Unit - III

FUZZY LOGIC & CONTROL

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 Classical sets (crisp sets)

• A classical set is defined by crisp

boundaries; i.e. there is no uncertainty in the
prescription or location of the boundaries of
the set.

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 Operations on classical set

• Four operations are possible on classical

sets. They are:
• Union
• Intersection
• Complement and
• Difference

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 Union:

• Let A and B be two sets on universe X. The

union between the two sets, denoted,

• represents all those elements in the universe

that reside in (or belong to) either the set A,
the setB or both the sets.
• This operation is also called the logical OR.
The union operation can be expressed as
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 Intersection:

• The intersection of two sets, denoted by

• represents all those elements in the

universe X that simultaneously reside in
(or belong to) both the sets A and B.
• This operation is also called the logical
AND

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The intersection operation can be expressed as

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 Complement:

• The complement of a set A denoted , is

defined as the collection of all elements in
the universe that do not reside in the set
A.
• The complement operation is expressed
as

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 Difference:

• The difference of a set A with respect to B,

denoted, is defined as the collection of all
elements in the universe that reside in A
but not reside in B. this operation can be
expressed

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 Fuzzy sets:

• In classical (crisp) sets, the transition for

an element in the universe between
membership and non-membership in a
given set is abrupt and well-defined.
For a fuzzy set, this transition is gradual
due to the fact that the boundaries of the
fuzzy sets are vague and ambiguous.

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 Operations on fuzzy sets:
• Four operations are possible on classical
sets. They are:
• Union
• Intersection
• Complement and
• Difference

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Difference:

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 Properties of Fuzzy sets
• The properties of fuzzy sets are same as
crisp sets except for the Excluded middle
laws.
• The excluded middle laws do not hold
good for fuzzy sets because the fuzzy sets
and its complement can overlap

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 Fuzzy Relations
• A fuzzy relation, f is a mapping from the
Cartesian space to the interval [0,1],
where the strength of the mapping is
expressed by the membership function of
the relation

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 Cardinality of fuzzy relation
• Since the cardinality of a fuzzy set on any
universe is infinity, the cardinality of fuzzy
relation between two or more universes is
also infinity
• The cardinality of a crisp relation

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 Fuzzification
• Fuzzification is the process of making a
crisp quantity fuzzy.

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 The various methods used for
fuzzification are
• Intuition
• Inference
• Rank ordering
• Angular fuzzy sets
• Neural networks
• Genetic algorithms
• Inductive reasoning
• Soft-partitioning
• Meta rules and
• Fuzzy statics

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 Intuition
• The innate intelligence and understanding
of human beings is used to develop fuzzy
sets from crisp data in this method.
Intuition involves contextual and semantic
knowledge about an issue; it can also
involve linguistic truth values about this
knowledge.

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 Inference:
• In the inference method, knowledge is
used to perform deductive reasoning i.e.
we wish to deduce or infer a conclusion,
given a body of facts and knowledge.

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 Rank Ordering:
• Assessing preferences by a single
individual, a committee, a poll and other
opinion methods can be used to assign
membership values to a fuzzy variable.
Preference is determined by pair wise
comparisons, and these determine the
ordering of the membership

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 Angular Fuzzy Sets:
• Angular fuzzy sets differ from ordinary
fuzzy sets in the coordinate description.
Angular fuzzy sets are defined on a
universe of angles, hence are repeating
shapes every 2 cycles.
• These are usually used in the quantitative
description of linguistic variables known as
truth values

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 Neural Networks:
• In neural network method of determining
membership function, a number of input data
values are selected and are divided into training-
data set and checking-data set.
• The training dataset is used to train the neural
network. Let us consider an input training-data
set as shown in fig.11. The tables 1 and 2 show
coordinate values of the different data points
considered.
• Thedata points are first divided into different
classes by conventional clustering techniques.
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 Defuzzification:
• Defuzzification is the conversion of a fuzzy
quantity to a precise (crisp) quantity. The
methods available for converting a fuzzy quantity
to crisp quantity are:
• Max-membership principle
• Centroid method
• Weighted average method
• Mean-max membership method
• Center of sums
• Center of largest area
• First (or last) of maxima
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DEFUZZIFICATION

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 DEFUZZIFICATION

• Defuzzification is the conversion of a

fuzzy quantity to a precise (crisp)
quantity.

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 Inference

Defuzzifier
Input Fuzzifier Defuzzifier Output
Engine

Fuzzy
Knowledge base

Converts the fuzzy output of the inference

engine to crisp using membership functions
analogous to the ones used by the fuzzifier.

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 Inference

Defuzzifier
Input Fuzzifier Defuzzifier Output
Engine

Fuzzy
Knowledge base

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 Inference

Defuzzifier
Input Fuzzifier Defuzzifier Output
Engine

Fuzzy
Knowledge base

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 The methods
available for converting a
fuzzy quantity to crisp quantity
are
• Max-membership principle
• Centroid method
• Weighted average method
• Mean-max membership method
• Center of sums
• Center of largest area
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 Max-membership principle

• This method also known as height method is limited to peaked

output functions. This method is given by the algebraic expression:

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 Centroid method
• This method also called center of area or
center of gravity method is the most
prevalent and physically appealing of all
the defuzzification methods.
• It is given by the algebraic expression:

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 Weighted average method
• This method is valid only for symmetrical
output membership functions.
• It is given by the algebraic expression

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Mean-max membership method

• This method also called as middle of

maxima is closely related to the mean-
maxmembership principle.
• The difference is that, here the location
of maximum membership can benon-
unique i.e. the maximum membership
can be a plateau rather than a single
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• Thismethod is given by the expression

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Criteria for selecting defuzzification method:

• The selection of a defuzzification method

is context or problem dependent. The
criteria formeasurement of the methods
are:
• Continuity: small change in the input of
fuzzy process should not produce a large
changein the output

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• Disambiguity: a unique value for should
be produced.
• (Not satisfied by center of largest area
method)

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FUZZY RULE BASED
SYSTEM

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