NIYORJYOTI SHARMA

PHI15001

Question no 11:

Calculate the efficiency of the diesel cycle as shown in figure. The working substance is ideal
gas (γ is given). Let r=V1/V2 be the compression ratio and rc=V3/V2 be cut off ratio.

Solution:

2 3
p
4

The efficiency of a diesel engine is given by

𝑄
𝑛=1−
𝑄

( )
= 1− ……………………………….a
( )

Considering the process from 23:

= = 𝑟 ……………………………………1

Considering the process from 12:


𝑇𝑉 =𝑇𝑉 ………………………………2

=  …………………………………………..b

Again, Considering the process 3 4:

 
𝑇𝑉 =𝑇𝑉 ……………………………….3

From 3 and 2 we have:

 
𝑇𝑉 𝑇𝑉
=
𝑇 𝑇
 NIYORJYOTI SHARMA
PHI15001


𝑇 𝑇𝑟
=
𝑇 𝑇


=𝑟𝑟 …………………………from 1


= 𝑟 ………………………………..4

Putting equation 1,b and 4 in equation a we have:


𝑟 −1
𝑛 =1−
𝑟  (𝑟 − 1)

Question no 12:
5 2
One kg-mol of oxygen is at a pressure of 10 N/m and temperatures 7C is mixed with one
kmol of oxygen at same temperature but twice the pressure. The system is isolated from the
environment.
(a) Calculate the final temperature and pressure.
(b) What is the change in the total entropy?

Solution:
This is an example of free expansion and in this process the internal energy of the system
remains constant.
Let us consider that the initial state is consists of two parts
1. 1 kmole=N, 105 N/m2 =P1, V1 , T=70C
2. 1 kmole=N, 2*105 N/m2 =P2, V2, T=70C
Since the temperature is constant therefore from ideal gas lay

V1=2*V2

Now at the final state of the system

1. V = V + V = 3V =
 NIYORJYOTI SHARMA
PHI15001

2. N = 2N
The Initial internal energy if the system remains same and we know that for an ideal gas the
internal energy is a function of temperature only.

Therefore,

𝑇 =T=7 C

Again,

𝑁 𝑅𝑇
𝑃 =
𝑉

2𝑁𝑅𝑇 2𝑃 4𝑃
𝑃 = = = = 1.33 ∗ 10 𝑁/𝑚
3NRT 3 3
P

b)

The change in entropy at constant temperature is given by:

𝑉 𝑃
𝑆 = 𝐶 ln + 𝐶 ln
𝑉𝑉 𝑃𝑃

𝑉 𝑃
= 𝐶 ln + 𝐶 ln
𝑉𝑉 𝑃𝑃

𝑉 (
𝑃
= 𝐶 ln[ )]
𝑉𝑉 𝑃𝑃

16
(9𝑉 𝑃
= 𝐶 ln[ .
(9 )]
2𝑉 2𝑃

9 .
8
= 𝐶 ln[ ( )]
2 9
= 1.9879 Cv
 NIYORJYOTI SHARMA
PHI15001

Question no 13:

One Kg of water at 97C is cooled to the room temperature of 27C. Calculate change in the
entropy of the water and of the universe.

Solution:
Given the Initial Temperature and the final temperature be T 1 = 97 0 C and T2 = 270C
respectively.
The change in the entropy of the surrounding will be
𝑄 𝑚𝑠(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑆 = =
𝑇 𝑇

Where m is the mass of water and s is the specific heat of water. Therefore,

70
∆𝑆 = 1 ∗ (4180) ∗ 𝐽𝐾
300
𝑆= 975.33 JK-1

The change of entropy of water will be

𝑇
𝑆 = 𝑚𝑠 ln
𝑇
300
𝑆 = 1(4180) ln 𝐽𝐾
370
= −876.63 JK-1

Therefore, the change in entropy of the Universe is given by

= 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
= 975.33 − 876.63 = 98.7 𝐽𝐾

Question no 15:
A particular gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a movable piston. It is observed that if that the
walls are adiabatic, a quasi-static increase in volume results in a decrease in pressure
according to the equation
P V = constant
3 5

Consider the process in which the gas is heated at constant pressure (P = 10 Pa)
5

until its volume increases from its initial value of 10− m to its final value of 8 10−
3 3 3

×
m . The gas is then cooled at constant volume until its pressure decreases to 10 /32
3 5
 NIYORJYOTI SHARMA
PHI15001

Pa. Find the quasi-static work done on the system and the net heat transfer to the
system in this process.
Solution:
Given:
P3V5=constant
PV5/3=constant
Therefore,
=5/3
This tells us that the gas is a mon0atomic gas.
The value of Cv for a monoatomic gas is 𝑅 = 12.5
.
Given,
1. At state A. Pressure= 105; Volume= 10-3 m3.
2. At state B. Pressure= 105; Volume= 8X10-3.
3. At state C. Pressure =105/32 Pa; Volume=8x10-3 m3

W is the work done by the system.

Q is the heat transferred to the system.

AB is isobaric process.

 ∆𝑊 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑉 − 𝑉 = 10 ∗ (8 − 1) ∗ 10 = 700 𝐽.
 
 ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 = 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇 + ∆𝑊 = + ∆𝑊 = + ∆𝑊
𝑛3 3
𝑅𝑃𝑉 𝑊 5
= 2 + ∆𝑊 = 2 + ∆𝑊 = ∆𝑊 = 1750 𝐽
𝑛𝑅 1 2

BC is isochoric process.

 W=0

 
 ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 = 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇 = = = ∗ 8 ∗ 10 ∗ − 1 ∗ 10 =
= −11.625 ∗ 10 = −1162.5 𝐽

In the process ABC

∆𝑊 = 700 𝐽

Therefore, the work done on the system is -700 J.

 NIYORJYOTI SHARMA
PHI15001

Again,

∆𝑄 = 1750 𝐽 − 1162.5 𝐽 = 587.5 𝐽

The heat transferred to the system is 587.5 J.

Question no 17:

Show that for an ideal gas,

𝐶 −𝐶 =

Where 𝛼 = and isothermal compressibility 𝑘 =

Solution:

Using the ideal gas equation 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇

Now,

(
𝛼= = =

(
𝑘 = = =

Now RHS;

𝑇𝑉𝛼 𝑇𝑉 𝑛𝑅
= = 𝑛𝑅
𝑘 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑃𝑉
𝑃 𝑉

Now LHS; 𝐶 −𝐶 =𝑛𝑅 =

 NIYORJYOTI SHARMA
PHI15001

Question no 20:

A phase transition from liquid to gas at a temperature T requires latent heat L. At this
temperature, the gas behaves ideally. The density of gas is very much less than that of the
liquid. Show that the pressure P ∼ exp (−L/KT ) when the heat of vaporization is independent
of T .
Solution:
Let V1 be the volume of the liquid and V2 be the volume of the gas. Now since the density of
the Gas is very less than that of liquid therefore V1 >>>>>V2 .
Now from Clausius Clapeyron Equation:

dP L
=
dT 𝑇(𝑉 − 𝑉 )

dP L
=
dT 𝑇(𝑉 )

From ideal gas equation

dP L
=
dT 𝑇 𝑛𝐾𝑇
𝑃
dP L
= 𝑑𝑇
P (𝑛𝐾𝑇 )

 = ( )
𝑑𝑇 ……………. integrating both side

𝑙𝑛𝑃 = − +𝐶

𝑃 𝑒

Question no 19:
 NIYORJYOTI SHARMA
PHI15001

Show that for an ideal gas entropy increases with both temperature and volume. Obtain the
relation as

𝑇
𝑉
𝑇
∆𝑆 = 𝑆 − 𝑆 = 𝑁𝑘 { }
𝑉

Discuss how entropy changes with pressure and temperature.

Solution:

Let us consider the classical ideal gas.

The Hamiltonian is

𝐻= ∑ 𝑝 …………………………………..1

Let us calculate,

1
∑(𝐸) = 𝑑 𝑝 ………. 𝑑 𝑝 .𝑑 𝑞 ……... 𝑑 𝑞
ℎ

h is constant introduced to make the left-hand side dimensionless.

The integration over qi can be immediately carried out, giving a factor of V N.

Let

R= √2𝑚𝐸

Then ∑(𝐸) =  (𝑅)

Where  is the volume of an n- sphere of radius R:

 =∫ ⋯.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 …… 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶 𝑅 …….2

Where Cn is a constant. To find Cn,we must consider the identity

 NIYORJYOTI SHARMA
PHI15001

⋯.
∫ 𝑑𝑥 …. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 . 𝑒 = ∫ 𝑑𝑅 𝑆 (𝑅 𝑒 = 𝑛𝐶 ∫ 𝑑𝑅 𝑅 𝑒 =

𝑛𝐶 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 𝑒 = 𝑛𝐶 (n/2)……………3

Where (x) is the gamma function.

From 2 and 3 we have:


𝐶 = 𝑛
 2+1

log(𝐶 ) → → − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − − log +

Therefore, ∑(E) = C (2mE)

The entropy of the ideal gas is

𝑉 3
𝑆(𝐸, 𝑉) = 𝑘{𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 + 𝑁 log + 𝑁 log(2𝑚𝐸)}
ℎ 2

4𝑚𝐸 3
𝑆(𝐸, 𝑉) = 𝑁𝑘𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑉 + 𝑁𝑘
3ℎ 𝑁 2

Replacing E by 𝑁𝑘𝑇 we can write the entropy difference as

𝑇
𝑉
𝑇
∆𝑆 = 𝑆 − 𝑆 = 𝑁𝑘 { }
𝑉

The entropy of an ideal gad increases with temperature. However, with the increase in pressure
the entropy decreases.
 NIYORJYOTI SHARMA
PHI15001

Question 21:
Find the probability that a single throw of a 6-sided die will a number less than 3, and an even
number of 6.

Solution:

The numbers that can be less than 3 are 1,2. so the probability of occurring a number

less than 3 in a single throw of the die is (2/6) =(1/3)

In a single throw there will be no even number of occurrences. So, the probability of

occurrence of even number of 6 is 0.

NIYORJYOTI SHARMA
PHI15001
NIYORJYOTI SHARMA
PHI15001