CEE490b Feb.

18, 2002

Review of Response to Harmonic and Random Excitation

7.1 Harmonic Excitation

Assume harmonic excitation with frequency ω was in the case of unbalanced

masses of machines, vortex shedding etc.

Pi (t ) = Pi cos ωt , or {P (t )} = {P }cos ωt (14)

Where {P } = [P1 P2 ... Pi Pn ]
T
...

The generalized forces for mode j, are from Eq. 13

n
p j (t ) = L j cos ωt , L j = ∑ Φ ij Pi , (16)
i =1

the Force Participation Factor in mode j

The generalized equation of motion, Eq. 12, is

p j (t ) Lj
η&&j (t ) + 2αη& j (t ) + ω 2j η j (t ) = = cos ωt (17)
Mj Mj

The solution of Eq. 17 follows from the SDOF solution

η j (t ) = η j cos(ωt + φ j ) + η oj e −αt cos(ω j t + φ oj ) (18)

1442443 144424443
Steady State Transient

the first term describes the most important steady state part of the motion (the
particular solution). Its amplitude is:

Lj 1 Lj
ηj = = εj (19)
M j ω 2j
  ω 2 
2
2 M j ω 2j
ω  2
1 −    + 4  D j
  ω j   ω 
 j
 
The transient part of Eq. 18 dies out due to damping
The real steady motion is from Eq. 2

n n
u i (t ) = ∑ Φ ijη j = ∑ u ij cos(ωt + φ j ) (21)
j =1 j =1

where the amplitude in mode j is:

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CEE490b Feb. 18, 2002

L j Φ ij 1 L j Φ ij
u ij = = ε j = Φ ijη j (21a)
M j ω 2j  ω 2

2
2 M j ω 2j
  
1 −    + 4 ω  D 2j
  ω j 
  ω 
 j
 

Thus, the response in each displacement coordinate i consists of harmonic

components that have the same frequency ω but different amplitudes and phase
shifts. At resonance with mode r, ω = ω j = ω r , ε j = 1 / 2Dr ; the resonant amplitude of
the resonating mode and its phase shift are:

L j Φ ir
1
u ir = , φ r = −π / 2 (22)
M r ω 2Dr
2
r

The r.m.s. response is inversely proportional to the damping ratio.

8.2 Response to Random Load

A periodic force P(t) with period T = 1 / f1 can be represented by a complex Fourier

series as:

∞
1 T /2
P (t ) = ∑ c r e ir 2πf1t , c r = ∫ P (t )e −ir 2πf1t dt , r=1,2 …..
−∞ T −T / 2

(8.23)

The response of a SDF system to such a load can be obtained by means of

superposition of responses to individual components. The harmonic load

P (t ) = Po e iωt

yields response

Po
y (t ) = H (ω )e iωt
k

where

1
H (f ) = 2
(8.24)
f  f
1 −   + i 2D
 fo  fo

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CEE490b Feb. 18, 2002

The response to a series of harmonic loads (Eq. 8.23)

∞
1
y (t ) = ∑ c r H (fr )e ir 2πf1t , with f r = r f1 (8.25)
−∞ k

The mean square response is

1 ∞
y 2 = 2 ∑ c r H (f r )
2 2
(8.27)
k −∞
With period T → ∞

1 2 2
S y (f ) = 2
S p (f ) H (f ) = α (if ) S p (f ) (8.29)
k
2
in which H (f ) is the square of the dynamic magnification factor:
2 1
H (f ) = ε 2 = (8.30)
[1 − (f / f ) ] + 4D (f / f )
o
2 2 2
o
2

The mean square response y 2 is

∞ ∞
1
S (f ) H (f ) df
2
y 2 = ∫ S y (f )df = 2 ∫ p
(8.31)
0
k 0

The integral in Eq. 8.31 cannot be generally evaluated in closed form. It can be
evaluated approximately as:
f ∞
1 o 1
S (f )df + 2 ∫ S p (fo ) H (f ) df
2
2 ∫ p
y2 ≅
k o k 0
f
(8.32)
1 o 1 πf
= 2 ∫ S p (f )df + 2 S p (fo ) o
k 0 k 4D

When the damping is small and the spectrum flat, the second part of Eq. 8.32 yields
sufficient accuracy and the variance is approximately:

1 π f
y2 ≅ 2
S P ( fo ) o
k 4D

The standard deviation (root-mean-square) of the response is:

σy = y2
The r.m.s. response depends on the square root of the damping ratio.

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