Endapan Mineral

Akumulasi mineral-mineral di kerak bumi yang ekonomis

Mineral Bijih
Mineral berunsur logam yang terikat secara kimia dengan unsur lain

-Mineral bijih primer

terbentuk saat awal proses metalisasi

-mineral bijih sekunder

terbentuk akibat alterasi mineral hypogene atau akibat proses eksternal spt pelapukan
penambahan air permukaan

Gangue mineral

nonmetallic mineral yang terdapat dalam mineral bijih

Country rocks
batuan yg mengandung mineral bijih dan gangue mineral

Endapan bijih
Agregat mineral bijih (+gangue) yang bisa diekstraksi secara ekonomis

Kadar bijih
Konsentrasi logam yang terkandung pada cebakan/tubuh bijih. Diketahui melalui assaying

Cut of grade
Ambang batas kadar minimal ekonomis suatu cebakan

By product
produk sampingan hasil tambang

mineral deposit.
- fluid : magma, hydrothermal, meteoric water, seawater, connate water, metamoph water

- metal : subduction, igneous, wall rocks

- factor : physical (gravity, changes in P and T) & Chemical (pH, salinity, O2 fugacity)

Tipe alterasi hidrotermal

• potassic : akibat penambahan K dr larutan ke wallrock. Ditandai dengan K-FELSPAR, SERISIT,

BIOTITE — KF SIBI

• prophyllitic : Ditandai Ca-bearing minerals (KALSIT KLORIT EPIDOT) disertai ALBITE SERISIT
PIRIT ZOISIT — KKP ALSIRIZI

• phyllic : ditandai pembentukan SERISIT (+QUARTZ PIRIT) — SEQIP

• argillic : ditandai pembentukan mineral lempung & hilangnya Ca-bearing minerals

• silicification : akibat penambahan silika. ditandai kuarsa sbg mineral utama

• dolomitization : akibat substitusi Ca oleh Mg di karbonat. kalsit jadi dolomit

Tipe keterdapatan

• cavity filling ( vein, stockwork, breccia, pore )

• replacement

ENDAPAN MAGMATIK
ULTRAMAFIK-MAFIK (DALAM-MENENGAH)
KRISTALISASI//SEGREGASI//INJEKSI

DUNITE-PERIDOTIT-PYROXENITE

EARLY
- diseminasi : tersebar merata. terbentuk akibat proses kristalisasi pada magma dalam
membentuk bb granular

- segregasi : diferensiasi kristalisasi magma akibat gravitasi

LATE
gravitational

- RL SEGREGATION : diferensiasi dan akumulasi residual magma

- RL INJECTION : idem dengan filter pressing

immiscible

- segregation : separation and accumulation

- injection : same with injection

Tipe keterdapatan
- stratiform : Bushveld type

- podiform : Alpine type , MAJOR FAULT ZONE

Elements yg terkonsentrasi :
PGM, minor Fe, Ti, Cu, Ni, Cr, Diamond, V

REE, B, U, Sn, Ta, Be, Li, Zr, Wn

Tipe ore
- chromite

- PGM

- CuFeNi sulfides

- FeTi oxide

- diamond in kimberlite

- REE Zr in carbonatite

- Pegmatite and greisen

PGE : Ru, Rh, Os, Pd, Pt, Ir

Physical process

1. Factor

- Temperature : density, viscosity

- Density : turun seiring kristalisasi olivine pyroxene, naik seiring kristalisasi plagioklas
- Viscosity
2. High T and Mg, Low viscosity, turbulent flows

Mode of formation
- fractional crystalization from melt

- liq immiscibility between LIQUID (S,O,C) and Si melt

- dissemination

- end stage of magmatic crystallization

pada awal pembekuan magma :

Dissemination
-Membentuk batuan beku granular

-tubuh bijih berupa dike, pipe, stock

-endapan placer spt ilmenit monasit

-contoh : diamond pd kimberlite dan korundum pada syenit nepheline

Segregasi
- akibat gravitasi

- bentuk lensa (podiform)

- stratiform pada bushveld complex (endapan kromit)

PEGMATITE

intermediate - felsic

H2O solubility
- depends on PRESSURE and temperature

- dissolved as hydroxyl

Crystallization of Granitic magmas

anhydrous mineral + air -> saturated

PEGMATITE

-Very coarse (>2.5 cm)

-Granitic

-late stage crystallization (full of volatile and trace element)

-major source of : Be, Li, Cs, Ta, muscovite, feldpsar

-minor source of : U, Y, RRE, Sn, W

-source of beryl, topaz, tourmaline

-dipengaruhi litologi soure rock

-beda teksturnya dgn granit karna adanya H2O

Form : lenticular sill, dike-like

Struktur : umumnya unzoned

tapi RE pegmatites zoned -> border-, wall-, intermediate-, core zone

PORPHYRY
Cu, Mo, Au, Ag, Sn

intermediate-felsik (diorit-granodiorit to granit)

mineralization centered on quartz monzonite intrusion

shallow depth (1-4km)

intrusion : pre, early, syn, late, post

structural control : stockworks, veins, vein sets, fractures, and breccias.

Supergene enrichment as blanket


Main Ore Mineral : chalcopyrite bornite
gangue : quartz, kf, anhydrite, magnetite

JENIS HIDROTERMAL

- Potassic : Stockwork and disseminated, Ortoklas, biotit, klorit

- Phyllic : Serisit, Quartz, Pyrite

- Argillic : Quartz kaolinite chlorite

- Prophylitic : Chlorite, epidote, albite

HIDROTERMAL

adalah sistem distribusi sirkulasi fluida panas di bawah permukaan bumi pada variasi tekanan dan
temperatur

SKARN
batuan calc-silicate hasil ubahan batuan karbonat melalui intrusi

mineral dominan : garnet piroksen

deposits hosted in carbonate rocks

epigenetic, >250C, asosiasi dgn pluton/batolit, depth 10-12km

Au Cu proximal zoned, Zn Pb distal zoned

ore mineral assemblages : pirit/pirotit, sulfides, calc silicate, carbonate gangue min

early hornfels : reduce permeability

late hornfels : increase permeability

ore min : coarse crystalline

late stage -> disseminated

EVOLUSI
isochemical - metasomatic - retrograde

high T = prograde ; low T = retrograde

Mineralogy : oxide (magnetite), sulfide (chalcopyrite), silicate (epidote, scheelite)

klasifikasi

-tungsten

- Cu Mo

- Fe Au

- Sn

- Pb-Zn-Ag

Fe & Au skarn : mafik-intermediate

EPITHERMAL
shallow <1500m ; T 150-280 ; salinitas 1-5%

deposit ketika COOLING dan DEGASSING akibat mixing, boiling, decompression

endapan berupa REPLACEMENT, DISSEMINATION, OPEN SPACE FILLING

dikontrol PERMEABILITAS (akibat struktur, hidro, batuan)

fluids: mix air magmatik + air laut/connate/meteorik

1. HIGH SULPHIDATION -> disseminated, replacement -> vuggy

fluids meteoric, high salinity

metal assoc. Ag Zn Pb

quartz-alunite & alunite-kaolinite

2. LOW SULPHIDATION -> vein, stockwork

fluids meteoric

mettal assoc. Au Ag

adularia-sericite