides. Biopesticides are natural

substances made from herbal extracts or from pheromones from insects, which in the

control of the pests have no toxic effect. Capsaicin belongs to the third class of

biopesticides. In the study, the chili pepper can be used as a raw material for extraction of

capsaicin which is the active component of the red pepper and they revealed that the

capsaicin has lethal and anti-feedant effects on various invertebrates. It was evaluated for

acting as biopesticide and confirmed that the capsaicin extract of chili pepper can be used

as an effective biopesticide.

According to Okonkwo and Ohaeri (2013), in their research journal of chemical

and pharmaceutical entitled “Insecticidal potentials of some selected plants” was to

determine the effects of Piper guineense, Capsicum annum, Ginger, and Lippia adoensis

against German cockroach, yellow fever mosquito, wall fly, and the brown plant hoppers.

The study tested the mortality rates of the four insect and Phytopesticidal, insecticidal

property of the Piper guineense, Capsicum annum, Ginger, and Lippia adoensis. The
results from the insecticidal tests revealed that each of the materials tested have distinct

effects on the survival of the different insects. It was also observed in the course of the

study, that treatment with higher concentration of extracts resulted in higher mortality

rates. Moreover, the Piper guineense and the Capsicun annum possessed the highest

insecticidal abilities against yellow fever mosquito while Lippia adoensis and Ginger

possessed high insecticidal effects against wall fly. The study agrees with the high level

of insecticidal efficacy shown by Capsicum annum against the German cockroach and the

mosquito larva. On the other instance, according to their study of Piper guineense, Lippia

adoensis, Capsicum annum and Zingiber officinale are readily available to local farmers

in the said country which is Nigeria for use in protecting their crops against harmful

insects. These materials could be crushed on farms and the freshly prepared extracts then

applied by local farmers. They are safe to the workers and can be produced easily by the

small-scale limited resource farmers. The biodegradable nature of such materials also

minimizes the hazard to the environment. Repeated use of a single synthetic pesticidal

ingredient can result in resistance amongst the target populations where as natural

products in plants defense mechanism often consist of a variety of toxins which make

adaptation of the predator unfavorable.

Bray (2014), stated that the chili peppers can be used as a natural bug repellent for

garden or indoor plants in the form of hot pepper wax and the study of Trantham (2014),

entitled that “Hot pepper Spray for Organic Gardening” proven that the use of hot pepper

as spray also can be a natural pest deterrent for garden against bug. The study used, 2 cups

chopped hot peppers, 1 tbsp cayenne pepper, 1 head of garlic, 3 tbsp dish soap, 4 gallons

of water. The chopped hot pepper together with the garlic gloves and cayenne pepper was
put in the food processor and adding some water as necessary to keep the food processor

working properly. After pureeing it, put them in a five gallon bucket and pours four

gallons of water then covers it and let the concoction sit for about 24 hours. The study

also prepared cheesecloth or a very small strainer to strain out the hot peppers and add

three tablespoons of dish soap to help the spray spread out over and stick to the plant

leaves. The hot pepper spray was applied twice a week in the evening.

In the study of Lascano and Tolentino (2016), entitled “Pepper and Madre Cacao

Spray”, they produce insecticide / pesticide from Chili pepper, Onion, Madre cacao

leaves and Alagaw leaves at a low cost. According to their study the substance that give

chili peppers their intensity when ingested or applied topically are capsaicin and several

related chemicals, collectively called capsaicinoids. On the other hand, the ingredients

used in study were 250g of chili pepper, 100g alagaw leaves, 100g madre cacao leaves,

six onions bulbs and 250ml of H20. After cutting those ingredients into small pieces, the

blender with small amount of H20 and the onion were blended. Every one minute of

blending, chili pepper will added as well as the H20 and this procedure will be repeatedly

but using alagaw leaves and then madre cacao leaves and the finished product is ready to

use. It was proven and attested that this pesticide could last for 2-3 weeks, and since it

undergo fermentation the longer it lasts the more effective it become because of its

obnoxious odor. The study recommended to use the natural insecticide that are extracted

from chili pepper, onion, madre cacao leaves with alagaw leaves to get rid and to control

our economic problems such as the loss of the production of crops due to the damage

made by the killer insects. It is safe to use and easy to prepare as well as it contain natural

ingredients.
 In Setiawati et al., (2016), study entitled “The effect of fruit characteristics of

cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) and biocontrol agents (Trichoderma sp and

azoxystrobin) on severity of anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum)”. The study was

conducted at Indonesian vegetables Research Institute and to determine the compatibility

of tolerant varieties of cayenne pepper and bio control agents (Trichoderma species and

azoxystrobin) against incidence of anthracnose diseases on cayenne pepper in field

conditions. This anthracnose disease is the most important constraint to cayenne pepper

or Capsicum frutescens production in most major chili pepper growing regions of the

world. In order to identify the effective control measure, the 4 varieties of cayenne pepper

with 2 different color of immature fruits green and yellow; and 2 type of fruit straight up

and decline; and used of 4 bio-control agents (Trichoderma species and azoxystrobin)

were measuring the effects on disease incidence and yield. Application of all bio control

agents on immature green cayenne pepper plus straight up type of fruit significantly

reduced the incidence of anthracnose diseases which ranged between 3.51– 6.81%. The

study revealed that in green immature straight up type fruit cayenne pepper application of

T. harzianum and azoxystrobin have good potential in controlling the anthracnose disease

of C. acutatum and resulted higher yield than in other treatments

A study Ribeiro et al. (2007), entitled “Isolation and characterization of novel

peptides from chilli pepper seeds: Antimicrobial activities against pathogenic yeasts”.

The study was to isolate and characterize peptides present in the antimicrobial activities

of the use chili pepper seed and evaluate their toxic activities against pathogenic yeasts.

In the study, the proteins from seed flour were extracted in phosphate buffer, pH 5.4, for

3 h at 4 °C and the pellet obtained at 90% saturation with ammonium sulfate was heated
at 80 °C for 15 min. The resulting suspension was clarified by centrifugation and the

supernatant was extensively dialyzed against water and cation-exchange chromatography

was performed to separate low molecular mass proteins. As the result of the study, the

fraction is rich in peptides, inhibited the growth of yeasts and it was also able to inhibit

glucose-stimulated acidification of the medium by yeast cells of S. cerevisiae and to

cause several morphological changes in different yeasts, such as cell wall

disorganization, and incomplete budding of the yeast.

In summary, many of the studies proven that the insecticide are very useful to

manage the pest insect to becoming more destructive and important for disease control

that carried by the insect. There are numerous cases showing that the use of insecticide

improved the quality of the human, animal, and plants life. And that can provide

significant in the agriculture, economic, and industrial. However, other studies revealed

the disagreement of the used of insecticide can affect the health of the human or to other

animals and plants because it has a hazardous chemical substance. In addition, other

studies showed that instead of using the very dangerous chemical, use the various

formulation that the specific product that are made as natural insecticide.

Furthermore, the different studies also revealed that there are an insecticidal

potential in the chili pepper and have an ability to be formulated as natural insecticide

against different kind of pest insect.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the kind of research and the research design that was used

in the study and the procedures that was performed in the study.

Kind of Research

To study the effects of different concentrations of Capsicum annuum extract in

ants, an experimental research was conducted. An experimental research is a kind of

research where in the researcher subjects the experimental units into a treatment to collect

response from the dependent variable. Also, the researcher manipulated and controlled

the independent variable for variation to the manipulation of the dependent variable. In

this type of research, a treatment was something to control the experimental units. In the

study, the independent variable were the different concentrations of Capsicum annuum

extract and the dependent variable were the effects on the life of ants whether they die or

not. The extraneous variable was the manner on how the ants were caught because it

might injure some parts of the ants. That variable was not related to the study but may

affect the dependent variable so they were controlled to make the samples as

homogenous as possible.

Research Design

Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used in the study. It is a design in

which treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental units or in which

independent random samples of experimental units are selected for each treatment. The
ants and roaches were subjected to experimental units that were completely randomized;

there were twelve sets of ants and four sets of roaches. The first ten ants served as the

negative control group and received no chili pepper insecticide. The second set of ants

that also consist of ten received 1:10 ratio of solution, while the third set of ants that has

the same number got 1:20 ratio of solution and the last set of ants got 1:30 ratio of

solution. These four sets of ants received different treatments as mentioned before and it

came in three replicates. The experimental treatments were done only once then the ants

were set aside for observation. At the end of two hours, the numbers of dead and alive

ants were evaluated. After testing the extracts to ants, the same thing has been done to

sets of roaches. The researcher intended to examine the extract to five roaches for each

experimental set-up. This instance was due to difficulty in finding for roaches as subject

to the study

Figure 3.1 Design for Arrangement per Treatment in a Box

Set-Up A Set-Up B Set-Up C Set-Up D

Figure 3.2 Flowchart of the Study

Verification of the Subject Species

Preparation of the Extract Solution

Gathering of Ants and Roaches

Testing of the Extract to Ants and

Roaches

Observation and Data Gathering

Statistical Analysis
Verification of the Subject Species

The researcher gathered data about the popular chili pepper using internet

browser. One of the facts sited by the researcher chili pepper according to (Shook, 2011)

is a fruit of plant from the genus Capsicum, members of the nightshade family,

Solanaceae. The researcher obtained the scientific name and also the given name written

from the website as well as the sample specimen of chili pepper that was brought in

Guiguinto, Bulacan. The sample of the specimen was presented directly to the National

Museum, Botany Division for verification of the chili and to gain certification. The name

of the sample specimen of the chili pepper was proved and verified as Capsicum annuum

by the National Museum researcher, John Rey C. Callado and acquired certificate.

Preparation of the Extract Solution

After the verification of the Capsicum annuum, the researcher purchased again in

Guiguinto, Bulacan a fresh Capsicum annuum were exactly the specimen was brought to

National Museum and used for experiment. The process of pod extraction of solutions of

Capsicum annuum was performed and executed inside the laboratory of the university

with the assistance of the researcher’s adviser. Along with the researcher prepared

materials and equipments needed to extract the Capsicum annuum. Such as, laboratory

gown, mask and pair of gloves for proper safety, 300 grams of pods Capsicum annuum,

weighing scale, graduated cylinder, funnel, beakers, filter paper, hot plate, stirring rod,

reagent bottle and container. The 300 grams of Capsicum annuum pod peduncle was

removed and weighing only 266.1 grams. The every piece of 266.1 grams of Capsicum

annuum was sliced in half and placed under the sun to dried for three days and achieved

the brittleness texture of the Capsicum annuum. The researcher places it to the pestle and
mortar by pounding and to develop into a pulverized structure. The gram of the

pulverized Capsicum annuum was weighted again to the weighing scale and obtained the

amount of the weight that are necessary and used in the experiment. Based on the

randomized design of the study assigned in every experimental unit, the researcher

measured distilled water using the graduated cylinder and then prepared laboratory

containers for placing the mixture of pulverized Capsicum annuum and water. Then, the

researcher prepared the different concentration. To come up with 1:10, 1:20, 1:30 ratio of

concentration, mixed one gram pulverized chili pepper to 10 ml of water, for 1:20, 20mL

of water was added to one gram of powdered chili pepper, and to obtain 1:30 ratio

concentration, one gram of chili pepper powder was mixed to 30 ml of water. All of these

different experimental mixtures were placed in the laboratory containers for boiling. And

then, strained and filtered using the laboratory equipment. Subsequently, it was subjected

to refrigerator to cool.

Gathering of Ants and Roaches

The ants and roaches used as experimental units of the research study were

gathered in Malolos, Bulacan near from the residential place of the researcher. The

researcher constructed and prepared twelve boxes as the ants placed for experimentation.

Those twelve boxes have same size, and structure and there’s no variation at all. The box

used were sealed by acetate and by the used of needle were pierced through creating tiny

holes in four side of a box. For every hole pierced, space occupied diameter of one

centimeter. The research study needs one hundred twenty ants and the researcher divided

and distributed them evenly so that each of boxes received ten ants. The researcher

constructed again and prepared three boxes that also have same size, and structure and
there is no variation at all. The box used were sealed again by acetate and creating a

square holes in the four side of the box. For every squares holes, the space occupied one

centimeter and each side of the holes has 5sq. mm. The research study need fifteen

roaches and the researcher divided and distributed them evenly so that each of the boxes

received five roaches

Testing of the Extract on Ants

The researcher prepared an arrangement set up in twelve boxes. The first set up

contains 30 ants place in 3 boxes, wherein each of the boxes contains 10 experimental

units. The study served as negative control group and received no concentrations of

Capsicum annuum and water. The second set up also contains the same number of ants

and will receive 1:10 ratio of solution. The third set consist the same number of

experimental units and acquire 1:20 ratio of solution. Then the last set of ants will be

given 1:30 ratio of solution. The same procedure was followed in testing the effects of

extracts to roaches.

Observation and Data gathering

The table shown on the next page presented the data observation and evaluation

of the experimental subject of ten ants per box, included in the said different

concentrations of Capsicum annuum and water. During the experimentation, the

researcher set allotted period of time when the mixture of Capsicum annuum and water is

placed to the box. The researcher observed and evaluated the occurrence of the activity

done in each of the box. The researcher also analyzed the set allotted period of time to the

experimented subject. After the allotted period of time set, the counting of mortality on

experimented units began. The result had been listed down in the table. The process was
repeated exactly similar in every experimented subject per box. After that moment, the

identical method was completed to roaches.

Record Chart for Ants

Negative Control 1:10 1:20 1:30

Dead Alive Dead Alive Dead Alive Dead Alive

A A A A

B B B B

C C C C

Total Total Total Total

Record Chart for Roaches

Negative Control 1:10 1:20 1:30

Dead Alive Dead Alive Dead Alive Dead Alive

Total Total Total Total

 CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION AND RESULT

This chapter presents the results of the experiments that were conducted based on

the method described in the methodology of the study. The data gathered in one hundred

twenty overall of the ants and twenty roaches were observed and evaluated. The objective

is to determine if there is an effect and a significant of the Capsicum annuum pod extract

in different kind of solution in the mortality of ants and roaches. The result of the data

obtained was converted into percentages that are generally presented in tables to have a

much better interpretation.

Problem 1: What are the effects of Capsicum annuum pod extract in the mortality of ants

and roaches in the following concentrations:

2.1. 1:10 concentrate

2.2. 1:20 concentrate

2.3. 1:30 concentrate

Table 3.1 The effect of the 1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 concentration of Capsicum annuum pod

extract on the mortality rate of the ants.

Mean Mortality Rate of the Ants (%)

Solution 1:10 Solution 1:20 Solution 1:30 Negative
Control
1st trial 0% 0% 0% 0%

2nd trial 0% 0% 0% 0%

3rd trial 0% 0% 0% 0%
 Total: 0% 0% 0% 0%

From the result according to the table 3.1 the effect of mortality in 1:10, 1:20, and

1:30 concentration of the Capsicum annuum pod extract revealed that 0% of mortality

rate showed in every trial conducted in the study and total of 0% mortality rate effect on

the ants.

But, based on the observation in the mortality of the ants, the researcher observed

that there is other effect of the Capsicum annuum pod extract in different kind of solution

against ants. In 1:30 concentration of Capsicum annuum pod extract which is the smallest

or lowest concentration of the pod extract, found out that the ants were affected by the

solution only for just a moment and after the couple of minutes the ants recover

immediately, they still better and they are same before the treatments. In the 1:20

solution, the researcher observed and found out that there was a changed of the mobility

of the ants as they go around. They become weakened and slower compared to the 1:30

solution that they can easily moved around. While in the solution in the 1:10, the mobility

of the ants was also become weaker and slower than in the 1:20 solution. And all of the

ants in 1:10 solution were concentrated in the corner of the box.

According to
Table 3.2 The effect of the 1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 concentration of Capsicum annuum pod

extract on the mortality rate of the roaches.

Mean Mortality Rate of the Roaches (%)

Solution 1:10 Solution 1:20 Solution 1:30 Negative Control

1st trial 60% 20% 0% 0%

Total: 0% 0% 0% 0%

From the result according to the table 3.2 the effect of mortality in 1:10, 1:20, and

1:30 concentration of the Capsicum annuum pod extract showed that there is a small

differences effect against ants.

.The solution 1:10 of the showed that

Problem 2: Are there significant differences in the effects of different concentration of

Capsicum annuum pod extract in the mortality of ants and roaches?

The results obtained in this experiment, once again confirmed concentration of the

Capsicum annuum pod extract had no significant insecticidal effects on the ants in

different kind of concentration (1:10, 1:20 and 1:30) created the same as to the negative

control group. All the trials of the extracted plant showed poor insecticidal efficacy

against ants and were not effective in causing mortality and reducing the ants. While, in

the roaches, there is a small differences in dif

 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the study, its conclusion and

recommendation. The overriding purpose of this study is to determine the significant

effect of the formulated Capsicum annuum pod extract as natural insecticidal against to

the experimental units which are the ants and cockroaches. The study also covered if this

formulated Capsicum annuum pod extract as natural insecticidal will have the possibility

to help individuals resolving their problems with regards to the insects.

Summary of Findings
Conclusion

The study of the researcher conducted has yielded some conclusions based on the

findings summarized. It is now possible to derive several conclusions based on the

hypothesis presented. The natural insecticidal effect of Capsicum annuum pod extract in

the ants and cockroaches were not fully succeeded. The result of the experimentation of

spraying those different formulated concentration are 0% mortality rate of experimental

units. It therefore conclude that this formulated concentration have no impact of

significant effect to the ants but a small amount of effectiveness to the cockroaches. No

mortality rate of experimental units resulted but instead it manifested the condition of

cockroaches and a small percentage of weak condition in the ants. The hypothesis of this

study that was formulated by the researcher that there “are no significant differences in

the effects of different concentration of Capsicum annuum pod extract (1:10, 1:20, and

1:30) in the mortality of ants and roaches” was accepted, meaning the outcome of the

Capsicum annuum pod extract in different concentrations solution is failed to kill the pest

insect.

Recommendation

Based on the foregoing findings of the study, the following are recommended for

future enhancement of the developed Capsicum annuum pod extract as natural

insecticidal against ants and cockroaches. The researcher would like to recommend the

following.

1. The given concentrations which are the solution of 1:10, 1:20 and 1:30 formulated

by the researcher should level up the mixture of dried Capsicum annuum and
 water to be able to increase the level of effectiveness of formulated concentration

in the experimental units.

2. The targeted experimental units of this study where the ants and cockroaches

should be changed into another kind of insect and used to test if the given

formulated concentration may bring mortality effect to those insects.

3. The dried Capsicum annuum which is not very effective, it may replace another

kind of plants that contain predominant characteristics of insecticidal.

4. The researcher suggests that dried Capsicum annuum may apply and add another

mixture of plant to be extracted and this kind of plant should possess a special

quality of natural insecticidal. It may progressively greater the level of

significance to affect the mortality of the ants and cockroaches than the Capsicum

annuum itself.

5. The formulated concentration in this study should undergo improvements to have

a successful result as natural insecticidal or else, may create different formulation

of concentration instead of the given concentration.

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Appendices
Appendix A

Certification
 Appendix B

Documentation

Preparation for extraction:

Purchasing of fresh chili pepper in Guiguinto, Bulacan

Removing the peduncle of chili pepper pods and sliced the pods in half

and placed under the sun to dry for three days

 Weighing of the dried chili pepper

Pulverized of the dried chili pepper by mortar and pestle

 Mixture of different concentration of the

chili pepper pod extract and water

Boiling the mixture of the different concentration of the

chili pepper pod extract and water

Filtering the mixture of the different concentration of chili pepper pod extract

and water by filter paper

Preparation of solution in reagent bottle to refrigerate to cool

Preparation for Observation:

The box for experimentation of ants

The box for experimentation of roaches

Testing of the Extract on Ants and Roaches: