DS en 1997-1 DK Na 2013 e PDF

DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
National Annex to
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design – Part 1: General rules
_______________________________________________________________________
Foreword
This national annex (NA) is a revision of DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2010-09 and replaces the latter on
2013-05-15. For a transition period until 2013-09-01, this National Annex as well as the previous
National Annex will be applicable.
Previous versions, addenda and an overview of all National Annexes can be found at
www.Eurocodes.dk
This NA specifies the conditions for the implementation in Denmark of DS/EN 1997-1 for building
according to the Danish Building Act or the Danish building legislation and for civil engineering
works subject to the Road Rules of the Road Directorate and the Railway Codes published by
Banedanmark. Other parties can put this NA into effect by referring thereto.
The national choices may be in the form of nationally applicable values, an option between methods
given in the Eurocode, or the addition of complementary guidance.
This National Annex includes:

 national choices and an overview of all clauses where national choices are allowed;
 descriptions of national choices;
 complementary (non-contradictory) information which may assist the user of the Eurocode.
Page 1 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
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COPYRIGHT © Danish Standards Foundation. Not for commercial use or reproduction. DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013 English
National choices and an overview of all clauses where national choices

are allowed
Clause Subject Choice
2.1(8)P Design requirements The national minimum requirements are

The manner in which these minimum given in Annexes D, K and L of this Na-
requirements are satisfied may be tional Annex.
given in the National Annex.
2.4.6.1(4)P Design values of actions Values of the partial factors are given in
The values of the partial factors may clauses A.2, A.3 and A.4 of this National
be set by the National Annex. Annex.
2.4.6.2(2)P Design values of geotechnical pa- Values of the partial factors are given in
rameters clauses A.2, A.3 and A.4 of this National
The values of the partial factors may Annex.
be set by the National Annex.
2.4.7.1(2)P Ultimate limit states - General Values of the partial factors are given in
The values of the partial factors may clauses A.2, A.3.1 and A.4 of this National
be set by the National Annex. Annex.
2.4.7.1(3) Ultimate limit states - General Values of the partial factors are given in
The values of the partial factors may clause A.6 of this National Annex.
clauses A.2, A.3.1 and A.4 of this National
The values of the partial factors may
Annex.
clause A.3.1 of this National Annex.
The values of the partial factors may clause A.3.1 of this National Annex.
Page 2 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

2.4.7.2(2)P Verification of static equilibrium Values of the partial factors are given in
(EQU) clause A.2 of this National Annex.
2.4.7.3.2(3)P Design effects of actions Values of the partial factors are given in
2.4.7.3.3(2)P Design resistances Values of the partial factors are given in

2.4.7.3.4.1(P) Design approaches - General NOTE 1 – The way to use equations (2.6)
NOTE 1 - The way to use equations and (2.7) refers in DK to design approach
(2.6) and (2.7) and the particular de- 3.
sign approach to be used may be giv-
en in the National Annex.
2.4.7.4(2) Verification procedure and partial Resistance to uplift by friction or anchor

factors for uplift forces is not to be treated as a stabilising
permanent vertical action (Gstb;d).
(2) Additional resistance to uplift
may also be treated as a stabilising
permanent vertical action (GStb;d)
The paragraph corresponds to the
content of 10.2(2)P as changed by
corrigendum DS/EN 1997-
1/AC:2010 and should be as follows:
(2) If allowed by the National Annex,
resistance to uplift by friction or an-
chor forces may also be treated as a
stabilising permanent vertical action
(Gstb;d).
2.4.7.4(3)P Verification procedure and partial Values of the partial factors are given in
factors for uplift clause A.4 of this National Annex.
2.4.7.5(2)P Verification of resistance to failure Values of the partial factors are given in
by heave due to seepage of water in clause A.5 of this National Annex.
the ground (HYD)
Page 3 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

2.4.8(2) Serviceability limit states Values of the partial factors are given in
The values of the partial factors may clause A.6 of this National Annex.
2.4.9(1)P Limiting values for movements of Permitted foundation movements are given
foundations in Annex H and the National Appendix to
The permitted foundation movements Annex H.
may be set by the National Annex.
2.5(1) Design by prescriptive measures Conventional and generally conservative

Reference to such conventional and rules are given in Annexes D, K and L of
generally conservative rules may be this National Annex.
set by the National Annex.
7.6.2.2(8)P Ultimate compressive resistance Values of the partial factors are given in
from static load tests clause A.3.2 of this National Annex.
The values of the correlation factors
from static load tests clause A.3.1 of this National Annex.
from ground test results clause A.3.1 of this National Annex.
from ground test results clause A.3.2 of this National Annex.
7.6.2.3(8) Ultimate compressive resistance The specifications are not applicable in

from ground test results DK.
If this alternative procedure is ap-
plied, the values of the partial factors
 b and s recommended in Annex A
may need to be corrected by a model
factor larger than 1,0. The value of
the model factor may be set by the
National Annex.
Page 4 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

from dynamic impact tests clauses A.3.1 and A.3.2 of this National
The values of the partial factors and Annex.
correlation factors may be set by the
National Annex.
7.6.3.2(2)P Ultimate tensile resistance from Values of the partial factors are given in
pile load tests clause A.3.1 of this National Annex.
pile load tests clause A.3.2 of this National Annex.
ground test results clause A.3.1 of this National Annex.
ground test results clause A.3.2 of this National Annex.
7.6.3.3(6) Ultimate tensile resistance from The model factor applied in DK is taken as
ground test results 1,0 where design is based on the analytical
If this alternative procedure is ap- method for determining bearing resistance
plied, the values of the partial factor specified in Annex L of this National An-
s,t recommended in Annex A may nex.
need to be corrected by a model fac-
tor larger than 1,0. The value of the
model factor may be set by the Na-
tional Annex.
8.5.2(2)P Design values of pull-out resistance Values of the partial factors are given in
determined from the results of clause A.3.1 of this National Annex.
tests
The value of the partial factor may be
set by the National Annex.
Page 5 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

8.5.2(3) Design values of pull-out resistance NOTE - 8.5.2(3) applies to all types of
determined from the results of anchorage. The value of the correlation
tests factor a is given in clause A.3.3 of this
NOTE - 8.5.2(3) refers to those types National Annex.
of anchorage that are not individually
checked by acceptance tests. If a cor-
relation factor a is used, it is to be
based on experience or be set by the
National Annex.
8.6(4) Serviceability limit state design No value of a model factor is given in DK.
The value of the model factor may be Reference is made to clause A.6 of this
set by the National Annex. National Annex.
10.2(2)P Failure by uplift Resistance to uplift by friction or anchor

forces shall not to be treated as a stabilis-
The third sentence:
ing permanent vertical action (Gstb;d).
“Resistance to uplift by friction or
anchor forces may also be treated as
a stabilising permanent vertical ac-
tion (Gstb;d)"
is replaced by
If allowed by the National Annex,
(Gstb;d).
The correction appears from corri-
gendum DS/EN 1997-1/AC:2010,
but is incorrectly stated for 10.2(3)
Page 6 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

10.2(3) Failure by uplift The modification (entered by CEN) refers

incorrectly to clause 10.2.3(3) but should
Modification 23 in corrigendum
refer to clause 10.2(2).
DS/EN 1997-1/AC:2010 refers to
clause 10.2 as follows (quote) The original text:
Part (3): ”(3) In simple cases, the check of equation
(2.8) in terms of forces may be replaced by
Replace the entire 1st paragraph
a check in terms of total stresses and pore-
with the following:
water pressures.”
“If allowed by the National Annex,
is maintained.
(Gstb;d).
NOTE - The values of the partial
factors may be set by the National
Annex.”
11.5.1(1)P Stability analysis for slopes Values of the partial factors are given in
A.2 Partial factors for equilibrium lim- Partial factors and consequence factors are
it state (EQU) verification given in clause A.2 of this National An-
nex.
A.3.1 Partial factors on actions (F) or Partial factors and consequence factors are
the effects of actions (E) given in clause A.3.1 of this National An-
nex.
A.3.2 Partial factors for soil parameters Partial factors are given in clause A.3.1 of
(M) this National Annex.
A.3.3.1 Partial resistance factors for Partial resistance factors ( R) for spread
spread foundations foundations are not used in DK, cf. clause
A.3.1 of this National Annex.1
A.3.3.2 Partial resistance factors for pile Partial resistance factors for pile founda-
foundations tions are given in clause A.3.1 of this Na-
tional Annex.
A.3.3.3 Correlation factors for pile founda- Correlation factors for pile foundations are
tions given in clause A.3.2 of this National An-
nex.
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A.3.3.4 Partial resistance factors for pre- Partial resistance factors for anchorages
stressed anchorages applicable to pre-stressed as well as non
Partial resistance factors for pre- pre-stressed anchorages are given in clause
stressed and non pre-stressed anchor- A.3.1 of this National Annex. Correlation
ages. factors to derive characteristic values on
the basis of static load tests and soil pa-
rameters, respectively, determined from
geotechnical investigations are given in
clause A.3.3.
A.3.3.5 Partial resistance factors ( R) for Partial resistance factors ( R) for retaining
retaining structures structures are not used in DK, cf. clause
A.3.1 of this National Annex.
A.3.3.6 Partial resistance factors ( R) for Partial resistance factors ( R) for slopes
slopes and overall stability and overall stability are not used in DK, cf.
clause A.3.1 of this National Annex.
A.4 Partial factors for uplift limit state Partial factors and consequence factors for
(UPL) verifications uplift limit state (UPL) verification are
given in clause A.4 of this National An-
nex.
A.5 Partial factors for hydraulic heave Partial factors for hydraulic heave limit
limit state (HYD) verification state (HYD) verification in DK are those
applied for uplift limit state (UPL) verifi-
cation, cf. clause A.5 of this National An-
nex.
Page 8 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

Complementary (non-contradictory) information
2.4.7.3.4.4 Design approach 3 NOTE 2 applies in DK also for the deter-

mination of earth pressure.

from static load tests DK.

from ground test results DK.
A.6 Partial factors, correlation factors and Partial factors, correlation factors and
model factors for serviceability and model factors for serviceability and acci-
accidental limit states verification. dental limit states verification are given in
clause A.6 of this National Annex.
Annex Subject Choice
D Spread foundations Analytical meth- Bearing resistance equations in combina-

od for bearing resistance calculation tion with the partial factors for spread
foundations securing the safety required in
Denmark, are given in Annex D of this
National Annex..
Limiting values of structural defor-
H Complementary information regarding
mation and foundation movement conventional building structures is given in
the Appendix to Annex H.
K Special conditions for geotechnical Particular Danish conditions for geotech-

investigations and parameters nical investigations are given in Annex K
of this National Annex.
L Pile foundations. Analytical method An analytical method for determining the

for bearing resistance calculation. bearing resistance of piles is given in An-
nex L of this National Annex.
Page 9 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

National choices
Annex A - normative
Partial and correlation factors for ultimate limit states and serviceability limit
states
A.1 Partial factors and correlation factors

(1)P The partial factors ( ) for ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states in persistent and
transient design situations and the correlation factors ( ) for pile foundations and anchorages in all
design situations, are given in this Annex.
(2)P The partial factors for soil parameters ( M) and resistance ( R) as well as the correlation factors
() for pile foundations and anchorages are stated for design situations, where the safety evaluation
shall be performed using the lower design values. Where the safety evaluation is to be performed
using the upper design values, reciprocal values of the partial factors and correlation factors given
shall be applied.
NOTE – The partial factors apply to soil parameters determined taking account of the considerations specified in
DS/EN 1997-1, clause 3.3.6(1)P.
A.2 Partial factors for equilibrium limit state (EQU) verification

(1)P The partial factors () and consequences factors (KFI) are given in Table A.2-1.
(2)P For equilibrium limit state (EQU) verification, the partial factors on actions (F) and for soil
parameters (M) stated in Table A.2-1 shall be used.
The consequence factor KFI depends on the consequences class:
High consequences class CC3: KFI = 1,1

Medium consequences class CC2: KFI = 1,0
The low consequences class CC1 is not applied for geotechnical structures.
For the factor for the combination value of a variable action, ψ0, see DS/EN 1990.
Page 10 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

Table A.2 - Partial factors for EQU design

Partial factors on actions γF
Unfavoura-
G;dst 1,1·KFI
Self-weight, ble
in general 1)
Favourable G;stb 0,9
Permanent action
Self-weight Unfavoura-
of soil and G;dst 1,1·KFI
ble
(ground)
water, ge-
otechnical
structures 2)
Variable action
Unfavoura-
Leading Q,1 1,5·KFI
Buildings
ble
Accompany- Unfavoura-
Q,i 1,5·ψ0·KFI
ing ble
Variable action
Unfavou-
Leading Q,1 1,4·KFI5)
Bridges3)
rable
Accom- Unfavou-
Q,i 1,5·ψ0·KFI
panying rable
Partial factors for soil parameters γM
Angle of shearing resistance

7) ’ γφ 1,2
Effective cohesion γc’ 1,2
Undrained shear strength γcu 1,8
Unconfined strength γq 1,8
Weight density γγ 1,0
1) For structural actions, which include all types of permanent actions: cf. clause 2.1 in DS/EN 1991-1-1
2) Geotechnical actions, which comprise the self-weight of soil and (ground) water interacting with the geotechnical structure: cf. clause 1.5.2.1 in
DS/EN 1997-1 and clause A.3.1(2)P, NOTE, in DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
3) For variable actions on railway and road dams, quays i.a., the same partial factors are to applied as for bridges
5) For heavy carriages on rails (SW/2): 1,2 ∙KFI and 1,2, respectively
7) The partial factor is valid for tan φ
Page 11 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

A.3 Partial factors for structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit states
verification
A.3.1 Partial factors on actions (F) or the effects of actions (E), for soil parameters (M)
and for resistance (R)
(1)P Partial factors () and consequence factors (KFI) are given in Table A.3-1 for spread
foundations, earth pressures and stability, and in Table A.3-2 for piles and anchors.
(2)P For structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit states verification, design approach 3 shall
be used with:
Combination: (A1* or A2†) "+" M2 "+" R3
and the partial factors on actions (F), for soil parameters ( M) and for resistance ( R) according to
Tables A.3-1 and A.3-2, as well as a factor (γ0) to the partial factor for strength parameters and re-
sistances of structural materials, cf. DS/EN 1992 – DS/EN 1996 and DS/EN 1999.
The consequence factor, KFI, depends on the consequences class:

The low consequences class, CC1, is not applied for geotechnical structures.
NOTE – Partial factors as stated for “Self-weight, in general” are to be assigned to structural actions referred to ge-
otechnical actions.
(3) The load combinations 1-5 in Tables A.3-1 and A.3-2 refer to all types of geotechnical struc-
tures where the load constitutes combinations of structural actions, earth pressures and/or water
pressures. The verifications refer to the equations:
 (2.6a) with the design value of the effect of actions Ed = E{γF Frep; Xk/γM; ad}
 (2.7a)with the design value of the resistance to an action Rd = R{F Frep; Xk/M; ad}
 (2.7b) with the design value of the resistance to an action Rd = R{F Frep; Xk; ad}/R.
NOTE 1 In all 5 load combinations the partial factors for the strength parameters and for the bearing capacity of the
structural materials related to DS/EN 1992 – DS/EN 1996 and DS/EN 1999, are to be factorised by 0. For the ground
parameters and ground resistances related to DS/EN 1997-1, 0 is incorporated in the partial factors M and R.
NOTE 2 For structures not being exposed to geotechnical actions, the verification may be carried out solely by load
combinations 1 and 2.
NOTE 3 For structures solely exposed to geotechnical actions, the verification may exclude load combinations 1 and 2.
NOTE 4 Load combination 5 is to be used for verification of STR for structural materials in geotechnical structures. In
this verification the partial factors for the structural materials as stated in the respective structural Eurocodes are to be
factorised by 0. The partial factors for ground parameters and ground resistances is to be 1,0 in load combination 5.
Page 12 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

This load combination will typically be critical for geotechnical structures, where water pressures constitute the essen-
tial part of the actions.
(4)P The partial factors for spread foundations ensure that the required Danish safety is attained
when the equations for resistance given in Annex D are applied.
(5)P Partial factors for piles and anchors shall be used in combination with the correlation factors
specified in clauses A.3.2 and A.3.3.
(6)P For Geotechnical Category 1, the partial factors given for soil parameters and resistances given
shall be multiplied by a model factor  s = 1,25.
(7)P For excavation supports, temporary excavations and other geotechnical structures under con-
struction, partial factors shall be used with values taken as ( M ) α and ( R ) α, where α is a number for
which the following applies: 0 ≤ α ≤ 1. Where failure involves the risk of personal injury or damage
to third party buildings and/or areas with heavy road and rail traffic, or will have considerable social
consequences, partial factors corresponding to α = 1 shall be used.
NOTE - Where failure of retaining structures, temporary excavations and other geotechnical structures during construc-
tion do not have serious consequences, partial factors corresponding to α = 0,5 or, circumstances permitting, corre-
sponding to α values closer to α = 0 (partial factor 1,0) may be used.
Page 13 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

Table A.3-1 Partial factors for STR/GEO design: Spread foundations, earth pressure and stability
Design approach 3
Limit state STR/GEO STR
Load combination 1 2 3 4 5
Partial factors on actions

F A1* or A2†
see equation (2.6a) 8)
Unfa-
vourable
G;sup 1,2·KFI 4) 1,0·KFI 1,2 4) 1,0 1,0
Self-weight,
general 1)
Favoura-
ble
G;inf 1,0 0,9 1,0 0,9 1,0
Permanent action 6)
Unfa-
Self-weight of soil vourable
G;sup 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
and (ground)
water, geotech-
nical structures 2) Favoura-
ble
G;inf 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
tion, Buildings
Unfa-
Q,1
Variable ac-
Leading 0 1,5·KFI 0 1,5 0

Bygninger
vourable
Unfa-
Accompanying
vourable
Q,i 0 1,5·ψ0·KFI 0 1,5·ψ0 0
Unfa-
Q,1 1,4·KFI5) 1,4 5)
Variable ac-
Leading 0 0 0
Bridges3)
vourable
tion,
Unfa-
Accompanying
vourable
Q,i 0 1,5·ψ0·KFI 0 1,5·ψ0 0
Partial factors for soil parameters

M9) M2
see equation (2.7a)
Angle of shearing resistance 7) φ 1,2 1,2 KFI 1,0
Effective cohesion c’ 1,2 1,2 KFI 1,0
Undrained shear strength cu 1,8 1,8 KFI 1,0
Unconfined strength q 1,8 1,8 KFI 1,0
Weight density γ 1,0 1,0 1,0
Partial factors for ground resistances

R9) R3
See equation (2.7b)
Spread foundations b - - -
Earth pressure and stability R;e - - -
Factor to partial factor to strength parame-

ters and bearing capacity for structural
0 1,0 1,0 KFI KFI 1,2·KFI 4)
materials, cf. DS/EN 1992 – DS/EN 1996 og
DS/EN 1999
1) Structural actions, which include all types of permanent actions: cf. clause 2.1 in DS/EN 1991-1-1
4) For bridges: 1,25∙KFI and 1,25, respectively
Page 14 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

6) The characteristic values to all permanent actions from one single source are to be multiplied byG;sup if the total resulting action effect is unfa-
vourable and byG;inf if the total resulting action effect is favourable. As an example all actions originating from the self-weight of the structure
may be considered as coming from one source.
7) The partial factor is valid for tan φ.
8) Reference is also made to DS/EN 1990, equations (6.10a) and (6.10b).
9) For ground parameters and ground resistances, 0 is incorporated in the partial factors M and R.
Page 15 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

Table A.3-2 Partial factors for STR/GEO design: Piles and anchors
Design approach 3
Limit state STR/GEO STR
Load combination 1 2 3 4 5
Partial factors on actions

F A1* or A2†
see equation (2.6a) 8)
Unfa-
vourable
G;sup 1,2·KFI 4) 1,0·KFI 1,2 4) 1,0 1,0
Self-weight,
general 1)
Favoura-
ble
G;inf 1,0 0,9 1,0 0,9 1,0
Permanent action 6)
Self-weight of Unfa-
vourable
G;sup 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
soil and
(ground) water,
geotechnical Favoura-
structures 2) ble
G;inf 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0
Unfa-
Q,1
Variable ac-
Leading 0 1,5·KFI 0 1,5 0

Buildings
vourable
tion,
Unfa-
Accompanying
vourable
Q,i 0 1,5·ψ0·KFI 0 1,5·ψ0 0
tion, Bridges 3)
Unfa-
Q,1 1,4·KFI5) 1,4 5)
Variable ac-
Leading 0 0 0
vourable
Unfa-
Accompanying
vourable
Q,i 0 1,5·ψ0·KFI 0 1,5·ψ0 0
Partial factors for soil parameters

M9) M2
see equation (2.7a)
Angle of shearing resistance 7) φ - - -

Effective cohesion c’ - - -
Undrained shear strength cu - - -
Unconfined strength q - - -
Weight density γ 1,0 1,0 1,0
Partial factors for resistance

R9) R3
see equation (2.7b)
Base resistance of compression piles b 1,3 1,3 KFI 1,0
Shaft resistance of compression piles s 1,3 1,3 KFI 1,0

Total/combined resistance of compression
piles
t 1,3 1,3 KFI 1,0
Face of compression piles s;t 1,3 1,3 KFI 1,0
Anchorage resistance a 1,3 1,3 KFI 1,0
Factor to partial factor to strength parame-

ters and bearing capacity for structural
0 1,0 1,0 KFI KFI 1,2·KFI 4)
materials, cf. DS/EN 1992 – DS/EN 1996
and DS/EN 1999
1) - 9) See Table A.3-1.
Page 16 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

A.3.2 Correlation factors for pile foundations
A.3.2.1 Correlation factors to derive characteristic values from static pile load tests
(1)P When determining the characteristic ultimate resistance, Rc;k, from values of Rc;m, measured in
one or several pile load tests, allowance shall be made for the variability of the ground conditions
and the effect of pile installation. The characteristic ultimate resistance is determined as:
Rc;m
Rc;k 

where
= 1,1 for the actual test loaded piles
 = 1,25 for other piles where the pile load tests are representative.
A.3.2.2 Correlation factors  to derive characteristic values from soil parameters determined
by geotechnical investigations
(3) The characteristic ultimate resistance:

Rc ;ber
Rc ;k 

shall be derived from design rules based on verified correlations between the results of static load
tests and the results of field or laboratory tests. These design rules shall be such that the ultimate
resistance when applying the characteristic value Rc;k does not exceed the measured ultimate re-
sistance divided by
 = 1,5
(4)P The design rules shall be based on recognised documentation. An analytical method for deter-
mining the bearing resistance is given in Annex L of this National Annex.
(5)P The bearing resistance for bored piles shall be determined according to the specifications given
in Annex L of this National Annex.
NOTE The resistance of CFA piles is to be determined as for bored piles.
A.3.2.3 Correlation factors  to derive characteristic values from driving resistance
(1)P The characteristic ultimate resistance:
Rc;m
Rc;k 

shall be derived from design rules based on verified correlations between the results of static load
tests. These design rules shall be such that the average ultimate resistance when applying the char-
acteristic value Rc;k does not exceed the measured ultimate resistance divided by
Page 17 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

 = 1,5 where the resistance is based on a pile driving formula

 = 1,25 where wave equation analysis has been used to assess the resistance of the pile con-
sidered
 = 1,4 for the piles where the wave equation analysis is representative.
(2) For end-bearing piles driven into non-cohesive, the characteristic ultimate resistance may be
determined using the "Danish Pile Driving Formula", see Annex L of this National Annex and the 
values given.
A.3.3 Correlation factors for resistance of pre-stressed and non pre-stressed anchorages
(1)P When deriving the characteristic anchorage resistance (ultimate resistance), Ra;k, from values
of Ra;m, measured in one or several load tests, allowance shall be made for the variability of the
ground conditions and the effect of the construction method. The characteristic ultimate resistance
shall be determined as:
R
Ra;k  a;m
a
where
a = 1,1 for the actual test loaded anchors and
a = 1,25 for other anchors where the load tests are representative.
(2)P When deriving the characteristic anchorage resistance (ultimate resistance), Ra;k, from values
of Ra;ber determined using design rules, these rules shall be based on verified correlations between
the results of static load tests and the results of field or laboratory tests. The characteristic ultimate
resistance shall be determined as:
Ra;ber
Ra;k 
a
The design rules shall be such that the ultimate resistance using the characteristic value, Ra;k, does
not exceed the measured ultimate resistance divided by
a =1,75.
(3) Where documented experience is available, the resistance may be determined on the basis of
design rules in accordance with the principles specified in Annex L of this National Annex.
(4)P Special consideration shall be given to the risk of progressive debonding.
Page 18 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

A.4 Partial factors for uplift limit state (UPL) verifications

(1)P The partial factors () and consequence factors (KFI) are given in Tables A.4-1 and A.4-2.
(2)P For uplift limit state (UPL) verification, the partial factors on actions ( F ), soil parameters ( M )
and for resistance ( R ) stated in Tables A.4-1 and A.4-2 shall be used.
The consequence factor KFI depends on the consequences class:

The low consequences class, CC1, is not applied for geotechnical structures.
Table A.4-1 Partial factors for UPL verification

Partial factors on actions F
Unfa-
G;dst 1,1·KFI
vourable
Self-weight, general
1)
Favoura-
G;stb 0.9
ble
Permanent action
Unfa-
Self-weight of soil G;dst 1,1·KFI
vourable
and (ground) water,
geotechnical struc-
tures 2) Favoura-
G;stb 0,9
ble
Unfa-
Q,1
Variable ac-
Leading 1,5·KFI
Buildings
vourable
tion,
Unfa-
Accompanying Q,i 1,5·ψ0·KFI
vourable
Unfa-
Q,1 1,4·KFI5)
Variable ac-
Leading
vourable
Bridges)
tion,
Unfa-
vourable
Partial factors for soil parameters M

7) ’ φ 1,2
Effective cohesion c’ 1,2
Undrained shear strength cu 1,8
Partial factors for resistance R
Shaft resistance, piles in tension s;t 1,3

Pull-out resistance for
anchors
a 1,3
Page 19 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

Page 20 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

Table A.4-2 Partial factors for UPL verification

- valid solely for structures where water pressures have been fixed to the limits by overflow arrangements;
- no stabilising adhesive and frictional actions on the vertical sectional surfaces may be taken into account.
Partial factors on actions F
Unfavoura-
G;dst 1,0·KFI
Self-weight, general ble
1)

Permanent action
©(Unfa-
Self-weight of soil G;dst 1,05·KFI
and (ground) water, vourable
geotechnical struc-
tures 2) Favourable G;stb 1,0
Unfavoura-
Q,1
Variable ac-
Leading 1,5·KFI
Buildings
ble
tion,
Unfavoura-
ble
Unfavoura-
Q,1 1,4·KFI5)
Variable ac-
Leading
Bridges 3)
ble
tion,
Unfavoura-
ble
Partial factors for soil parameters M

7) ’ φ 1,2
Effective cohesion c’ 1,2
Undrained shear strength cu 1,8
Partial factors for resistance R
Shaft resistance, piles in tension s;t 1,3

Pull out resistance for an-
chors
a 1,3
(3)P For pure uplift problems (e.g. for dry docks, basins and basements), the verification shall be
based on either the values stated in Table A.4-1 with partial factor γG,stb = 0.9 on the permanent ac-
tions and partial factor γG,dst = 1.1 KFI on the buoyancy or the values stated in Table A.4-2 with par-
tial factor γG,stb = 1.0 on the permanent actions and partial factor γG,dst = 1.05·KFI on the buoyancy,
disregarding shear forces on the vertical sectional surfaces. The most adverse, realistic water level
as well as carefully assessed permanent actions are to be considered.
(4) Pure uplift problems refer to verifications, unequivocally related to the uplift limit state (UPL).
The contrast to this is the uplift related to stability analyses and design of spread foundations, where
the uplift is an integrated part of the structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit states analysis.
Page 21 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

(5)P The two sets of partial factors in 3(P) may be used at the designers’ discretion for verifying the
UPL limit state provided that the underlying assumptions of the two methods are obeyed. The par-
tial factors in Table A.4-1 represent the basic case, where stabilising shear forces can be included.
The partial factors given in Table A.4-2 can be applied solely for structures, where the water pressu-
res have been fixed to well-defined limits by overflow arrangements, and where stabilising shear
forces on the vertical sectional surfaces are ignored.
NOTE Overflow arrangements may be a combination of overflow via the top edge or openings in walls and/or via
goosenecks through the floor structure. Requisite capacity with respect to quantity and distribution throughout the struc-
ture is to be ensured by the arrangement of drains. Overflow of water constitutes a stabilising element, and water is not
to be pumped away, until the water pressures have been stabilised at an acceptable level.
(6) For geotechnical structures where the weight of parts of the structure and water are the leading
forces, the use of structural means to provide well-based assumptions with a relatively low degree
of associated design safety may often be preferred instead of verifying greater design safety with
less established assumptions. For example, to secure a structure against erosion and uplift, it will
usually not be sufficient solely to apply a partial factor for the water pressure. It will be necessary to
protect the structure by structural measures.
(7)P To the extent that the verification of uplift is based upon tensile elements, the block effect shall
be verified by using the same partial factors as applied for the individual tensile element.
(8)P The configuration of a group of tensile structural elements shall ensure that the individual ten-
sile element as well as the group is counteracted by the effective weight of a ground volume, at least
corresponding to ξ γ Rd and ξ γ ΣRd, respectively. ξ is the correlation factor, γ is the partial factor,
and Rd and ΣRd are the requisite design resistances of the individual tensile element and the group
of elements, respectively.
NOTE Shear forces may be taken into account for the active part of the anchorages (the tensile elements), even though
shear forces along vertical sectional surfaces are not to be included when using Table A.4-2.
(9)P If a tensile element has been incorporated for obtaining static equilibrium, this element shall be
designed to compensate the out of balance static equilibrium.
(10)P The level in the ground, above which the stabilising ground volume is defined, is the level at
which compatibility between deformations and forces are achieved for the tensile element.
NOTE In engineering practice, the stabilising ground volume is often calculated as a truncated cone, inclined 1:2 (hori-
zontal/vertical). For conventional bond type ground anchors this truncated cone has the starting level halfway down the
anchor bond length, as no forces are transmitted along the free length of the tendon. For compression type ground an-
chors the nadir top point may refer to the very anchor toe.For piles, the stabilising soil volume will depend on the distri-
bution of the shear resistance along the pile shaft.
A.5 Partial factors for hydraulic heave limit state (HYD) verification
(1)P Partial factors for hydraulic heave limit state (HYD) verification in DK are those applied for
uplift limit state (UPL) verification.
NOTE Piping and erosion require special considerations.
Page 22 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

A.6 Partial factors, correlation factors and model factors for serviceability
and accidental limit states verification
(1)P For serviceability limit states and accidental situations, partial factors M=1,0 for the strength
and deformation parameters of ground and structural materials shall be used. For piles and anchors,
partial factors R = 1,0 and correlation factors =1,0 are applied. Design values of actions are
determined according to DS/EN 1990 (Table A.1.3).
(2) Model factors for actions in serviceability limit states should be determined on the basis of an
interaction analysis using varying stiffness for the ground, the anchors and the structure. The value
of the model factor is determined such that the safety of the anchor resistance always corresponds to
the safety at the ultimate limit state.
(3) The factors for the combination values of variable actions, ψ0, ψ1 and ψ2, in DS/EN 1990
should be applied taking into account the duration of the action and the ground properties.
Page 23 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

Annex D - informative
Spread foundations - Analytical method for bearing resistance calculation
D.1 General
(1) The design vertical bearing resistance, Rd, of a foundation should be examined both for undrained
and drained conditions.
(2) Allowance should be made for the effects of the following:

• the strength of the ground, generally represented by the design values of cu, c' and φ';
• eccentricity and inclination of design loads;
• the shape, depth and inclination of the foundation;
• the slope of the ground surface;
• ground water pressures and hydraulic gradients;
• the variability of the ground, especially layering.
(3) It is not possible to provide a general definition of deposits able to resist loads. Examples of
deposits that may not be considered to be resisting without special measures include gyttja, peat,
post-glacial clay, topsoil, uncontrolled fill, and re-excavated or frozen soil.
(4) Frost-safe depth for foundations may in DK normally be taken as 0,9 m for conventional
buildings and 1,2 m for detached structures. The depth may be reduced by heating or insulation.
(5) For foundations on clay with IP >15 %, desiccation and water absorption may cause
considerable vertical and horizontal movements which may be met by using a fortified foundation
(extra foundation depth, reinforcement) and by specifying restrictions on vegetation close to the
foundation.
D.2 Analytical method

D.2.1 General information regarding the analytical method
(1) The following symbols are used in Annex D.
A' = B'  L‘ the design effective foundation area

b the design values of the factors for the inclination of the foundation, with subscripts c, q and 
B the foundation width
B' the effective foundation width
e the eccentricity of the resultant action, with subscripts B and L
H the horizontal load
i the inclination factors of the load, with subscripts cohesion c, surcharge q and weight density 
L the foundation length
L' the effective foundation length
m exponent in formulas for the inclination factor i
N the bearing capacity factors, with subscripts for c, q and 
q overburden or surcharge pressure at the level of the foundation base
q' the design effective overburden pressure at the level of the foundation base
Page 24 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

s the shape factors of the foundation base, with subscripts for c, q and 
V the vertical load
 the inclination of the foundation base to the horizontal
δ structure-ground interface friction angle
' the design effective weight density of the soil below the foundation level
(2) The equations given in clauses D.2.2 and D.2.3 for the design vertical bearing resistance may be
used with the following clarification: for design purposes, the strength of the ground, generally rep-
resented by the design values of cu, c’ and ’, is assumed to be constant for the ground volume gov-
erning the limit state considered.
D.2.2 Undrained conditions
(1) The design resistance is calculated from:
Rd / A'    2 cu;d bc sc ic  q (D.1)
with the dimensionless factors for:
• the inclination of the foundation base:

2
bc  1 
 2
• the shape of foundation:

sc  1  0,2 B' / L'
• the inclination of the load, caused by a horizontal load H:

1 H 
ic  1  1 
2  A' cu ;d 
where H  A' cu ;d
Page 25 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

D.2.3 Drained conditions
(1) The design resistance is calculated from:
Rd / A'  c' d N c bc sc ic  q' N q bq s q iq  0,5  ' B' N  b s i (D.2)
with the design values of dimensionless factors for:
• the bearing resistance:

N q  e tan d tan 2 (45   'd / 2)
Nc  N q  1cot  'd
N  1 / 4 N q  1cos  'd  provided that    d ' / 2 (rough base)
3/ 2
• the inclination of the foundation base:

bc  bq  1  bq / Nc tan d '
bq  b  1   tan d '
2
• the shape of foundation:

sq  sc  1  0,2 B' / L'
s  1  0,4 B' / L'
• the inclination of the load, caused by a horizontal load H:

i  iq2
2
 Hd 
iq  ic  1  
 Vd  A' c'd cot  'd 
Page 26 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

Appendix to Annex H - informative

As a supplement to the provisions given in Annex H, it may be specified as guidance for conventio-
nal building structures that settlements for floors on the ground should not exceed the settlements of
the adjoining walls by more than 5 mm.
Page 27 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

Annex K - informative
Special conditions for geotechnical investigations and parameters
K.1 General
(1) Deposits lying below stiff, late-glacial deposits, or older strata are generally characterised by good
strength and deformation properties. Important exceptions are:
 late-glacial Allerød deposits;
 inter-glacial marine and marsh deposits;
 fissured clay, where the exception relates to normal structural actions;
 clays characterised by IP >15 %, where the exception relates to seasonal variations of water con-
tent (vegetation);
 calcareous deposits crushed by ice or disintegrated (dissolved) by percolation of surface water
("sinkholes").
(2) A geological evaluation is to be made of soil samples or of soil strata on site in order to ensure that
the investigation covers all significant soil strata, including in particular:
 highly compressible deposits consisting of gyttja, peat, post-glacial clay, topsoil, uncontrolled
fill and remoulded soil;
 swelling clays;
 deposits susceptible to sliding.
The investigation is normally to be performed down to stiff late-glacial deposits or older strata. If this
is not possible, the investigation is to be carried out to a depth beyond which the strata have no sub-
stantial influence on the resistance of the structure to failure, or on its movements and deformations.
K.2 Design investigations

(1) Design investigations comprise various types of geophysical surveys, mechanical explorations,
test drillings or test pits with sampling, vane tests and registration of water tables, measurement of
pore water pressures, pumping tests and laboratory analyses. The laboratory analyses comprise geolo-
gical evaluation and soil description, classification tests and more specialised tests to determine
strength, deformation properties, permeability and geochemical properties, etc. It is practical to divide
design investigations into three phases:
 Site investigations, which will typically include a few separate investigation points (boreholes,
CPT etc.) to give a rough estimate of the foundation conditions of a given site. At the same time
it could be investigated whether the site is contaminated. The object of such investigation will
e.g. be to point out the most appropriate areas for placing of the building.
 Parameter investigations, which will typically be investigations to determine which kind of
foundation will be appropriate for a given project. Such investigations will normally be perfor-
med to such an extent that they can form the basis for a foundation project. In case of contami-
nation, tests from the drillings will often be analysed to estimate the environmental conditions.
 Optimisation investigations, which are usually performed to obtain an economic optimisation
of a foundation project. In this connection it might be advantageous to assign the project to
Geotechnical Category 3.
Page 28 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

(2) For the extent of design investigations, reference is made to DS/EN 1997-2.
K.3 Geotechnical categories

(1) Structures of Geotechnical Category 1 are not to involve the risk of damaging neighbouring struc-
tures, sewage and supply pipes, public traffic areas, etc.
(2) Structures with spread foundations, fillings and floors supported directly on the soil should only be
assigned to Geotechnical Category 1 when the foundation bed consists of stiff, late-glacial deposits or
older deposits, which are not included in the exceptions specified in clause K.1.
(3) The following are examples of structures or parts of structures which can be assigned to Geotech-
nical Category 1:
 light buildings with a maximum design foundation action of 250 kN for spread footings and 100
kN per m for continuous footing, for which no special requirements regarding settlement condi-
tions etc. are made;
 0,30 m and 0,40 m thick in situ cast concrete basement walls subject to earth pressure; wall sec-
tions up to 10 m2 and 15 m2, when the walls are supported only by transverse walls and base-
ment floor, respectively, and 15 m2 and 20 m2, respectively, when the basement wall is also re-
strained on top by e.g. a floor. It is assumed that walls do not have openings for windows or
doors;
 gravity walls and retaining walls for excavations, where the difference in the ground levels does
not exceed 2 m;
 fillings with a maximum depth of 3 m;
 pipes and drainage which can be laid in accordance with standard procedures as specified in the
relevant standards;
 compacted sand fillings below floors not exceeding 0,6 m;
 floor slabs and pavements established with dimensions according to common practice without
detailed design analyses;
 cuttings with inclinations not exceeding 1 vertical to 1,5 horizontal and a maximum difference
in level of 4 m.
(4) The design action of Geotechnical Category 2 is not to exceed 5 000 kN for spread foundations or
1 000 kN per m strip foundation. For structures with such foundations, the design bearing pressure of
the effective area is not to exceed 1 000 kN/m2 in Geotechnical Category 2.
(5) Where a project, e.g. by excavation, pile driving or ground water lowering, involves a risk of dam-
aging neighbouring structures, sewage and supply lines, public traffic areas, or similar, the geotech-
nical investigations and calculations with regard to these neighbouring structures should at least corre-
spond to Geotechnical Category 2, adapted to the nature, size and foundation of these structures.
(6) Where permanent damage to structures or bearing strata can occur without prior warning due to
the absence or failure of ground water lowering or drainage systems, the structure should be assigned
to Geotechnical Category 3.
Page 29 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

(7) Foundation on chalk with cavities and on Tertiary high plasticity clay is to be analysed and assig-
ned to Geotechnical Category 3.
(8) In deposits where the permeability increases with depth, excavations considerably below the water
table is to be assigned to Geotechnical Category 3.
K.4 Geotechnical parameters

(1) For plane strain conditions, the angle of shearing resistance, ’pl, for sand and gravel should be
determined by increasing the angle of shearing resistance determined by triaxial measurement, cor-
responding to ’pl = (1 + 0,1 ID) ’tr.
NOTE When the analytical methods are applied to determine bearing resistances of foundations according to DS/EN
1997-1 DK NA, clause D.2, the plane angle of shearing resistance may be used.
(2) For unloading (excavation and active earth pressure) in fissured clay and clay with slickensides,
c’ = 0 is assumed. For loading conditions (resistance or passive pressure) fully developed failure,
particularly for normally consolidated deposits, may cause deformations of a magnitude that only
allows the corresponding strength parameters to be defined by applying deformation dependent fai-
lure criteria.
NOTE Apart from unloading for fissured clay and clay with slickensides, effective cohesion in the ground may be
taken into account when the effective normal stress on the failure surface is positive.
Page 30 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

Annex L - informative
Pile foundations. Analytical method for bearing resistance calculation
(1) The bearing resistance of individual prismatic or cylindrical piles with the base into cohesive
soil should be determined by:
Rb;ber  Rs;ber
Rc;k  for compression piles

Rs;ber
Rt ;k  for tension piles

where
Rb; ber  9 cu Ab in cohesive soil

n
Rs; ber  mrc
i 1
u Asi in cohesive soil
n
Rs ;ber   N m qm' Asi in non-cohesive soil
i 1
Ab cross-sectional area
Asi surface area in ground layer i
Nm  0,6 for compression piles

N m  0,2 for tension piles
1,0 for wood


m  1,0 for concrete
0,7 for steel

(2) For driven piles with the base in very firm glacial clay, the following empirical expression may
be used:
Rb; ber  18 cu Ab
(3) The regeneration factor r will depend on the strength of the clay, and r will decrease with in-
creasing strength. Where a precise determination is not made, the regeneration factor for cohesive
soil may be taken as r = 0,4, when the strengths used in the calculations do not exceed cu = 500
kN/m2 . For geostatic calculation of the downdrag r = 1,0 should be assumed.
(4) For calculation of the pile base resistance, the strength in the layers above as well as below the
pile base level should be taken into account.
Page 31 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

(5) For driven piles with the base in non-cohesive soil, the geostatic calculation is so unreliable that
it should not be used for the final determination of the compressive resistance.
(6) For bored cast in situ piles, the resistance may be considerably lower than for corresponding
driven piles. A shaft resistance greater than 30% of the shaft resistance of the corresponding driven
pile or a design base resistance greater than 1000 kN/m2 should not be assumed, unless recognised
documentation allowing a larger bearing resistance is available.
(7) Where a pile driving formula is applied to determine the resistance of compression piles, the
validity of the formula is to be based either on recognised documentation or measured in static load
tests on the same pile type, of similar length and cross-section, and in similar conditions.
(8) For piles driven into conhesionless soil, the characteristic ultimate resistance can be determined
using the "Danish Pile Driving Formula".
(9) In Geotechnical Category 1, the ”Danish Pile Driving Formula” is allowed being used when the
pile base is driven below the compressible layers.
(10) The characteristic ultimate bearing resistance, Rc,k, of piles driven by drop hammer may be
determined using the "Danish Pile Driving Formula”:
Rdyn;m
Rc;k  Rdyn;k 

where
hG
Rdyn;m 
s  0,5s0
2hGLp
s0 
Ab E
  0 (1    tan )
 efficiency factor
0 efficiency factor for vertical lead
 friction coefficient between hammer and lead
 inclination of the lead
G weight of the drop hammer
h vertical component of the drop height
s is the permanent subsidence of pile per blow
Lp pile length
Ab cross-sectional area of the pile
E modulus of elasticity of the pile.
Page 32 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

The formula assumes the use of the following values of the moduli of elasticity:
Concrete piles E = 20 · 106 kN/m 2
Wooden piles E = 10 · 106 kN/m 2
Steel piles E = 210 · 106 kN/m 2 .
For piles shorter than 20 times the pile width, the mean value of the actual pile length and 20 times
the pile width should be inserted in the pile driving formula. For wooden piles, the mean diameter is
used for calculating the area Ab. For steel piles, Ab is the cross-sectional area of the steel.
(11) For minor pile foundations, the serviceability limit state analysis may normally be reduced to
an analysis of the influence of downdrag on the settlements, provided there are no highly compress-
ible deposits below the pile bases. The analysis may be performed as a substitute calculation, sub-
ject to the following conditions:
Rb;ber  Rs;ber
Fc;d  Fneg 
 R
Fc;d design axial compression load in the ultimate limit state with the square-root of
partial factors for load combination STR/GEO without contribution from
downdrag
Fneg design downdrag of the pile using partial factor γR = 1,0 and correlation factor  =
1,0, determined as the lower value of the shaft resistance above the underside of
compressible strata or the action generating settlements
Rb;ber, Rs;ber part of the design resistance of the pile due to the strata below the compressible
deposits
 correlation factor according to clause A.3.2 of this National Annex
R partial factor in accordance with Tables A.3-2, A.4-1 and A.4-2 of this National
Annex.
(12) For geostatic calculation of downdrag, the upper characteristic values of the soil strength
should be applied.
Page 33 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

This National Annex includes:

Page 1 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

Licensed to:Simon Friberg - Rambøll Danmark A/S

National choices and an overview of all clauses where national choices

Clause Subject Choice

2.1(8)P Design requirements The national minimum requirements are

Page 2 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

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Clause Subject Choice

2.4.7.3.3(2)P Design resistances Values of the partial factors are given in

2.4.7.4(2) Verification procedure and partial Resistance to uplift by friction or anchor

Page 3 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

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Clause Subject Choice

2.5(1) Design by prescriptive measures Conventional and generally conservative

7.6.2.3(8) Ultimate compressive resistance The specifications are not applicable in

Page 4 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

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Clause Subject Choice

Page 5 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

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Clause Subject Choice

10.2(2)P Failure by uplift Resistance to uplift by friction or anchor

Page 6 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

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Clause Subject Choice

10.2(3) Failure by uplift The modification (entered by CEN) refers

Page 7 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

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Clause Subject Choice

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Complementary (non-contradictory) information

Clause Subject Choice

2.4.7.3.4.4 Design approach 3 NOTE 2 applies in DK also for the deter-

7.6.2.2(9) Ultimate compressive resistance The specifications are not applicable in

7.6.2.3(7) Ultimate compressive resistance The specifications are not applicable in

Annex Subject Choice

D Spread foundations Analytical meth- Bearing resistance equations in combina-

K Special conditions for geotechnical Particular Danish conditions for geotech-

L Pile foundations. Analytical method An analytical method for determining the

Page 9 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

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A.1 Partial factors and correlation factors

A.2 Partial factors for equilibrium limit state (EQU) verification

The consequence factor KFI depends on the consequences class:

High consequences class CC3: KFI = 1,1

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Table A.2 - Partial factors for EQU design

Partial factors for soil parameters γM

Angle of shearing resistance

Effective cohesion γc’ 1,2

Undrained shear strength γcu 1,8

Unconfined strength γq 1,8

Weight density γγ 1,0

Page 11 of 33 DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013

Licensed to:Simon Friberg - Rambøll Danmark A/S

Combination: (A1* or A2†) "+" M2 "+" R3

The consequence factor, KFI, depends on the consequences class:

High consequences class CC3: KFI = 1,1

Licensed to:Simon Friberg - Rambøll Danmark A/S