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DBMS and related software. Typically databases available on the database servers are accessed through
command line or graphic user interface tools referred to as Frontends; database servers are referred to as
Back-ends.
Data in a relational database management system (RDBMS) is organized in the form of tables.
A table is a set of data elements (values) that is organized using a model of vertical columns and horizontal
rows.
Columns or Fields(attribute):
A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for each row of the table.
Rows or Records or Tuples:
A row also called a record or tuple represents a single, data item in a table.
Degree: No of column.
Cardinality: no of Rows.
Data types:
Datatypes are used to identify which type of data (value) we are going to store in the database.
• Binary Types (true/false)
• Date time
• BOOLEAN Yes / No
INTEGER Integer
DECIMAL Decimal
CHAR Text (fix) Stores exactly the length specified by user. add with spaces for store strings.
VARCHAR Text Stores up to the specified length. No spaces
Primary key: Column which is used to identify a row uniquely. Unique + not null.
Alternate key: among candidate one is selected primary and rest candidates are called alternate key.
Query: Queries helps us to retrieve data based upon some conditions. It is also used to perform some
action.
Reports: Used to display the selected data in printable format. It show data in summarized form.
Conditional Formatting Allow you to change the formatting of cells based on the values in it.
Number format
Font, style, colour
Fill colour/ pattern
Border colour/ border style
Normal View
Insert page break Page layout tab - page setup group – break.
To arrange windows
View – Windows – new windows – Arrange – Tiled/Horizontal/Vertical/Cascade
if the table already exists in a word document or a spreadsheet, you can directly import it from there.
Insert – Object- Create From File.
NOTE If you check the Link checkbox while inserting. On doing so, after you update the table in the
document or spreadsheet, then right click on the imported table in the presentation software,
and select the option Update Link, the embedded table gets updated automatically.
insert a Chart
- Insert tab- Illustrations – Chart
You can edit the values in the spreadsheet and the presentation software will automatically update
the chart.
You can change the colors and effects of the chart by using Design- Chart Styles.
Some Basic Guidelines are to prepare chart:
• Convey one message per chart. Make the message the heading.
• Make the chart easy to read. Label the X and Y axis and label the lines, bars, or pie wedges.
Make the most important text largest, the most important data lines or sections darkest.
• Make bars and columns wider than the spaces between them.
• Be accurate. Always start a numerical axis at zero. Compare only like variables.
• Eliminate all unnecessary details. Avoid grid lines, data points, boxes, etc. unless they relate
to the message.
• Use a few (maximum four) colors per visual.
Computer Accessibility refers to the user friendliness of a computer system for all, regardless of
their disability.
Start > Control Panel > Accessibility Options.
Keyboard tab
StickyKeys(physical disabilities):- StickyKeys allows the user to
press and release a modifier key, such as Shift, Ctrl, Alt, or the Windows key, and have it remain
active until any other key is pressed.
FilterKeys
FilterKeys is a feature of Microsoft Windows. It is an accessibility function that tells the keyboard
to ignore brief or repeated keystrokes, making typing easier for people with hand tremors.
ToggleKeys:-(vision impairment or cognitive disabilities).
When ToggleKeys is turned on, computer emits sound cues when the locking keys (Caps Lock, Num
Lock, or Scroll Lock) are pressed. A high sound is emitted when the keys are switched on and a low sound
is emitted when they are switched off.
Sound Tab
SoundSentry
SoundSentry is designed to help users with auditory impairments. SoundSentry generates visual
warnings, such as a blinking title bar or a flashing border, whenever the computer generates a
sound.
ShowSounds
ShowSounds instructs applications that convey information by sound, to also provide information
visually, through text captions or informative icons.
Display Tab
High Contrast
High Contrast is an accessibility feature to assist people with vision impairment. You can change the
size and color of fonts and the background for ease of viewing.
Cursor Options vision impairment
changing the blink rate and width of the cursor.
• To change the speed of the cursor blink, move the Blink Rate slider back and forth.
• To change the width of the cursor, move the Width slider back and forth.
Mouse Tab
MouseKeys
This option uses the keyboard (especially numeric keypad) as a pointing device instead of a mouse.
General Tab
This tab enables you to configure accessibility options for all users.
Networking
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet
protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide.
Data Sharing , Hardware Sharing , Internet Access Sharing, Usage of network based applications
Dial-up: Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the public
switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a connection to an Internet service provider
(ISP) via telephone lines using a device called MODEM
DSL: Digital subscriber line(DSL) provide Internet access by transmitting digital data over wires
of a local telephone network. DSL service is delivered along with wired telephone service on
the same telephone line. On the customer premises, a DSL filter removes the high frequency
interference, enabling simultaneous use of the telephone and data transmission. For using a DSL
connection, you need a DSL modem and a subscription.
Cable Internet Access: Cable Internet Access is a form of broadband Internet access that uses
the cable television infrastructure. Cable Internet Access is provided through existing cable TV
networks;
3G: 3G, short for 3rd Generation is a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile
telecommunication services and networks.
WI-Fi: Wi-Fi is a popular technology that allows an electronic device such as computers or mobile
phones to exchange data wirelessly over a network, including high-speed Internet connections.
Switching
The data is broken up into bits of same sized pieces called packets.
• A header is added to each packet explaining where the data has come from, where it should
end up and where it fits in with the rest of the packets.
• Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its destination. Each computer
on the way decides where next to send the packet. All packets may not take the same
route.
• At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or damaged, a
message is sent asking for them to be re-sent. This continues until all packets have been
received intact.
• The packets are now reassembled into their original form. All this done in seconds.
Switching Techniques: 1. Circuit switching A dedicated path exits between the two ends Ex telephone line.
2. Message switching : message is send from sender to receiver node by node(series of node).
3. Packet switch: message broken into series of packets. These packets has a header which contains
information about destination.(use tcp/ip protocol).
Adv: cost effective disadvantages: if packet is lost, the sender has to retransmit the data.
Hub: like switch connects different computers and devices. But switch transfer information to a particular
device and hub transmit to all the device.
Topology : Arrangement of computer networking devices. Bus, Star, Ring, Mess, Tree, Hybrid.
t 2: Web
Web
Web