BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS VI

Transition Metals
 The 38 elements in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are called
"transition metals".
 As with all metals, the transition elements are both ductile and malleable,
and conduct electricity and heat.
 These elements are iron, cobalt, and nickel, and they are the only
elements known to produce a magnetic field.
Other Metals
 The 7 elements classified as "other metals" are located in groups 13, 14,
and 15.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS VI

 While these elements are ductile and malleable, they are not the same as
the transition elements.
 All of these elements are solid, have a relatively high density, and are
opaque.
Metalloids
 Metalloids are the elements found along the stair-step line that
distinguishes metals from non-metals.
 This line is drawn from between Boron and Aluminum to the border
between Polonium and Astatine. The only exception to this is Aluminum,
which is classified under "Other Metals".
 Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals.
 Some of the metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, are semi-
conductors.
 This means that they can carry an electrical charge under special
conditions. This property makes metalloids useful in computers and
calculators

METALS
• Metals are… Solid at room temperature, except mercury, which is liquid !
• Metals have… very high melting point.
• Metals are… shiny when they cut.
• Metals are… good conductors of heat and electricity.
• Metals are… usually strong & malleable so they can be hammered into
shape.

When
selecting a material for a particular application, Understanding and control of a
material’s properties is essential.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS VI

Criteria for selection

1. The loading conditions

2. Manufacturing process
3. Maintenance
4. Physical properties, weight, joinery
5. Visual properties
6. Environmental challenges it will be subjected to while in service
The mechanical properties of metal can be carefully controlled through the
selection of an appropriate chemical composition, processing and heat
treatment, which lead to its final microstructure.

FERROUS METALS
Manufacturing Process
 Extraction-
• crushing ,cleaning, Separation (magnetic,
mechanical)
 Calcinations/ Roasting
• Hot and dry state
• Water, volatile matter given out
• Mixing with charcoal
 Smelting
• Blast furnace - Mixing with limestone and
coal
• Pig Iron-

1. Cast Iron
 Composition:
2%-4% carbon
 Properties:
• Brittle, snaps
before it will bend
• Strong in
compression –
6000kg/sq cm
• Does not rust
• Contracts on
melting – melting
point -1200
0celcius
• Cannot be forged or welded.
• Moulded to final product
 Uses:

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS VI

Historic bridges, buildings

Cylinder blocks for car engines,
Frames for most machines
Sewage and Water pipes
used for manufacture of steel and wrought iron

2. Wrought Iron
 Composition: 1-2.5 % carbon content plus slag inclusions
 Properties:
Wrought iron is tough, malleable, ductile and easily welded
Can be magnetized temporarily
Melting point 1500 degree Celsius
Moderate tensile strength – 4000kg/sq cm
Gets rusted
 Uses:
Agriculture equipment
Rails
Ornamental works
Used for manufacture of steel
Chemical composition comparison of pig iron, plain carbon steel, and wrought iron[29]

Material Iron Carbon Manganese Sulfur Phosphorus Silicon

Pig iron 91–94 3.5–4.5 0.5–2.5 0.018–0.1 0.03–0.1 0.25–3.5

Wrought
99–99.8 0.05–0.25 0.01–0.1 0.02–0.1 0.05–0.2 0.02–0.2
iron
All units are percent weight

3. Steel
 Composition: iron & carbon (0.01 – 1%)
 Properties:
• Contains varying amounts of manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon & 20
other alloys
• High strength to weight ratio
• It minimise the substructures cost, which beneficial in poor ground
condition.
• Readily available worldwide in various certificate grades.
• Speed of construction
• Versatility of commercial forms- steel suits range of construction methods
& sequences.
• Modification & repair
• Recycling
• Durability
• Aesthetics
Types of steel

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS VI

 Low-carbon steel, also called mild steels, has less than 0.30% carbon.
Used in everyday industrial products like bolts, nuts, sheet, plate and
tubes.
 Medium-carbon steel has 0.30% to 0.60% carbon. Used for jobs
requiring higher strength such as machinery, automotive equipment parts,
and metalworking equipment.
 High-carbon steel has more than 0.60% carbon. Used parts that require
the highest strength, hardness, and wear resistance. Once manufactured
they are heat treated and tempered

a. Mild steels
Properties
 Fibrous structure
 Melting point 1400 degree Celsius
 Can withstand shocks
 High tensile strength – 6000 kg/sq cm
 Can easily welded
 Gets rusted easily
Uses
 Chain, stampings, rivets, nails, wire, pipe, and where very soft, plastic
steel is needed.
 Structural steels, machine parts, soft and tough steels.
 Use for case hardened machine parts and screws.

b. High Carbon steel

Properties
 Hard and tough
 Can be easily welded
 More elastic than mild steel
 Melting point 1300 degree Celsius
 Tensile strength is 5500-5800 kg/sq cm
Uses
 Cutting tools
 Machine parts
 Surgical instruments
 Cold twisted deformed (CTD) rebars
 Thermo-processed (TMT) rebars

Hot rolled steel

 Hot-rolled steel is put through the rolling process to make its final
dimensions at temperatures above 1000 degrees.
Cold rolled steel
 The rolling process for cold-rolled steel is done at temperatures close to
room temperature. This procedure makes the material stronger and
harder.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS VI

Finish
 The two processes leave the metal with different colors and finishes. Cold-
rolled is smooth and gray. Hot-rolled has a rougher, blue-gray finish.
Tolerances
 Hot-rolled finished material will have looser tolerances applied to it
because it reconfigures itself during the cooling process.
 Cold rolling allows a more precise dimensional finished product because it
has already gone through the cooling process and it is closer to the
finished dimension.
Finished products
When steel is heated to the point it is malleable, it is possible to force it through
a variety of shapes. This allows manufacture of I beams and other structural
components. Cold steel is limited to few shapes, mostly flat, round, square and
variations of those. It is straighter, has a better finish and tighter tolerances

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS VI

Ferrous materials are produced in larger quantities than any other metallic
material.
Three factors account for it:
(a) availability of abundant raw materials combined with economical extraction,
(b) ease of forming and

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS VI

(c) Their mechanical and physical properties.

Disadvantages
• Environmental degradation i.e. poor corrosion resistance.
• Relatively high density and comparatively low electrical and thermal
conductivities
• Costly waste
• High cost of final finishing & polishing
• Environmental issue

NON FERROUS METALS

Copper
 Properties:
• Best conductors of electricity and heat,
• Peculiar reddish brown color
• Highly malleable and ductile
• Melting point -1083 0 C
• good corrosion resistance, and
• easily processed.
 Uses:
• Electronics,
• springs, cartridges,
• plumbing,
• heat exchangers, and marine equipment.
Copper
Copper has two main uses in a building - in the electrical wiring and systems,
and in roofing and cladding.
Copper for Roofing
It is a traditional material for roofing, as it is easy to work, very long wearing
and durable (for many centuries), and is very attractive.
It is quite expensive and so was used on churches and mosques (paid for by the
populace). It has become fashionable over the last 20 years and now is
occasionally used in modern 'signature' buildings.
It is a very bendy and flexible material, making it easy to work by a skilled
craftsman.
It also does not need any finishing or painting. It can be soldered (low
temperature heat sealing) to make waterproof seals (in this sense it has
something in common with lead).
Most building copper comes from recycled sources, usually in electronics or
electrical trade, in fact it is often 75% recycled, which means it can score
towards and green certification such as LEED in the US or Ecohomes (BREEAM)
in the UK. It can also be completely recycled (95%) at the end of the building's
life.
Copper for Cladding
Similar comments to those for roofing. Cladding is increasingly seen as a way to
make a building stand out. It is also a way of retro-fitting a building to update
the energy specification and appearance.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS VI

Aluminium
 Properties:

• Most abundant metallic element (8% crust)

• High strength to weight ratio
• Resistant to corrosion
• High thermal and electrical conductivity
• Nonmagnetic
• It is light, easily recycled, non
corrosive, and easy to work.
• It is not good for strength, or heat
resistance as it has a low melting
point. (650 degree celsious)
• Very common metal in modern
buildings.
 Uses:
• Aluminium is used for window
frames, door frames, cladding, and
roofing.
• It paints well and often units like
window frames and door frames are
in a customer selected color,
supplied ready to fit.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS VI

• It can be recycled easily.

Lead
Lead is another very old traditional material. It is used extensively for roofing,
either the whole roof, or more usually for the guttering and sealing and
waterproofing, as it is flexible, non corrosive and easy to cut to fit. Very thin
sheets are available these days.
Weather proof/ water proof use
Lead in roofing
Lead flashing - is a lead strip between a roof and a wall, or gutters and wall and
roof
Lead valleys - are used in the trough between two roofs that abut. Also used for
soffits and other places where small seals are needed.
Lead ridges - is for the top of a roof where the two faces abut at the ridge or
gable.
Lead is also used for detailed metalwork such as awnings, parapets, turrets and
other craft applications.
Sound proofing
Lead is also used for sound proofing as it is very dense (heavy) and soft, so
dulling and absorbing sound waves. Suitable for the heaviest of heavy metal
bands...
Radiation shielding
It is also used to block radiation, in many specialist areas like X-Ray radiography,
nuclear industry, aerospace etc. Industrial and medical applications often use a
laminate of lead and other materials like plastics.
Tin
 Tin is good conductor of heat and electricity
 Soft and malleable
 Tin is not a suitable building material as it is weak and also expensive.
 Tin is used a bit in prefabricated buildings (prefabs).
 Major used in packaging industry

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS VI

ALLOYS
Brass
 Brass is a copper-zinc alloy.
 In building, brass is used for decorative high quality door furniture ,
window fittings, hinges, doorknobs, locks, bolts, edging etc.
 Brass shines up well and is hard wearing.
 The range of alloys and so different properties such as colour is wide.

Nickel-silver
 Nickel-silver is a brass alloy with 10-20% nickel, which gives it a more
silver appearance. Nickel-silver is only used for decoration in buildings,
and is more used in jewelery, models, musical instruments etc.

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 BUILDING TECHNOLOGY & MATERIALS VI

Bronze
 Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, sometimes with other elements like
phosphorus, manganese etc.
 It is had and brittle and is used for door furniture, decorative metals.
 Also used for bronze statues, statuary and decorative designs which
are a significant part of some buildings and locations.
 Bronze resists corrosion very well especially in maritime sea environment,
so it is used a lot for fittings on coastal buildings.

Titanium
 Has the highest strength to weight ratio
 Titanium is not only for the aerospace industry - the Guggenheim
Museum Bilbao used it for cladding, and it is seen as a modern material
as it is very high performance, strong, non corrosive (even when next to
other metals and materials) and has very good temperature stability.
 Titanium can also be used for roofing, decoration, soffits etc.

Anodised aluminium
 This is aluminium or aluminium alloy with a surface layer created by an
electrolytic process (hence anode). This adds a patina and makes it
tougher and less prone to corrosion, and other desirable characteristics
such as improved lubrication, surface hardness, and also makes it ready
for dyes.
 Aluminium alloy has a higher melting point than straight aluminium so
care has to be taken with the brittleness of anodised layers, which can
cause cracks.

Powder coated aluminium

 Another finish for aluminium, this is a dry powder system that in effect
toasts the thermoplastic or thermoset polymer material onto the surface.
The material is added electrostatically then heat-treated to set and form a
skin or surface layer.
 Powder coating is used for white goods, consumer electronics and also
buildings parts such as window frames, door frames, awnings, canopies
etc.

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