Conductor
-material that easily conducts electrical current.
Insulator
-material does not conduct electric current
Semiconductor
-material between conductors and insulators in its ability to
conduct electric current
-acceptor is a dopant atom that when added to a
semiconductor can form a p-type region.
-donor is a dopant atom that, when added to a semiconductor,
can form a n-type region.
Simplified diode model -Piecewise-linear model of the diode
forward characteristic and its equivalent circuit representation
Constant voltage diode - The constant-voltage-drop model of
the diode forward characteristics and its equivalent-circuit
representation.
Zener diode - designed to operate under reverse breakdown
conditions. These diodes have a very accurate and specific
reverse breakdown voltage.
Schottky diode - These diodes are designed to have a very fast
switching time which makes them a great diode for digital
circuit applications. They are very common in computers
because of their ability to be switched on and off so quickly.
Light-emitting diode-designed with a very large bandgap so
movement of carriers across their depletion region emits
photons of light energy.
Bridge-reticfier
Npn BJT transistors
-High potential at collector. Low potential at emitter. Allows current flow
when the base is given a high potential
Pnp BJT transistor - High potential at emitter. Low potential at collector.
Allows current flow when base is connected to a low potential
Military- The recently announced PC5674 microprocessor has an increased
temperature range of -55°C to +150°C which makes it suitable for high
temperature environments such as aircraft engine systems.
Types of buses -address bus, data bus, and control bus.
Data register - used to hold data temporarily for the use in processing. Each
register can be accessed for byte operands (0-7 bits), word operands (0-15
bits), and long-word operands (0-31 bits)
Address register - used to store address information. Only 24 bits from 32
bits registers are used to access memory
P. counter - Hold memory address of the next instruction to be fetched. Only
24 bits from 32 bits are used in accessing memory
Stack pointer - To save the program counter when branching to a subroutine.
The stack pointer (SP) is A7 on the 68000
CCR – Carry(C), Overflow(V), Zero(Z), Negative (N), Extend (X)
Forward bias- positive ion reduces, more holes at the other side where no of
positive ions reduce
Reverse bias – positive ion widening depletion region, positive ion pulls free
electron in n away from pn junction, negative electron move from hole to
hole toward depletion region then create ‘-‘ ion
Van Neumann – program and data share single memory area. Most
computer use this architecture
Harvard architecture – program and data use separate memory area.
Instruction bus different
PORT A is 5 bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction
register is TRISA. To set TRISA, (bit=1) will corresponding PORT A in an
input. PORT A >5 bit wide, PORT B > 8 bit wide
Interrupt – external event which inform the CPU that device need its service.
When interrupt is invoked, it asked to run the program to perform a certain
service. The CPU run the interrupt service routine.