Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 99, NO. B5, PAGES 9215-9226, MAY 10, 1994
David E. James
Departmentof TerrestrialMagnetism,CarnegieInstitutionof Washington•Washington,D.C.
8'S
14øS
[1981]slabmodel(Figure3) produces
consistent
results within the subductingslabbeneaththe array. Although
if the averagevelocity and thicknessof the slab interior 25 of theseeventswerealsorecordedto varyingdegrees
are chosenappropriately. by the coastalarray,only eventsE101, E181, and E270
had hypocenters locatedwithin the localnetworkand
Data clear P arrivals on at least four coastal stations.
n- _j z z n
o 2:3 n,, 03 03
T 1
\
\
\
I
-5.657E+04
.......
7,
......
,__.
•_.g -1.764[+05
14-JUN-85 06:22:07.73 sis z
lNl'¬.,k'LJkd..b,L
-6.211E+03
-6.717E+03
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (sec)
Figure4. Vertical
andtransverse
component
seismograms
foreventE270recorded
at stations
POZ and SJS in the locator network.
JUN14(165),198506:22:16.919
20 40 60 80
Seconds
Figure 5. Verticalcomponent
seismograms
fromcoastalstationsfor eventE270. Traceshave
been low-passfiltered with a cornerat 8 Hz.
NORABUENA ET AL.: SUBDUCTING NAZCA PLATE 9219
Location Procedure and the 1-D Velocity Struc- The residuals typically become more negative as epi-
ture central distance increases,although the northernmost
stations CHI and ETE consistentlyexhibit larger resid-
The starting velocity structurefor the crust and up- uals (about -4 s). No station corrections exceptfor
per mantle beneathcentral-eastern Peru was derived elevationare considered,but we estimate theseto be at
from surface wave studies over central Peru, Bolivia, most a few tenths of a second.
and northernChile [James,1971]. Vt,/Vs ratioswere The travel time residualsare far too large to be at-
varied assumingthat crystalline crustal rocks have a tributed solely to inaccurate locationsor origin times.
Poisson's ratio of about 0.26 and mantle rocks have Typical error estimatesfor origin time, for example,are
higher valueswhich increasewith depth. The effect of around S: 0.3 s. Moreover, in trial solutionsbased on
sedimentarylayers underlyingstationsin the Ucayali a widerangeof 1-D velocitymodels,we couldfind no
Basin,as determinedby JamesandSnoke[1994],were 1-D model whichwouldproducean overallreductionin
includedas station delays. the travel time residuals.
Travel time computationswere basedon a spherical
Earth model. Travel time tables for P and S waves
Subducting Plate Structure and 3-D
were generatedfor the selectedvelocity model using
the IASPEI91 procedure[Kennettand Engdahl,1991] Ray Tracing
modified to handle a tabular model input. The tables
basedon wavepropagationthrougha sphericallysym- Plate Structure
metricEarth modelwereusedwith Hypoellipse[Lahr,
1992](whichincludes extensions
by SnokeandLahr to The most plausible explanation for the residuals, and
utilize suchtables)to determinelocations. P and S the onewhichwe proposehere,is the influenceon travel
arrival times were usedfor all locations. Only those ar- timesof the high-velocityslab. In this sectionwe review
rivals recorded.onthe locator array were givennonzero the constraintson the structureof the subductingplate
weight. basedon 3-D ray tracing throughthe slab.
The 12 intermediate-focal-depthearthquakes best Based on the earlier seismicitystudies, the oceanic
recordedby the stations making up the locator array slab descends beneath northern-central Peru at an an-
were used to fine tune the velocity model. The selec- gle of 300 to an approximatedepth of 100 km, where
tion criteria for the best model were basedon average it fiattens and runs subhorizontallyfor a distance of
root-mean-square residuals(rms) and the Hypoellipse 300-400 km beforeresubductingsteeplyinto the upper
quality classificationscheme. mantle. The upper boundaryof the subductingNazca
The derived velocity model, given in Table i and plate used in this study is based on models obtained
termedVMP85 (VelocityModelPeru85), producedthe from studies of local seismicityand convertedphases
smallestresidualsfor the 12 test events:an averagerms in central-southernPeru, chiefly Hasegawaand Sacks
residualof 0.29 s, with 70% of the eventsrated as qual- [1981],but alsoBoydet al. [1984]and Schneider and
ity B, and 23% rated C. Sacks [1987]. Figure 2 shows isodepth contours(dashed
Table 2 givesthe hypocentrallocationand origintime lines)to the top of the slabfor our preferredslabmodel,
for the three eventsused in this study. The estimated which is a slight modificationof the Hasegawa-Sacks
uncertaintiesin distanceand depth at the S: I a level model. Hasegawa andSacks[1981]estimatethat depth
were lessthan 3 km. Origin time standarderrorswere resolutionfor the top boundaryof the subductingplate
less than 0.4 s. in the fiat-subductionregion is about 10-15 km, and
the uncertainty in the distancefrom the trench for the
Travel Time Analysis to Coastal Stations onset of resubduction is about 20 km.
Table 3 includes P wave travel time residuals to Sacks[1983]examinedthe questionof fiat subduc-
coastalstationsobtainedwith the 1-D VMP85 velocity tion and slab buoyancy in considerabledetail for cen-
model. Residuals(observed-calculated)are system- tral Peru. He observedthat the low regionalheat flow
atical]y negative, indicating that compressionalwave (about30 mW/m2) in.centralPerucombined with the
propagationto coastalstationsis faster than predicted. youngage of subductedoceanicplate (•50 Ma) and
its high rate of subduction(about 10 cm/yr), all act
Table 1. Model VMP85: Velocity Structure Beneath to retard the basalt-eclogitetransformationin the de-
Central Peru
scendingoceaniccrust. Sacksshowedthat when the
Depth, Vr, Vr/Vs basalt-eclogitetransformationis delayed,the plate can
km km/s remain buoyant for long periodsof time. Retardation
00.00 6.00 1.76
of the basalt-eclogitetransition is known to occur when
20.00 6.00 1.76
slabtemperaturesfall belowabout600øC[e.g.,Ahrens
20.00 6.50 1.76 andSchubert,
1975;Fukaoet al., 1983].Thusfor mod-
35.00 6.50 1.76 eling purposes,we assumethat fiat subductionis the
35.00 7.95 1.77 result of slab buoyancy, with the basaltic crust of the
85.00 8.00 1.77 descendingslab assumedto havea densityof about 2.8-
125.00 8.05 1.78 2.9Mg/m3. TheP wavevelocity
in thebasaltic
crustat
165.00 8.15 1.79 a depth of 100 km is estimated from the work of Mat-
suzawaet al. [1986,1987]to be about6% belowthat
9220 NORABUENA ET AL.: SUBDUCTING NAZCA PLATE
and bottom layers are obtained by projectionsof the exist for geometriesfor which a direct ray is possible,
upper boundary surfacefor fixed latitude and depth so but becausethe festooningrays have a longerray path,
as to preserveconstant layer thicknesses.The veloc- theywill arriveafterthe directarrival.)
ity contrastsand the thicknessesof the layersare input
variables to the model.
The slab layers are modeledas laterally homoge-
3-D Ray Tracing Results
neous. FollowingJacob'sapproach,ray paths in the The slab model which evolves from arrival time resid-
slab are createdby extrapolationwith a smallstepsize,
ual reductionbasedon 3-D ray tracing is a slightlymod-
in our caseI km. When a ray path encounters a slab
ified versionof the original Hasegawaand Sacksmodel.
boundary,the seismicray is projectedonto that bound-
In that model the depth to the upper slab boundary
ary and Snell'slaw is applied to calculatethe azimuth
in the region of subhorizontalsubductionis a constant
and takeoff angle of the outgoingray. The program •100 km for all latitudes, and the combinedthickness
can handle transmission,conversions, and reflectionsat of the upper two layersis •50 km. As discussed above,
eachboundary. In the presentcasethere are no conver- all our models assumea 6-km-thick upper layer with a
sions, but we do make use of reflections to simulate a
velocitycontrastof-6%, a feature not includedin the
"festooning" mode(seenext section). original Hasegawaand Sacksmodel.
An iterative processsimilar to the shootingmethod Results for each of the three events studied are pre-
describedby Julian and Gubbins[1977]is usedto illu- sented in the discussion that follows.
minate the coastal stations with a bidimensional fan of
rays which take off from a grid of anglesand azimuths ElO1
expandedaboutthe pair (azimuth,takeoffangle)ob-
Figure 6 is a map view of surfacecrossingsof direct
tained with the 1-D modeling. The grid of surfacear-
rivalsobtainedin this way is comparedwith the station rays starting from the hypocenterfor E101 and traced
location,and the pair (azimuth,takeoffangle)of the through the plate model. Equal stepsin takeoffangle
and in takeoff azimuth were used, with limits chosen
closestray is taken as the center of a new grid. The
processis repeateduntil a ray arriveswithin 250 m of so that rays to all coastalstationswere included. It is
the station. clear from this figure that all stations can be reached
by direct rays and that there are no severefocusingor
The slabmodelincludesan uppermostlayer(uncon-
defocusingeffects.Figure 7 showsthe direct-raypropa-
vertedbasalticoceaniccrust)with an assumedthick-
gation path in a crosssectionobtainedby projectingthe
nessof 6 km. The velocitycontrastbetweenthat layer
slab and ray trajectory onto a great circlepath between
and the surroundingmantle is taken to be -6% based
the epicenter and station GUA.
on valuesfor subductedoceaniccrust [Fukao et al.,
Arrivals which correspondto direct-ray paths con-
1983;Matsuzawaet al., 1986].The coldultramaficlayer
beneath the oceanic crust is modeled for different thick- strain the velocity contrast within the high-velocity
nessesand velocity constraststo obtain a best fit to the layer. Assuming that contrastto be a constant,we get
the maximum variance reduction for a contrast of 8%.
observeddata. The layer thicknesswas varied between
30 and 50 km, and velocity contrastwith surrounding 80'W 78'W 76'W 74'W 72'W
mantle was varied between 5 and 10%. 6'S
Station PAR is closest to the trench of all the stations
and is only about 25 km abovethe top of the subducting
plate. To assurethat ray pathsto PAR had Moho con-
versionsoutsidethe slab, we changedthe Moho depth 8'S
to 30 km in our referencevelocity model for both 1-D
and 3-D paths to PAR.
Shadow Zones
10'S
DISTANCE (K M)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8½io
I I I I I
:• 5c
-r lOC E1
•j 15c
] • [ [ ",,,[ -, • [
Figure ?. Direct-arrival
raypathto stationGUA fromEl01 tracedthroughthe3-D slabmodel.
The projectionis •hrough•he stationand alongazimuth30ø.
As shown in Table 3, the travel time residualsto increasedby a few kilometers.The ray path indicated
coastalstations GUA, PAR, and QUI are reducedsub- by a long-dashedline in Figure 9 showsa festooning
stantiallyfor the 3-D modelcomparedto the 1-D model. ray from E181 to NNA. Times for suchsingle-bounce,
The exceptionis the residualfor NNA for whichthe 3-D festooningray pathsare indicatedwith a singleset of
modelsproducea larger residual: 1.3 comparedto 0.5 s. parenthesesin Table 3.
We considerNNA for E101 to be anomalous,giventhat Similar results to those for NNA are found for sta-
the 1-D residualat NNA for E101is positive.(Asnoted tion QUI from E181. The fact that no direct rays reach
above,NNA for E101 is the only casefor whichwe had either of thesesouthernstationsplacestight modeling
to rely on catalogreadingsof an analogrecord,rather constraintson the thicknessof the high-velocitylayer
than on our own readingof the seismogram.Basedon for a givenvelocityconstrastin the slab. Velocitycon-
other casesfor which we had both catalog and direct trast and thicknessof the high-velocitylayerare highly
readings,we anticipatethis would make no more than interdependent,but for a velocitycontrastof 8% in
a coupleof tenthsof a seconddifference.) the slab the calculated thicknessof the high-velocity
layer necessaryto fit the observedtravel times is 36
El81
km, whichis 8 km thinner than for the Hasegawa-Sacks
El81 is the deepestof our events(•.150 km) and is slab model.
at the greatestepicentraldistancefrom coastalstations. Reducingthe thicknessof the high-velocitylayerto
The northernmost stations CHI and ETE have substan-36 km createsa problemwith preservingdirectpathsto
tially more negativeresidualsthan do the more south- ETE and CHI, wheretravel time residualsdemandvery
ern stationsPAR and GUA eventhoughthosestations high-velocitypropagation.To resolvethis difficulty,we
havegreaterepicentral
distances
(Table3). Assuming
a
constantvelocitycontrast,the pattern of residualssug- 74øW 72øW
80'W 78øW 76øW
gestsdirect slabpropagationpathsfor the northernsta- i
6øS
tions CHI and ETE, and festooning-mode propagation
for the southernstations PAR and GUA. The differing
kinds of propagationrequired to satisfy the observed
arrival times at the coastal stations place constraints
on both the thicknessof the cold interior layer and the
morphologyof the upper slab boundaryin the subhor-
izontal zone.
Figure 8 is a map view plot for surface crossings 10'S
of direct rays starting from the El81 hypocenterand
traced through the 3-D model. In this figure,the long-
distance cutoff representsthe physicalboundary of a
shadowzone. Note that direct rays can get to CHI and
12'S
ETE, but no direct rays (seeFigure9) can get to any
of the stationsof the southerngroupof coastalstations
(NNA, QUI, GUA, andPAR). In fact, modeling
of ray
..'i'......i...'...'..:.//
paths to stationsGUA and PAR producesthe interest-
ing result that those stations can be reachedonly by 14øS UA•
<
z
DISTANCE (K M)
[
z\ -....100
i
200 500
i
400
i
500
i
600
i
700
i
800
---
'• 50• x'•
.........
•'.• ........
,,
i lO4_,
---- "- ...........
____..._.•.Z•.•
..........
:........-;-.-•--_--•-•....
C). ........................
.•...m...-.....•..-.....-.
......-..
.........
.-..
.............
.Z...-....-....'7...'T..7....m.•:.-...'-,,--•
........
• "x
uJ 1
, I _ ....
..........
I I ,t
modified
thegeometry
of theupperplateboundary
so Summary and Conclusions
that it includeda slightcomponentof dip to the NNW.
This modificationto slabmorphology adoptedfor the
purposesof ray path modelingis alsoconsistentwith An objective measureof the improvementin the
the hypocentrallocationdata whichsuggestthat the travel time residualsof the 3-D model comparedto the
upper boundary of the subhorizontalsegmentof the 1-D model is the percent reduction in the variance of
plate dipsto the NNW and is 5-!0 km deepernorth the residuals. If we include the residual for El01 at
of about8øN latitude[I.S. Sacks,personal
communi- NNA, the reduction is 71%. If we omit the residualfor
cation,1993]. Evidencefor this is alsoseenfrom the El01 at NNA, the variance reduction is 73%.
locationsof all eventsrecordedduringthe 1985experi- We conclude on the basis of the travel time resid-
ment, whichindicategreaterfocaldepthsto the NNW. uals and the relative complexityof the P wave codas
E270
that arrivals at NNA and QUI for event 181 are better
modeledas festooninõrays than as directrays. If cor-
Figure 11 is the map view of direct-ray surfacecross- rect, this observationplacesdefinite constraintson the
ings from E270. Stations QUI, NNA, CHI, and ETE slab model. The model is constructedto preserveall
are all reachableby directrays,and the 3-D residuals other direct (high-velocity) ray pathsrequiredby the
are all substantuallylessthan the 1-D residuals (Table travel time observations,particularlythosefor stations
3). CHI and ETE. The model is, of course,nonuniquein
PAP• and GUA cannot be reachedby direct rays, that there are inevitabletrade-offsin slabshape,thick-
but for a differentreasonthan that discussed for ray ness, and velocity, as Well, of course,in other lateral
pathsfrom El81. Figure 12 showswhy a shadowzone variations in the velocity structure of the slab and sur-
exists: the great circlepath is alongthe azimuthfor roundingmantle. Thus, given the assumptionsof our
PAR, but no direct ray can get there becauseof the model calculations,the thicknessof the high-velocity
geometry of the plate's upper boundary: rays travel- layer is determinedto the nearestkilometer;alteringor
ing towardsPAR.intersectthe slab upperboundaryin relaxingoneor moreof the modelingassumptions could
a regionwherethat boundarychangesslopeabruptly. change calculatedthicknesses by severalkilometers.
(Note in Figure5 the emergentand complexfirst ar- The slab velocitiesrequired by the observedtravel
rivalsseenat PAR and GUA comparedto thoseat ETE timesareveryhigh,around 8.6km/sat depthsof 100
andQUI.) Modelingthesetwoarrivalsassingle-bounceto 150kin. In fact,thereis evidence, particularly for
festooningrays producesa substantialreductionin the stationsETE and CHI that the slab velocitiesshouldbe
residuals. even higher than thosewe haveusedin our modeling.
DISTANCE (K M)
n 100 200
0 500
i
400
i
500
i
600
i
700
i
800
--
'• 5c
i lOC
•j 15C
Figure 10. Ray path to stationPAR from El81. For this geometrya festooningray with
four reflectionsis required,as the station is in shadowfor both direct P and a doublyreflected
festooningray. The projectionis throughthe stationand alongazimuth17ø.
9224 NORABUENA ET AL.. SUBDUCTING NAZCA PLATE
ß 5c:'-.
.....
"r' 10C
- "-"- "• .. "•-•-'-'•---'---
•- .• ..... ' •- '•
'.L-•"".............. ...... ........
• 15œ
• I ' I I I I I •_[
Thus,for P = 40 kbar (deptharound120km) and Henry, S. G., Terrestrial heat flow overlying the Andean
T = 400øC, the calculated P wave velocity for harzbur- subduction zone, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Mich., Ann
gite wouldbe 8.56 km/s. At 500øCthe velocitywould Arbor, 1981.
Henry, S. G., and H. N. Pollack, Terrestrial heat flow above
decrease to about 8.5 km/s. If T is reducedto 350øC, the Andean subduction zone in Bolivia and Peru, J. Geo-
velocityincreases
only to 8.59kin/s, still at the lowend phys. Res., 93, 15,153-15,162, 1988.
of what is required to explain the observedtravel times Jacob, K. H., Three dimensional seismic ray tracing in a
through the slab in central Peru. Relatively greater laterally heterogeneoussphericalearth, J. Geophys.Res.,
abundancesof olivine or garnet will result in a slight 75, 6675-6689, 1970.
increasein velocity at all temperatures, but the in- James, D. E., Andean crustal and upper mantle structure,
crease would not be sufficient to compensatefor the J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3246-3271, 1971.
James, D. E., and J. A. Snoke, Structure and tectonicsin
negative thermal effect on velocitiesfor temperatures
the regionof fiat subductionbeneathcentralPeru,Part I,
significantlyabove400øC in the interior of the slab. Crust and uppermostmantle, J. Geophys.Res., in press,
1994.
Acknowledgments. This study was supported by Jordan, T. E., B. L. Isacks, R. W. Allmendinger, J. A.
NSF grants EAR-8720842, EAR-8720843, EAR-9018848, Brewer, V. A. Ramos, and C. L. Ando, Andean tectonics
and EAR-901985 plus a one-year Carnegie predoctoral fel- related to geometryof subductedNazca plate, Geol. Soc.
lowship(for E .O.N.). Map plots were done usingGMT Am. Bull., 9J, 341-361, 1983.
(Wesseland Smith, 1991). Julian, B. R., Raytracing on arbitrarily heterogeneous
medium, Tech. Rep. 1970-45, Lincoln Lab., Mass. Inst.
of Technology,Cambridge, 1970.
References Julian, B. R., and D. Gubbins, Three dimensional seismic
raytracing, J. Geophys.,•i3, 95-114, 1977.
Kaneshima, S., and P. G. Silver, A searchfor sourceside
Ahrens, T. J., and G. Schubert, Gabbro-eclogitereaction
mantle anisotropy, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1049-1053,
rate and its geophysicalsignificance,Rev. Geophys.,13, 1992.
383-400, 1975.
Babuska, V., and M. Cars, Seismic Anisotropy in the Earth, Kennett, B. L. N., and E. R. Engdald, Travel timesfor global
Kluwer Academic, Norwell, Mass., 1991. earthquake location and phaseidentification, Geophys.J.
Barazangi, M., and B. Isacks,Spatial distribution of earth- Int., 105, 429-465, 1991.
quakesand subduction of the Nazca plate beneath South Lahr, J.C., HYPOELLIPSE/Version 2.0: A computerpro-
America, Geology,J, 686-692, 1976. gram for determining local earthquake hypocentral pa-
Boyd, T., J. A. Snoke,I. S. Sacks,and A. Rodriguez, High rameter s, magnitude,and first motionpattern, U.S. Geol.
resolutiondetermination of the Benloftzone geometrybe- Surv. Open File Rep., 89-116, 1992.
neath southern Peru, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 7.4,557- Matsuzawa, T., N. Umino, A. Hasegawa,and A. Takagi, Up-
566, 1984. per mantlevelocitystructureestimatedfrom PS-converted
Cabill, T., and B.L. Isacks,Seismicityand shapeof the sub- wave beneath the north-eastern Japan Arc, Geophys. J.
ducted Nazca plate, J. Geophys.Res., 97, 17,503-17,529, R. astron. Soc., 86, 767-787, 1986.
1992. Matsuzawa, T., N. Umino, A. Hasegawa,and A. Takagi, Es-
Chapman, D. S., and H. N. Pollack,Regionalgeothermsand timation of thickness of a low-velocity layer at the surface
lithospheric thickness, Geology,5, 265-268, 1977. of the descendingoceanicplate beneath the northeastern
•erven3•,V., L. Klimes,and I. Psencik,Completeseismic Japan arc by usingsynthesizedPS-wave, TohokuGeophys.
ray tracing in three-dimensionalstructures,in Seismolog- J., 31, 19-28, 1987.
ical Algorithms - Computational Methods and Computer McNutt, M. K., Lithosphericflexure and thermal anomalies,
Programs,pp. 89-167, Academic,San Diego, Calif., 1988. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 11,180-11,194, 1984.
Christensen, N. I., Seismic velocities, in Handbookof Physi- Noble, D., and E. McKee, Spatial distribution of earth-
cal Properties of Rocks,Vol. 2, edited by R.S. Carmichael, quakes and subduction of the N azca plate beneath South
pp. 1-228, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, 1982. America: A comment, Geology,5, 576-577, 1977.
Fukao, Y., S. Hori, and M. Ukawa, A seismologicalcon- Noble, D., E. McKee, E. Fartar and U. Peterson,Episodic
straint on the depth of basalt-eclogitetransitionin a sub- Cenozoic volcanism and tectonism in the Andes of Peru,
ducting oceaniccrust, Nature, 303, 413-415, 1983. Earth Planet. Sci. Left., •1, 213-220, 1974.
Gubbins, D., and R. Snieder, Dispersionof P wavesin sub- Robinson, R., Seismicity, structure, and tectonics of the
ductedlithosphere:Evidencefor an eclogitelayer, J. Geo- Wellington region, New Zealand, Geophys.J. R. Astron.
phys. Res., 96, 6321-6333, 1991. Soc., 87, 379-409, 1986.
Hasegawa, A., and I. S. Sacks, Subduction of Nazca plate
Russo, R. M., and P. G. Silver, Trench-parallel flow beneath
beneath Peru as determined by seismicobservations,J.
the Nazca plate from seismic anisotropy, Science, œ63,
Geophys. Res., 86, 4971-4980, 1981.
1105-1111, 1994.
Helffrich, G. R., Study of the structure of the slab-mantle
interface using reflected and converted waves, Ph.D. dis- Sacks,I. S., The subductionof younglithosphere,J. Geo-
sertation, Dep. of Geol., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, phys. Res., 88, 3355-3366, 1983.
Ill., 1990. Sacks, I. S., and H. Okada, A comparisonof the anelastic-
Helffrich, G. R., S. Stein, and B. J. Wood, Subduction ity structure beneath western South America and Japan,
zone thermal structure and mineralogy and their rela- Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 9, 211-219, 1974.
tionship to seismic wave reflectionsand conversionsat Schneider,J. F., and I. S. Sacks,Stressin the contorted
the slab/mantleinterface,J. Geophys.Res.,9J, 753-763, Nazca plate beneath southern Peru from local earth-
1989. quakes, J. Geophys.Res., 9œ,13,887-13,902, 1987.
Helffrich, G. R., and S. Stein, Study of the structureof the Stander, W., Subduction of the Nazca plate under Peru as
slab-mantleinterfaceusingreflectedand convertedseismic evidencedby focal mechanismsand by seismicity,J. Geo-
waves, Geophys. J. Int., 115, 14-40, 1993. phys. Res., 80, 1053-1064, 1975.
9226 NORABUENA ET AL.: SUBDUCTING NAZCA PLATE