Assignment No 01

Course Title : Pakistan Studies

Class : _BEE - 6____

Teacher’s Name : Muhammad Saeed

Student Name : Muhammad Hisham

Reg. No. : FA16-BEE-022

Date : April 5, 2019

Total Marks :
CLO-1 CLO-2 CLO-3 CLO-4 CLO-5

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS University Islamabad
(Abbottabad Campus)
1. Why Khilafat movement failed and what role did Congress played in its failure?

ANSWER:

Great Alliances:
This alliance between Indian Muslims and Hindus were initially successful and putting a great
deal of pressure on the British authorities governing India.

Summry:
So there was Caliphate movement among Muslims to remain the caliphate. In India, Nehru-
Gandhi deliberately mispronounced it as khilafat movement to confuse not so educated
population of India. Khilafat means opposition. Hindus thought otherway that perhaps it was
associated with the Independence movement.

The Khilafat Movement came to end when thousands of Indians were put behind the bar. The
leaders in spite of their best efforts could not maintained together the Hindu-Muslim Unite.
One of the main reasons which caused a death blow to Khilafat Movement was the indirect
announcement of Gandhi to discontinue the Non Co-operation Movement. Gandhi used an
incident of arson on February 1922,set on fire a police choki at Chora Churi at district
Gorakpur, burning twenty one constables to death as an excuse to called it the non-cooperation
movement.In 1924, Kamal Ataturk set up a government on democratic basis in Turkey by
abolishing Khilafat as a system of government which served a finishing blow to Khilafat
Movement in India and people had lost there interest that they had in the movement.

a.British Government:
First, the Khilafat delegation sent to London in 1920 was interpreted by the British government
as an eccentric expression of pan-Muslim sentiment rather than a serious movement with
legitimate goals. In the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, the victorious allied powers disallusionad the
Ottoman Empire and took over many of its territories as "mandates" or colonies, leaving only
Turkey itself under Ottoman rule.

b.Emigration To Afghanistan;
Second, the unity of Muslim and Hindu Indians was shaken by several incidents, including the
emigration to Afghanistan of more than 18,000 Muslims as well as the violence of the 1921
Moplah rebellion by Indian Muslims.A large number of Muslims migrated from Sindh and
N.W.F.P to Afghanistan.The Afghan authorities did not allow them to cross the border. After
this tragic those who had advocated the Hijrat movement come to know their mistake which
resulted in failure of movement.

c.Muslim Leaders Aressted:

Third, the initial successes of the Non-Cooperation Movement provoked an intense crackdown
by British authorities, leading to Gandhi's arrest and suspension of the Non-Cooperation
campaign. Due to this incident the Ali brother and other Muslim leader were arrested and Mr.
Gandhi want to put off the movement. As a consequence the movement lost its intensity.

d.No Caliph In Istanbul:

Finally, Turkish nationalists in what was left of the Ottoman Empire do not share the Khilafat
movement's goal of protecting the Muslim caliphate. Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
officially abolished the sultanate in 1922 and become caliphate itself in 1924, putting end to
the political and spiritual authority of the Ottoman Empire. Now that there was no longer a
caliph in Istanbul, the Khilafat movement lost its reason for existing. He exiled Sultan Abdul
Majeed, a helpless Caliph and abolished Khilafat as an institution, due to this all agitational
activities came to an end in the Sub-continent.

Role Of Congress In Failure:

Neither was Gandhi anywhere in the picture when the Muslim delegation in March 1920 left
for England to meet PM Loyd George to present to the latter the Indian Muslims' sentiments
and their dismay over the harsh terms of Treaty of Sevres.

Gandhi assumed leadership of the movement much later on account that all major leaders of
the movement were in jail.

Secondly, applauding Gandhi for his role in the Khilafat Movement will be unjust as he is
accused by many to have used it as a mere tool to achieve Sawaraj — the self-rule.

The calling off of the Non-Cooperation Movement without consultation of Muslim leaders,
that too at a critical point of time, is enough to prove his lack of sincerity with the cause.

Songs of Gandhi will always be sung for his tireless efforts for independence but in this
particular case he failed to earn respects of the Muslim populace.

Conclusion:
But the difference between the Hindus and Muslims became even more pronounced and many
other events showed that the opposition of Hindus to British Government was not lasting. When
Khilafat Movement reached at its success, the Hindus especially Mr. Gandhi gave up from
movement and leaved the Muslims alone and caused the failure of Movement.

The Khilafat movement proved that Hindus and Muslims were two different countries as they
could not continously take the unity and could not live together. The Khilafat Movement
created political consciousness among the Indian Muslims, which inspired them to constitute
another movement called Pakistan Movement for the Independence. Thus, they started
Pakistan Movement.
2. How Khilafat movement proved that Hindus and Muslims were two
different nations as they could not continue the unity, and ultimately paved
the way for Pakistan movement?

ANSWER:

a.Varnasirama Dhrama:
Hence the division of Pakistan is not because of religion but because of varnasirama dharma.
The non vegetarian Muslims were hated by the vegetarian yogi Hindus even before the days of
the British. So segregation of colonies existed even during the days of Moghuls. In the venad
kingdom, the Muslim, Jew and the nasrani Christians were called as people belonging to fifth
colour called anjuvannam. So the Arabs who came from mecca settled outside the fort of
padmanabhapuram

b.Muhammad Ali Jinnah Leadership For Muslims:

The Muslim League lost its popularity and Muslim political leadership was taken from secular
leaders like Jinnah by orthodox religious leaders. This also led to Muslim fanaticism and frenzy
and many lives were lost in the process. The Hindus also turned against the Indian Muslims.
Thus the Khilafat Movement proved that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations as
they could not maintain their unity and paved the way for the formation of Pakistan.

c.Ghandi Behavior:
The Ghandi behavior shows many aspects to the indian muslims,british government and as
well as to hindus that they are not a one nation and it might be seperated, as a leader he leave
the indian muslims alone in the khilafat movement.He proved the difference between muslims
and hindus as different nations.Thus ultimately he open the view of Pakistan Movement for the
muslim nation to struggle for their own nation.

d.Relegion Islam:
Although the Khilafat Movement failed to achieve its declared objectives, it carried political
awakening to large masses of Muslims. It was during the Khilafat days that representatives of
Indian Muslims came into contact with eminent personages from other Muslims countries to
save the semblance of unity in the world of Islam.

e.Fatwa Of Jamiyat-al-Ulema-i-Hind:
It was aslo a postive point for indian muslims to show to the British Government that the
muslims are migrating to Afghanistan because of the some reasons:

A tragic offshoot of the Khilafat Movement was the Hijrat Movement proposed by Jamiyat-al-
Ulema-i-Hind. When a land is not safe for Islam, a Muslim has two options; Jihad or Hijrat.
Around 925 eminent Muslims signed this fatwa. According to one version, the idea of Hijrat
was originated from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.

In the North West Frontier Province and Sindh, hundreds of families sold their land and
property and departed in the direction of the Khyber Pass, to migrate to Afghanistan, a brotherly
independent Muslim state. In the month of August alone, some 18,000 Indian Muslims
migrated to Afghanistan. Afghanistan, a poor country, was unable to absorb so large an influx
of population and sealed its borders. It is difficult to establish who was responsible for
misleading such a large number of Muslims.

f.Mophla Tragedy:
Mophla Trajedy also effect the Ghandi vision which was also a plus point to become two
nations.

Tragic event was the Moplah Uprising. In mid of August 1921, agrarian riots broke out in
Nilambur. The Moplah peasants revolted against the Hindu landlord’s distructive policies,
which are in alliance with the British. The Hindu landlords redistributed their lands and the
Moplahs, who had been suffering from it, rose in revolt. A pitched battle between the British
regiment and the Moplahs killed Europeans. Four thousand Moplahs were killed in action and
tens thousands were injured.

There was the notorious Moplah Train Tragedy. Around a hundred prisoners, confined in a
closed and almost airtight goods van, were transported by rail. When the door was opened, 66
Moplahs were found suffocated to death and the remaining 34 were on the verge of collapse.

All this was followed by Hindu-Muslim communal clashes, particularly in Multan and Bengal
in September 1922.Sanghattan and Shuddi movements were offshoots of these communal
rioting, which were anti-Muslim and aimed at Hindu revivalism.

g.Muslim Leaders Aressted:

It aslo showed the two nation theory that diffference between hindus and muslims
circulates.Because when they were arrested Ghandi lose the hope and want to quit he showed
there that this nation is muslim and they are different in religon and other aspects.Hence it
proved that muslim have the right to want Pakistan Movement to make independent nation.