cRice Hull Ash as a Potential Additive to Commercial Dishwashing Agents

A Science Investigatory Project Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of the Science Department

Tacloban City National High School

As a Partial Fulfillment of the Major Requirements

For the Subject Research II

By

Calinao, Christine Rose E.

Jecino, Alejandro F.

Researchers

Sayson, Noah Justine C.

Research Adviser

September 2015

1
 ABSTRACT

Rice hull ash has several industrial and economic uses. However, some people who do

not know of some other uses of rice hull ash; they just gather it at their backyard forming a big

pile. It is said that though rice hull ash has many uses, it cannot still match up the too big

volume of rice hull ash produced every day. To settle this problem, several researches are

conducted providing essential uses to the community similar to this study which investigates

the possibility of using rice hull ash as an additive to dishwashing product. This study focuses on

the suitability of rice hull ash as an additive since it contains a natural absorbent property.

This study was conducted since rice hull ash is readily available and somehow people

treated as waste in other communities. There was five set up prepared in all including the 30%

rice hull ash, 20% rice hull ash, 10% rice hull ash, dishwashing liquid alone and rice hull ash

alone. The result was rated using Hedonic scale and the researchers get all the average mean

for the five samples. It has been proven in the results that rice hull ash alone did not work out

well, but ones applied to dishwashing liquid, it becomes more effective than the dishwashing

liquid itself.

In an analogy, rice hull ash works better ones added to dishwashing liquid than

that of alone. Furthermore, the effectiveness increases as the level of concentration also

increases.

2
3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………

Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………..

List of Tables …………………………………………………………………….....

List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………

Chapter I.

The Research Problem ………………………………………………………

Background of the Study ………………………………………………..….

Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………..

Null Hypotheses …………………………………………………………….

Schematic Diagram of the Study …………………………………………..

Importance of the Study ………………………………………………..….

Scope and Limitation …………………………………………………….…

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………

Chapter II.

Review of Related Studies and Literature ……………………………….

Chapter III.

Methodology ………………………………………………..………….….

Research Design ……………………………………………………………

Materials and Procedure ……………………………………………..……

Statistical Tool ……………………………………………………….……

Chapter IV.

4
 Results and Discussion ……………………………………………………

Chapter V.

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation ……………………………

Summary …………………………………………………………………..

Conclusion …………………………………………………………………

Recommendation ………………………………………………………….

Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………

Appendices ………………………………………………………………………...

Appendix A-1 ……………………………………………………………..

Appendix A-2 ……………………………………………………………..

Appendix B-1 ……………………………………………………………..

Appendix B-2 ……………………………………………………………..

Appendix B-3 ……………………………………………………………..

Appendix C-1 ……………………………………………………………..

Appendix C-2 ……………………………………………………………..

Appendix D-1 ……………………………………………………………..

Appendix D-2 ……………………………………………………………..

Appendix E ………………………………………………………………..

5
LIST OF APPENDICES

6
LIST OF FIGURES

7
LIST OF TABLES

8
 CHAPTER 1

THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Background of the Study

The technological trend towards waste utilization and cost reduction in industrial

processing has attracted use of rice hull as a value added material. Both rice hull and rice hull ash

has been found suitable for wide range of domestic as well as industrial applications.

Considering the importance and increasing demand of this material, a systematic study based on

properties and industrial applications has been carried out and reviewed in this paper. Potential

and suitability of RH for use in possible new areas in near future has also been highlighted

(Kumar, A., Mohanta, K., Kumar, D., & Parkash, O., 2012)

Rice hull is one of the most widely available agricultural wastes in many rice producing

countries around the world. Globally, approximately 600 million tons of rice paddies are

produced each year. On average 20% of the rice paddy is hull, giving an annual total production

of 120 million tones. In majority of rice producing countries much of the husk produced from

processing of rice is either burnt or dumped as waste. Burning of rice hull in ambient atmosphere

leaves a residue, called rice hull ash. For every 1000 kilograms of paddy milled, approximately

220 kilograms (22%) of husk is produced; and when this hull is burnt in the boilers, about 55

kilograms (25%) of rice hull ash is generated. Rice husk removal during rice refining, creates

disposal problem due to less commercial interest. Also, handling and transportation of rice hull is

problematic due to its low density. However, rice hull ash is a great environment threat

causing damage to land and surrounding area where it is dumped. Therefore, commercial use of

9
rice hull and its ash is the alternative solution to disposal problem (Kumar, A., Mohanta, K.,

Kumar, D., & Parkash O., 2012).

On the other hand, Proctor and Gamble, Inc. (2015) mentioned that the primary purpose

of dishwashing detergents (also known as light duty liquids, LDLS) is to remove soils, mainly

food material residues, for kitchen ware surfaces, including dishes, pots, pans, utensils and a

wide range of other items. Although dishwashing detergents can be traced to ancient times, the

first modern day liquid hand dishwashing detergent or dishwashing agent is a surfactant that

removed oils and dirt accumulated detergent was developed in the 1940’s.

Moreover, companies nowadays often make use of additives to their products especially

those with high benefits. Many researchers try to study for the possibility of organic materials as

an additive to the dishwashing agents providing additional value to such products.

Colman, J.M.A., Barrameda, J.P.S., & Garcia R. (2013) studied about the possibility of

orange peels as an additive to their DYL dishwashing liquid. Orange peels act as a natural

solvent cleaner because it contains d-lim0nene, which is used in a wide variety of cleaning

products and considered extremely safe.

Some communities in Eastern Visayas specifically in areas with rice mill are using rice

hull ash as a dishwashing material. Rice hull ash is composed of opaline silica and lignin (edited

by: Tom. Reading, 2015)

In a nutshell, the researchers intend to study the possibility of using rice hull ash as an

additive material for dishwashing agents or a separate material for dishwashing.

10
Statement of the Problem

The main concern of this study is to test effectiveness of rice hull ash as an additive to

commercial dishwashing liquid in terms of removing oil and dirt on plastics containers.

Specifically, the researchers intend to answer the following questions:

1. How effective is the rice hull ash effective in increasing the effectiveness of dishwashing

liquid in terms of:

1.1 smell

1.2 texture

1.3 removal of dirt

2 How effective is the rice hull ash as a dishwashing agent additive at varying levels of

concentration?

2.1 30%

2.2 20%

2.3 10%

Null Hypotheses

1. The rice hull ash is not effective in increasing the effectiveness of dishwashing liquid in

terms of:

1.1 smell

1.2 texture

1.3 removal of dirt

2 The rice hull ash rice hull ash is not effective at varying levels of concentration as follows:

2.1 30%

11
 2.2 20%

2.3 10%

 Dishwashi
 Rice hull ng liquid
ash with rice
 Dishwashi  Collect all the
hull ash
ng liquid materials
 Dirt needed
sample  Weigh the rice
 Used oil hull ash and
measure
dishwashing
liquid in its
percentage
 Mix rice hull ash
with
dishwashing
liquid
 Do the
experiment

Evaluation

Figure1.Conceptual Framework of the Study.

12
Significance of the Study

The following can be the benefits of using rice hull ash as an additive ingredient in the

commercial dishwashing soap, paste, or liquid.

To the community. If proven to be effective; rice hull ash can be used by the community as

an additional ingredient to dishwashing soap, paste, or liquid or as a separate cleaning material

for dishwashing. The use of rice hull ash will be economical since rice hull ash is readily

available in the communities especially in areas with rice mill.

To the industry. Industries can further study if rice hull ash can be used as an additional

active ingredient in making dishwashing soap, paste or liquid. Nowadays, industries are actually

making use of activated carbon in making products such as toothpaste, facial wash, toothbrush

and others.

To the researcher. Further researches can be conducted if rice hull ash can be used as an

additional additive to their products. They are also research on the effectiveness of adding rice

hull ash to those products.

Scope and Limitation

The researchers focused mainly on the use of rice hull ash as a potential additive to

commercially available dishwashing agents.

Moreover, the gray color ashes were collected in a rice mill located at Brgy.

Pagsulhugon, Zone 3, Babatngon Leyte. The effectiveness was based on the following criteria:a)

smell, b) texture and c) removal of dirt particles.

13
 The researchers gathered respondents to rate the effectiveness of different the different

concentration. Moreover they were given an observation sheet to record the observation of

individual respondents.

This research did not cover studying the substances present on rice hull ash. This study

did not also include studying the possible effects of rice hull ash in human health specifically on

skin.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally for the readers to fully understand the

content of this study:

Additive – the rice hull ash which is added or mixed with dishwashing liquid

Dishwashing Liquid – Joy dishwashing liquid is used in this study

Rice hull ash – completely burned rice hull, used as the additive in the Joy

dishwashing liquid.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

There are several researches providing facts and support about the several of benefits and

uses of rice hull ash.

Related Literature

In the Philippines where rice is the state crop, rice hull “ipa” or “tahop” as they are

locally known for is a common sight with a variety of uses. Some people use rice hull ash as a

litter for brooding chicks in their poultry houses.

Carbonized rice hull is produced through regulated burning of raw rice hull with the

absence of oxygen so that it will not be converted to ash. Carbonized rice hull is found to be

sterile and free from disease organisms. It has been highly recommended as an ideal for brooding

chicks in poultry instead the usual raw rice hull. Moreover it was observed that chicks grown on

carbonized rice hull, grow faster and they are healthier because there is no proliferation of

harmful organism that can cause respiratory disease and diarrhea (Rural Development

Administration, 2012).

Furthermore, based on a comparative life style assessment of uses of rice husk for energy

purposes based on the variable data and assumptions made for this study, the results show that

the use of rice husk in both electricity and cellulosic ethanol options had a significant effect in

reducing the impact on fossil fuel depletion and climate change, when compared with the

conventional process. However, the use of rice husk in both options caused a slightly higher

impact on particulate matter formation than the conventional process. In addition, it was found

15
that using husk to produce cellulosic ethanol caused a considerably greater impact on human

toxicity than its conventional product. (Prasara, J., & Grant, T., 2011)

In addition, rice hull ash has been found to be useful in farming, as follows: a) it produces

more profuse tillers, b) it is easy to pull out without damaging the roots which can be adoptable

in the field readily during the transplantation process c) it can be very useful in growing high

value vegetables and herbs even they are grown in containers and d) it is also useful in

ornamental horticulture industry because it minimizes fungal infection that has plagued the

industry (http://affleap.com/is-carbonized-rice-hull-beneficial-to-farmers/).

Furthermore, the enzyme breakdowns the nutrients found in manure into simpler forms

that could be readily absorbs by plants. When brooding is over, the litter would become an

organic fertilizer that is available in fertilizing crops. In addition, appropriate quantity of

carbonized rice hull ash when combined with organic fertilizer or composed can be applied to a

hectare of land preparation. This will make the land not only more porous for better plant, it will

also enable the soil to retain the moisture much longer which is advantageous when there is a

prolong dry season (http://affleap.com/is-carbonized-rice-hull-beneficial-to-farmers/).

Activated carbon from burned rice hull filters the dirty particles in water, making it

effective in purifying household drinking water. Carbonized rice hull is also effective in treating

waste water for recycling (http://affleap.com/is-carbonized-rice-hull-beneficial-to-farmers/).

Rice hull ash can is also used as pest control material. With its natural black color, burned

rice hull retains heat from the sun. It also contains silica that irritates the snail that infest rice

fields. When applied after leveling, snails are forced to come out, making handpicking faster and

easier (http://affleap.com/is-carbonized-rice-hull-beneficial-to-farmers/).

16
 Despite the many uses of rice hull ash, this cannot still match up the too big volume of

rice hull that the rice miller are producing, so for them it remains as a big disposal issue.

However, rice millers who lack knowledge on the other uses of rice hull consider it as a waste

product (http://affleap.com/is-carbonized-rice-hull-beneficial-to-farmers/).

Related Studies

In a research conducted by Habeeb. G. A., & Mahmud, H.B. (2015) and Zain, M.F.M,

Islam. M.N., & Jamil, M. (2011) have studied the properties of rice husk ash and its use as

cement replacement material. It has found out that combustion period, chilling duration, and

grinding process and duration are important in obtaining rice hull ash of standard fineness and

quality. In addition, air ducts in the furnace are very useful in order to supply air for proper

burning of rice husk.

Additionally, there is a study on rice husk and its ash as low-cost absorbents in water and

waste water treatment. The results showed that it is evident from the review that rice husk and its

ash can be potentially utilized for the removal of various pollutants from water and waste waters

(Ahmaruzzaman, M. & Gupta, V.K., 2011)

On the other hand, Malhotra, C., Patil, R., Kausley, S., & Ahmad, D., (2012) investigated

the novel uses of rice husk ash (a natural silica-carbon matrix) in low cost water purification

applications. The study showed that the rice husk ash is used as the base material for developing

novel compositions to deal with the challenge of purifying drinking in low-income households in

India. For example, rice husk ash cast in a matrix of cements and pebbles can be formed into a

filtration bed which can trap up to 95% of turbidity and bacteria present in water. This

17
innovation was proliferated in villages across India as a do-it-yourself rural water filter. Another

innovation involves embedding silver nanoparticles within the rice husk ash matrix to create a

bactericidal filtration bed which has now been commercialized in India as a low-cost-for-profit

household water purifier. Other innovations include the impregnation of rice husk ash with

aluminum hydroxide for the removal of fluoride ions from water which together have the

potential to benefit over a million people across India who are suffering from the health effects

of drinking ground water contaminated with arsenic and fluoride.

Lastly, adsorption capacity of the pyrolyzed rice husks was determined in respect of

water, oil and petroleum products with different densities. The material obtained by pyrolysis of

rice husk has very good buoyancy characteristics, high oil sorption capacity and high

hydrophobicity. The influence of the bulk density of the sorbent has been investigated as well as

that of the density of the oil product on the kinetics and mechanism of sorption. It was

established that the dependence between the bulk density of the adsorbent and the height of

penetration of the oil in it for a specified time is inversely proportional. The height of penetration

of the sorbate in the sorbent layer depends on the density of the liquid phase. The changes of the

adsorption rate for the various oil products can be described by hyperbolic dependence. A

correlation between surface functional groups and morphology of the adsorbent and adsorption

properties of the material was created. The research provides the basis for development of a new

environmental material with optimal characteristics, providing efficient adsorption of oil and oil

products from aqueous medium (Angelova D., Uzunova, S., Gigova, A., Minchev L., 2011)

18
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In order for the researchers to achieve their goals, it is essential to have a sound

methodology for the study. In this chapter, the researchers described the design of the research

study, the equipment used, and the procedure done in doing the experiment. Additionally,

statistical treatment of the study is presented by which give the data needed for this study.

Research Design

This research utilized an experimental method, particularly the single group design. In

this study, the design was employed in determining the effectiveness of rice hull ash as an

additive to a dishwashing agent at varying levels of concentration in terms of a) smell, b) texture

and c) removal of dirt.

Materials and Procedure

1. The Rice Hull and Dishwashing Liquid

The researchers aimed to test the possibility of rice hull ash as an additive to

commercially available dishwashing agents. The gray color ashes of rice hull were gathered at

Brgy. Pagsulhugon, Zone 3, Babatngon Leyte.

The researchers made use of Joy® dishwashing liquid for the study which was bought

from a store.

19
 Using a small weighing scale, the mass of the rice hull ash needed for the three

concentrations were measured. The volume of the pure dishwashing liquid was measured using a

graduated cylinder. The measurements for rice hull ash and dishwashing liquid were as follows:

Mass over Volume Volume

Sample
Percent (m/v %) Rice Hull Ash Dishwashing Liquid
Sample 1 30% 15 grams 35 mL
Sample 2 20% 10 grams 40 mL
Sample 3 10% 5 grams 45 mL

Moreover, two more samples were included in the study – sample 4, dishwashing liquid

only and sample 5, rice hull ash only.

2. Plastic Containers

Fifteen plastic containers of the same size and shape and with covers were used by the

researchers. The plastic containers were first thoroughly washed using dishwashing liquid and

water before they were used for the experiment. The containers were then labeled with 1, 2 and 3

which corresponds to three trials. Different colors were also used to identify the different

samples.

3. Oil and Food Leftovers

The researcher made use of used oil and food leftovers from the residence of one of the

researchers located at Barangay 97, Cabalawan, Tacloban City. Using a spatula, one scoop of the

used oil and two scoops of the food leftover were applied to the plastic containers and then

covered. Moving the plastic containers, the oil and food leftover was spread to the containers. It

was then set aside.

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 Sample Color Coding
Sample 1 (30% rice hull ash) Violet
Sample 2 (20% rice hull ash) Pink
Sample 3 (10% rice hull ash) Green
Sample 4 (dishwashing liquid only) Light green
Sample 5 (rice hull ash only) Blue

4. Respondents

There were thirty (30) respondents who made an observation on the plastic containers.

They residence are near the vicinity of the school and were of varied sexes and age. An

observation guide was provided to the respondents. They evaluated the plastic containers in

terms of smell, texture and removal of food particles using the hedonic rating scale. Instructions

were provided to the respondents before they were allowed to have their observation.

4. Procedure for Determining the Effectiveness of Rice Hull Ash as an Dishwashing Additive

Rice hull ash Dishwashing

Liquid
.

Rice hull ash Dishwashing

30% rice 20% rice 10% rice
only liquid only
hull ash hull ash hull ash

Application to plastic container with oil and food leftover

21
Figure 1. The effectiveness of rice hull ash in varying levels of concentration

Statistical Tool

The researchers utilized the mean in this study in determining the effectiveness of the rice

hull ash which is based on observation to make comparison of its effectiveness at varying levels

of concentration. Two-way analysis of variance was used in this study in determining whether if

(a) there is a significant difference in the experimental group of this research study which is the

rice hull ash and if (b) there is a significant difference between the experimental group and the

control group of this

22
 The collection and gathering of data was done right after the experiment has

accomplished. The respondents then conducted an observation on the smell, texture, and removal

of food particles on the plastic containers. Each observation of individual respondents was then

recorded in an observation sheet with a 1 to 9 rating which known as the Hedonic rating scale,

where 1 is like extremely and 9 is dislike extremely. The mean values was then computed for all

the trials in every sample. The analysis of results and experiment are presented below.

7 6.5

5 Sample 1
4 Sample 2
3.2
3 2.4 2.6 Sample3
1.97 Sample4
2
Sample 5
1

0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample3 Sample4 Sample 5

Figure 3. Comparison of the Mean Values for smell for 1) 30%, 2) 20%, 3) 10% Concentrations
of Rice Hull ash, 4) Dishwashing Liquid Only and 5) Rice Hull Ash Only.

This data presents the mean for the hedonic rating scale values for the smell for the

different concentrations of rice hull ash in dishwashing liquid, dishwashing liquid only and rice

hull ash only. Results show that sample 1 (30% rice hull ash) got the highest favorability rating

average of 1.97. It was followed by sample 2 (20% rice hull ash) with a mean value of 2.4,

sample 3 (10% rice hull ash) with an average of 2.6, sample 4 (dishwashing liquid only), having

a 3.2 average favorability, and the lowest was sample 5 (rice hull ash only), with a mean value of

6.5.

23
 8
6.9
7

6
Sample 1
5
Sample 2
4
3.3 Sample 3
2.8
3 2.5 2.4 Sample 4

2 Sample 5

0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5

Figure 4. Comparison of the Mean Values for texture for 1) 30%, 2) 20%, 3) 10%
Concentrations of Rice Hull ash, 4) Dishwashing Liquid Only and 5) Rice Hull Ash Only.

This graph lays out the modest mean for the hedonic rating scale values for the texture for

different concentrations of rice hull ash in dishwashing liquid, dishwashing liquid only and rice

hull ash only. Based on the above graph, sample 2 (20% rice hull ash) got the highest likeness

rating averaging to 2.4. It was followed by sample 1 (30% rice hull ash) with a mean value of

2.5. Sample 3 (10% rice hull ash) had an average of 2.8, sample 4 (dishwashing liquid only), had

a 3.3 average favorability value and the lowest was sample 5 (rice hull ash only), the mean value

of which is equal to 6.9.

24
 8
6.8
7

6
Sample 1
5
Sample 2
4
Sample 3
2.99
3 2.47 Sample 4
2.27 2.24
2 Sample 5

0
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5

Figure 5. Comparison of the Mean Values for Removal of Food Particles for 1) 30%, 2) 20%, 3)
10% Concentrations of Rice Hull ash, 4) Dishwashing Liquid Only and 5) Rice Hull Ash Only.

This information displays the mean for the hedonic rating scale values for the removal of

food particle for different concentrations of rice hull ash in dishwashing liquid, dishwashing

liquid only and rice hull ash only. The graph indicates that sample 2 (20% rice hull ash) got the

highest likeness rating mean equal to 2.24. It was followed by sample 1 (30% rice hull ash) with

an average value of 2.27. Third was sample 3 (10% rice hull ash) which had an mean of 2.47,

followed by sample 4 (dishwashing liquid only), with a 2.99 mean favorability value and the

lowest was sample 5 (rice hull ash only), the mean value of which is equal to 6.8.

Discussion

The result of this study is in accordance with the study conducted by Angelova D.,

Uzunova, S., Gigova, A., Minchev L. (2011) where in the adsorption capacity of the pyrolyzed

rice husks was determined in respect of water, oil and petroleum products with different

densities. The material obtained by pyrolysis of rice husk has very good buoyancy

25
characteristics, high oil absorsorption capacity and high hydrophobicity; but in this study rice

hull ash was used to obtain its potential and its natural absorbent for liquid and adsorbent for

solid.

Likewise in the study by Colman, J.M.A., Barrameda, J.P.S., & Garcia R. (2013) in

which they used orange peels as an additive to their DYL dishwashing liquid rice hull in this

study where used and added to commercial dishwashing agent.

On the other hand, carbonized rice hull is produced through regulated burning of raw rice

hull with the absence of oxygen so that it will not be converted to ash. It is also found to be

sterile and free from disease organisms.

Lastly, the unusually low acceptance value for rice hull ash only may be due to the fact

that the researchers did not use their hands in washing the plastic containers. Rather, they

allowed the samples to spread the plastic containers then set aside for a few minutes, before they

were washed using running water. However, in actual practice, due to the high abrasive property

of rice hull and its ash, using even rice hull only is capable of removing dirt and oil even better

than dishwashing liquids as affirmed by the communities using rice hull ash, although such only

works when hands are used to apply pressure in cleaning.

26
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSSION AND RECCOMENDATION

Summary

It has been said that the technological trend towards waste utilization and cost reduction

in industrial processing has attracted use of rice hull as a value added material. Both rice hull and

rice hull ash has been found suitable for wide range of domestic as well as industrial

applications. While their rice hull is one of the most widely available agricultural wastes in many

rice producing countries around the world. Globally, approximately 600 million tons of rice

paddies are produced each year. However, despite the many uses of rice hull ash this cannot still

match up the too big volume of rice hull ash every year.

In this study the effectiveness of rice hull ash as a dishwashing additive was tested using

three different levels of concentration, 30%, 20%, and 10%. Furthermore, it was found out

through this study that in general, the favorability or acceptance value dishwashing liquid with

rice hull increases as the concentration increases, except for texture and removal of food particles

where sample 2 had a higher mean than sample 1, although the difference cannot be considered

significant. Moreover, results show that the acceptance levels of the mixtures of dishwashing

liquid and rice hull ash is higher compared to dishwashing and rice hull ash alone.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, the results implies that the rice hull ash works best when it is combined with

a commercial dishwashing liquid, providing additional value to such product. Furthermore, it

was observed that the dishwashing liquid with the highest concentration of rice hull ash got the

highest overall mean and favorable result. However, rice hull ash alone did not work in removing

27
oil and food particles accumulated on a used plastic containers since the researcher did not exert

force, causing the rice hull ash to not absorb most of the oil.

In addition, it must be noted that in general, the effectiveness of rice hull ash in removing

oil and dirt depends on the concentration of it as an additive to commercial product.

Furthermore, force must be applied when using rice hull as a separate material in order for it

absorb most of the oils. It was observed that the three experimental variables with different

concentration of rice hull ash are better than that of dishwashing liquid alone.

Through a set of analysis, it is clearly evident that the dishwashing product increase in its

effectiveness with greater level concentration of the rice hull ash as an additive.

Recommendation

The researchers’ credits that this study is no less a threshold or steppingstone for further

researches related study to be conducted in the coming generations. This study was not bounded

to the related field of science like botany, chemistry, medicine, physics and microbiology. As

stated in the previous chapters, the search for a more economic, yet effective rice hull ash as any

additive material to any products with or without relating to dishwashing. Rice hull ash has

become one the radically increasing amount of agricultural waste in the Philippines and some

other countries. The study was conducted and its natural absorbent property is utilized and

initiated in the following researches.

From the findings and conclusions of the study, the researches thus recommend the following

actions:

1. The results of the experiment are done in a better place for the data gathering that is highly

recommended. Furthermore, the researchers keep out of the limits and escaped from the

variables that could intervene the results of the experiment. Besides, accurate data gathering,

28
 measurement is settled with safety and accuracy on as the design was. (World Health

Organization, 2011; University of South Carolina, 2010).

2. The different kinds of burned rice hull are then recommended to determine which of them is

more effective and suitable as an additive to any material to be studied depending on the use

which is intended.

3. The chemical substances present in rice hull ash are being considered the base of the study

since there is already several background of rice hull ash studies identified as a proven

natural absorbents for oils and chemical as one of its main property.

4. The effectiveness of rice hull ash may also be studied in comparison to the commercial

product with a natural absorbent property to determine which of them is faster in terms of

absorbing most of the oils with varying densities. Since the researcher is the one responsible

for washing plastic containers, the researchers were able to witness natural absorption rice

hull ash to oils. Rice hull with greater level of concentration, in average, has the greater

effectiveness. However, the researcher did not study the effect of rice hull ash and its effect

since it’s none of their scope.

5. The possible side effects of rice hull ash (or its property) to human health and to the

environment could also be researched including its proper uses and accurate applications, if

needed. The toxic substance in rice hull could be studied as somehow, some people do not

have the knowledge on its effect to human health.

Definitely, further researches can be done even for rice hull ash alone, its property,

effects and most efficiently its uses. The totality of this research is then widely open for all

29
researches. The researcher are in positive way that the rice hull ash could no longer be

treated as waste and discard, instead, a n effective material so may uses in it.

30
APPENDIX 1: HEDONIC RATING SCALE FOR EVALUATION OF SMELL, TEXTURE

AND REMOVAL OF FOOD PARTICLES

Name (optional):_______________________________

Gender: ______________ Age: ______________

Date: _______________________________________

Direction: Evaluate the cleanliness of the plastic containers in terms of smell, texture and
presence of food particles. Use the hedonic scale rating below for evaluation.

1- Like Extremely 6 - Dislike Slightly

2- Like Very Much 7 - Dislike moderately

3- Like moderately 8 - Dislike very much

4- Like slightly 9- Dislike extremely

5- Neither Like or Dislike

Concentration Level:_______

Criteria Trial RATING

SMELL
The containers free
from foul odor.

TEXTURE
The container are free
from oily texture.

FOOD PARTICLES
The plates are free
from food particles and
debris.

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NCE/ FAVORABILITY LEVEL OF SMELL, TEXTURE AND REMOVAL OF DIRT OF THE
PLASTIC CONTAINERS
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5
Acceptance/
30% Rice 20% Rice 10% Rice Dishwashing Rice Hull
Favorability Level
Hull Ash Hull Ash Hull Ash Liquid Only Ash Only
Trial 1 1.8 2.1 2.7 3.3 6.4
Smell

Trial 2 2.0 2.2 2.5 3.0 6.3

Trial 3 2.1 2.9 2.5 3.3 6.7
Mean 1.97 2.4 2.6 3.2 6.5
Trial 1 2.2 2.0 2.9 2.9 6.8
Texture

Trial 2 2.6 2.3 2.8 3.4 6.9

Trial 3 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.7 7.1
Mean 2.5 2.4 2.8 3.3 6.9
Trial 1 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.7 6.7
Removal

Particles
of Food

Trial 2 2.5 2.6 2.4 3.0 6.6

Trial 3 2.3 2.3 2.6 3.3 7.0
Mean 2.27 2.24 2.47 2.99 6.8
Overall Mean 2.24 2.34 2.62 3.29 6.73

APPENDIX 3: PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

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