VERB + - (a)tion = NOUN

to collect – collection to imagine- imagination to translate – translation

to explain – explanation to dictate – dictation to invite – invitation
to celebrate – celebration

Form corresponding nouns and use them in sentences:

to educate - to compose - to observe –

to protect - to admire - to decorate –
to co-operate - to examine - to devote -

Guess the meaning: to add – addition to multiply – multiplication

to subtract – subtraction

VERB + -sion, -ment = NOUN

1) to move – movement to excite –excitement

to develop – development to agree – agreement to punish – punishment
2) to impress – impression to discuss – discussion
to depress – depression to divide - division

VERB + - ing = NOUN

read – reading feel – feeling end – ending greet – greeting meet – meeting

Read the sentences and translate:

1. The crossing is a place in a street where walkers should cross.

2. Her hearing is not very good.
3. The opening of a new school in our street was a holiday for the children and their
parents.
4. The show of children’s drawings at our school was exciting.

There are some other ways to form nouns from verbs. Study the list:

advise –advice applaud –applause arrive – arrival behave – behaviour

believe – belief bore –boredom choose – choice clean – cleanliness
compare – comparison complain – complaint laugh - laughter
practice – practice think – thought grow – growth decide – decision
defend – defence fly – flight know – knowledge
lose – loss please – pleasure repeat – repetition hate - hatred

ADJECTIVE + - ness = NOUN

kind – kindness ready – readiness bright – brightness lazy – laziness

happy – happiness idle – idleness

Make a noun : useful - industrious - busy - friendly –

selfish - forgetful -

Read the sentences and translate:

1. The boy’s laziness made him fall behind the rest of the pupils.
2. Mike’s readiness to help his classmates is pleasant.
3. The children’s kindness for their grandmother made her happy.
4. “Your idleness makes me unhappy, Paul,” Mother said.

NOUN + less = ADJECTIVE ! -less means “without”

heart – heartless cloud – cloudless home – homeless end – endless

care – careless fear – fearless hope – hopeless rest – restless
use – useless sense – senseless worth - worthless

Read and translate:

sleepless nights, colourless late autumn days, a helpless puppy, a cloudless sky,
a heartless man, careless work, endless rains, a noiseless machine

Form the adjectives with the suffix – less and use them.

1. The explorers looked very tired after a long………….. night. (sleep)

2. He was ill and could not sleep, the nights seemed ………… .(end)
3. Everything looks so grey on a ….. late autumn day. (colour)
4. The sky was …. and bright blue; spring was in the air. (cloud)
5. A ….. mathematics paper has many mistakes in it. (care)

NOUN + - ful = ADJECTIVE - ful means “full of”.

peace – peaceful colour – colourful help – helpful

power powerful use – useful care – careful
hope – hopeful

Read and translate:

a delightful story, a peaceful morning, helpful tools, healthful food, careful work, useful
exercises, a faithful friend, a colourful book, a restful place.

Form the adjectives with the suffix – ful and use them:

1. I liked the story very much. I thought it was…. . (delight)

2. The morning was beautiful, quiet and …. . (peace)
3. Milk is …. food. (health)
4. Be …. when you cross the street. (care)
Complete the sentences, using an adjective ending in –ful or in – less:

1. The man felt no fear when he went hunting. He was really a … hunter. (fear)
2. My friend talks all the time. His words are … . (end)
3. Many racing cars have … engines. (power)
4. This grass snake is not dangerous at all. It is quite … . (harm)
5. Children should be … to their parents. (thank)
6. He made a lot of mistakes in his composition due to … writing. (care)
7. Bright flowers make the room look … (cheer)
8. A … person can do nothing for himself. (help)
9. Only a very … craftsman could make such a beautiful thing. (skill)

From some adjectives which end in –ful or –less it is possible to form a noun ending in –
ness.
Read and translate:

Carefulness carelessness helpfulness helplessness hopefulness restlessness

The prefix dis- forms a word opposite in meaning.

like – dislike honest – dishonest – dishonesty pleased – displeased

obey – disobey appear – disappear – disappearance agree – disagree

Form the word with the prefix dis- and use it. Translate the sentences.

1. The boys were …. with their results in the competitions. (pleased)

2. We watched the airplane but soon it …. behind the clouds. (appear)
3. We can’t believe …. people. (honest)
4. It seems to me that you …. that boy. (like) Why do you?
5. Those children who …. their parents are naughty. (obey)

The opposites of words can be formed by prefixes: un-, in-, im-, ir-, il-.

1) un- armed – unarmed healthy - popular - true - willing –

certain - attractive - fair - comfortable –
happy - employed -
2) in- correct – incorrect direct - attentive - dependent –
humane - visible – capable -
3) im- possible –impossible perfect - polite - modest - movable –
proper – patient -
4) ir- relevant -irrelevant regular - resistible - responsible -
5) il- legal - illegal logical -
The prefix re- means “again”.

rewrite refill rebuild replace re-read

Read and translate:

to rebuild a house to rewrite an exercise to re-read a text

VERB + -ance (ence) = NOUN

perform – performance acquaint – acquaintance enter – entrance
clear – clearance appear – appearance allow - allowance
correspond – correspondence depend – dependence obey - obedience

Read and translate:

a wonderful circus performance, the entrance to the museum, a very old acquaintance, an
unusual appearance, a necessary preference.

Form the nouns with the suffix -ance and use them.

1. The …. to the theatre was crowded with people. (enter)

2. The …. of the two teams was greeted by the fans very warmly. (appear)
3. My…. with him has lasted long. (acquaint)
4. This lively musical….. will be held on Saturday. (perform)

Form nouns from these verbs:

perform divide invite

explore prove invent
act grow arrive
move hate complain

Form nouns and complete the sentences:

1. The room echoed with the … of children. (laugh)

2. The … soon became well-known all over the world. (discover)
3. The work of this hospital fills us with … . (admire)
4. The hot … lasted two hours. (argue)
5. The children’s … at the concert was excellent. (behave)
6. The … of the two teams was greeted by loud cheering. (appear)

Complete each phrase and translate:

a clear … (explain) a wonderful… (fly) stormy… (applaud)

an exact … (compare) a fair … (decide) an important… (discover)
terrible … (bore) wise … (think) necessary … (practise)
strange … (behave)

NOUN + -ous = ADJECTIVE

mystery – mysterious envy – envious nerve – nervous humor – humorous
fame – famous victory – victorious religion - religious

NOUN + -y = ADJECTIVE

Read the words and guess their meaning:

-ment: excite – excitement, amuse – amusement, move – movement, argue – argument;

-tion: act – action, decorate – decoration, inspect – inspection, devote – devotion;
-ous: danger – dangerous, adventure – adventurous, glory – glorious, joy – joyous.
- th: strong – strength, long – length, wide – width, warm – warmth, wealthy - wealth,
deep – depth, broad – breadth.

NOUN + ( c )al = ADJECTIVE

geography – geographical music – musical nation – national

tradition – traditional person – personal history – historical
conversation – conversational practice –practical

Read and translate:

its geographical position; his personal example; a musical performance; national dances; a
traditional greeting; conversational language; historical monuments.

Use one of the adjectives with the suffix –( c )al in these sentences:

1. Our geography teacher told us about the … position of Great Britain.

2. Independence Day is a very important….holiday in the United States.
3. Each country has its own … dances and songs, its own … instruments.
4. Lots of people like to spend their holidays visiting … places.

NOUN + ship = NOUN Look up in the dictionary:

membership authorship ownership companionship

fellowship partnership friendship seamanship
sportsmanship leadership relationship

Read and translate:

family relationship, valuable partnership, true friendship, the club’s membership, remarkable
companionship, unforgettable comradeship.

Read the words and guess their meaning:

-dom: free- freedom, bore- boredom, king- kingdom, wise- wisdom;

-er: explore- explore, lead- leader, settle- settler.
NOUN/VERB + ist = NOUN -ist means “one who follows a certain profession”

art – artist type – typist novel – novelist journal – journalist piano – pianist
science – scientist biology – biologist chemistry – chemist

NOUN + -ian = NOUN

mathematics – mathematician history – historian

politics – politician music – musician physic - physician

ADJECTIVE + -( i )ty = NOUN

popular – popularity able – ability cruel – cruelty noble – nobility

moral – morality possible – possibility safe – safety curious – curiosity
clear – clarity, simple – simplicity.

Make a noun: rare – rarity active - difficult - human -

Read and translate the sentences:

1. The popularity of figure – skating in our country is big.

2. We hope you’ll show greater ability in your work when you’ve had more practice.
3. When we read stories about the nobility of heroes who fight for the happiness of other
people, we always admire them.

NOUN + -ic = ADJECTIVE

patriot – patriotic history – historic hero – heroic artist – artistic

fantasy - fantastic

Read and translate:

a patriotic war, a heroic deed, a historic place, artistic skill.

Don’t mix! historic /historical: a historic event or place is important because it is

remembered or will be remembered as part of history: a historic building/ a historic meeting
between two great leaders;
historical – connected with the study of history: historical research, a historical novel,
historical events, facts, people etc happened or existed in the past.

The suffix – ward(s) forms adverbs.

forward(s) toward(s) backward(s) northward(s)

Read and translate the sentences:

 1. The hunter ran forward towards the tiger he had shot.
2. The sportsman stepped forward and shot his arrow right into the center of the target.
3. The man was driving his car northwards towards the new town.
4. Columbus sailed towards the west. He sailed westwards for many days.
5. The windows look towards the sea.

Study the meaning of the NOUNS with the suffixes –hood:

boy –boyhood child –childhood brother – brotherhood neighbour –neighbourhood

VERB + -able = ADJECTIVE

enjoy – enjoyable value – valuable understand – understandable eat – eatable

remark – remarkable drink – drinkable

Read and translate:

an enjoyable visit, drinkable water, understandable sounds, valuable forests,

valuable minerals, eatable food, a remarkable place, to be remarkable for.

Complete these phrases and translate:

a … sea (storm) … forests (value) a … sound (metal)

a … wonder (nature) … behaviour (child) a … place (mystery)
a … phrase (poet) a … deed (courage) a … armchair (comfort)
… streets (centre) a … class (friend) an … trip (adventure)

Complete the sentences:

1. The shop was situated in a … square. (centre)

2. Gold is a very … metal. (value)
3. The runner was a man of … build. (athlete)
4. We studied the … sky through a telescope. (star)
5. He feels quite … in this warm, light room. (comfort)
6. Mark Twain wrote many … stories. (humour)

VERB + -ive = ADJECTIVE

describe – descriptive imagine – imaginative protect – protective

create – creative invent – inventive construct – constructive
decide – decisive instruct – instructive

Read and translate:

descriptive passages, creative abilities, a co-operative character, an inventive mind,

imaginative writings, a communicative language, decisive steps, a protective covering, a
constructive idea, an instructive book.
 Read the words and guess their meaning:

-tion ( -sion ): inform – information, discuss – discussion, observe – observation;

-an: history – historian
-y: health – healthy, fur – furry
un-: fair – unfair, believe – unbelievable, lock – unlock
-ness: yellow – yellowness
-ence: differ – difference, defend – defence, depend – dependence, obey – obedience
-en: dark – darken, wide – widen, light –lighten, white –whiten
-ive: create – creative impress - impressive

ADJECTIVE (-ant,-ent) + -ance,-ence = NOUN

important –importance different – difference

Read and translate:

to be of great political significance; a short absence; a surprising patience; regular attendance

at lessons; differences between the regions.

NOUN/ADJECTIVE + -ize = VERB

central – centralize critic – criticize memory – memorize

sympathy – sympathize popular – popularize drama – dramatize
special – specialize character – characterize

Read and translate:

to criticize some works of art; to sympathize with a person’s feelings; to dramatize a popular
story; to characterize a situation; to memorize a dialogue; to popularize classical music.

ADJECTIVE + -en = VERB

black – blacken bright – brighten weak – weaken

dark – darken weak – weaken sharp –sharpen
wide – widen broad – broaden short – shorten

Read and translate:

to widen a path; to sharpen a knife; to shorten a text; to deepen a canal; to brighten shop
window; to broaden co-operation; to deepen one’s knowledge; to widen the international
trade.

NOUN/ADJECTIVE + -ify = VERB

beauty – beautify simple – simplify class – classify
false – falsify clear – clarify pure – purify
glory – glorify intense – intensify

Read and translate:

to simplify a question or a difficult explanation, to beautify a yard with flowers, to glorify

heroic deeds, to intensify efforts, to classify books by subjects, to falsify documents, to
classify a collection of minerals, to clarify thoughts, to purify the water of the rivers polluted
by factory waste.