1. What is a RF technology?

If wireless electronics is discussed, a radio frequency (RF) signal refers to a wireless

electromagnetic signal used as a communication form. Radio waves are electromagnetic
radiation with radio frequencies between 3kHz and 300 GHz. Frequency refers to the oscillation
rate (radio waves). RF propagation occurs at light speed and does not require a medium such as
air to travel. RF waves naturally occur from flares of sunlight, lightning and stars in space that
radiate RF waves as they age. RF communication is used in many industries, including television
broadcasting, radar systems, computer networks and mobile platforms, remote control, remote
monitoring and many more.

Although individual radio components such as mixers, filters and power amplifiers can be
classified according to the range of operating frequencies, they can not be strictly classified
according to the wireless standard (e.g. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc.), since these devices only support
the physical layer (PHY). For one or more wireless communication protocols, RF modules,
transceivers and SoCs often include data link layer support. These products are organized using
wireless technology and can be navigated under the tab "Solutions."
Bluetooth Solutions
ZigBee Solutions
Wi-Fi Solutions
GPS Solutions

2. What is a significant problem in wireless network?

Wireless network security is the main problem in the wireless network. In wireless networks,
data is transmitted via unguided media that use air as a medium, so electromagnetic signals that
carry data are transmitted via air to everyone who is not like guided media that transmit data by
physical means where only electromagnetic signals travel between communicating devices.
Since wireless network data travel exposes everyone in the network area, unauthorized users can
easily access data when compared to guided media.
Network address problems
The first signs of problems with a network address are usually when the PC stops working or wh
en an internet page is not loaded when the network address is found. One of the simplest solution
s is to reset the modem to default settings.

WLAN Security & Protection From Internal/External Threats

Firmware updates can sometimes address security problems. Many security problems, however,
need more than just a hardware update, especially when it comes to protecting the integrity and
sensitive data of your network.
 Common wireless issues that we’ve seen include, but are not limited to:

 Rogue APs or ad-hoc networks – Setting up a rogue AP in the proximity of an existing WLAN
with the attempt to fool devices into accessing this AP instead of the correct one.
 Denial of service – Network attack where large amounts of traffic at a specific target, or through
purposely interfering with a WLAN networks connectivity (e.g. through RF interference)
 Configuration problems – Usually an internal issue with hardware/software is not configured
with the proper security protocols
 Passive capturing – When an attacker gets within range of a WLAN and attempts to ‘listen’ or
capture user data of people on that network

Hardware Architecture & Firmware

Hardware problems are another major factor in the poor performance of WiFi on large WiFi
networks. In particular, the two most common hardware problems that affect WLAN
performance are either insufficient or too many access points or outdated firmware.

Building Structure

Your outdoor wireless system is likely to be installed near existing buildings or on top of them.
Depending on their age, these buildings can really mess with a wireless signal. We recently
deployed a system and found out that the building in which the antenna was mounted had metal
mesh in the exterior of the concrete. The mesh kills a wireless signal... we had to adjust the
system.

Wired Network Availability

Yes, the system you’re planning is wireless. But you’ll still need to connect to the wired network
at some point.
 3. Explain licensed and unlicensed frequencies in United State.
Draw a diagram for 2.4 GHz channels.

Wireless Communications on Unlicensed Radio Spectrum

Unlicensed wireless devices on the intelligent grid operate for industrial, scientific or medical
(ISM) applications in one of the FCC's bands. Although free to obtain, devices in the spectrum
must comply with the FCC rules for ISM bands, in particular requiring that devices transmit 1
watt or less power, do not cause harmful interference and accept interference without causing
undesired operation.

In order for messages to be received correctly, the communication signal must be stronger than
the noise from incidental interference by a specified amount-an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio-
obtainable by the use of a spread spectrum technique, the frequency hopping or radio hop for
each message or several times during the message. A message can easily reach its destination
with half a dozen hops.

There are some key problems in this scenario.

First, because the signal range is limited, the network requires many intermediate nodes, which
significantly increase the cost of deploying, operating and maintaining the network.
Secondly, since each hop is essentially another message, more bandwidth is consumed for each
hop made from a limited supply. The additional processing required to handle these hops also
slows down communication and creates problems with latency in real-time communications,
such as voice.

Wireless Communications on Licensed Radio Spectrum

Licensed spectrum devices operate within the radio spectrum portion designated by the FCC
reserved for licensed organizations. A licensee operates without interference or spectrum
crowding with exclusive rights. The FCC provides legal protection and enforcement to prevent
the transmission of the same frequency in the same geographical area by other operators
Communications in these bands tend to be narrowband in nature, using a single frequency carrier
and do not have ISM-band device power limitations. Utilities operating at a specific frequency
have clear advantages over unlicensed spectrum to maintain an excellent signal-to-noise ratio
Strong signal levels, which can be 10 to 100 times higher than unlicensed in the case of a central
collector, and low noise levels resulting from the FCC protection of the spectrum, combine to
dramatically increase communication range, throughput and performance. A wireless network
can transmit 20 miles between endpoints-up to 100 times more than an unlicensed spectrum-
instead of a fraction of a mile between endpoints. Towers and endpoints can communicate
directly for purchase, installation, maintenance and repair without intermediate network
equipment.

4. Explain the 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n

standards
802.11b
uses the same frequency of 2.4 GHz as the original standard 802.11. The maximum theoretical rate of 11
Mbps is supported and has a range of up to 150 feet. 802.11b components are cheap, but the maximum
speed of all 802.11 standards is the slowest. And since 802.11b works in 2.4 GHz, home appliances or
other 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi networks can interfere. Routers that support only 802.11n are no longer produced
today..

802.11a

The' a' standard amendment was released simultaneously with 802.11b. It introduced a more complex
technique for the generation of the wireless signal, known as OFDM (orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing). 802.11a has a few advantages over802.11b: It operates in the less crowded 5 GHz
frequency band, which makes it less susceptible to interference. And its bandwidth is far higher than
802.11b, with a theoretical maximum of 54 Mbps You probably didn't find many devices or routers with
802.11a. This is because 802.11b devices were cheaper and in the consumer market became more
popular. 802.11a was used primarily in commercial applications
802.11g

The standard of 802.11 g uses the same OFDM technology as 802.11a. Like 802.11a, the maximum
theoretical rate of 54 Mbps is supported. But it operates in the crowded 2.4 GHz like 802.11b (and is
therefore subject to the same interference problems as 802.11b). 802.11 g is backward compatible with
802.11b devices: The 802.11b device can connect to an access point of 802.11 g (but at speeds of
802.11b). Consumers enjoyed a significant advance in speed and coverage of Wi-Fi with 802.11 g. At the
same time, wireless routers for consumers were improving, with higher power and better coverage than
previous generations.

802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)
Wi-Fi has become even faster and more reliable with the 802.11n standard. The maximum theoretical
transfer rate of 300 Mbps is supported (and can reach up to 450 Mbps when using three antennas).
802.11n uses MIMO, where multiple transmitters / receivers operate simultaneously at one or both ends
of the link. This increases the data significantly without requiring a higher bandwidth or transmission
power. In both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, 802.11n operates.

5. What is modulation technique? And what are the three

modulation techniques? (Briefly explain each technique)
Modulation technique

Modulation is a process in which the wave characteristics to be transmitted are changed by

superimposing the message signal on the high frequency signal. Voice and other data signals
modify high-frequency signals in this process video-also known as carrier waves. Depending on
the application, this carrier wave can be DC or AC or pulse chain. High frequency sinus wave is
usually used as a signal on the carrier wave.
Analog Modulation

Analog signal (sinusoidal signal) is used in analog modulation as a carrier signal that modulates
the message or data signal. The general function Sinusoidal wave is shown in the figure below,
in which three parameters can be modified in order to obtain modulation-amplitude, frequency
and phase.

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Phase Modulation (PM

Amplitude Modulation

The amplitude of the carrier wave varies in proportion to the message signal in amplitude
modulation, and other factors such as frequency and phase remain constant. The modulated
signal is shown in the figure below and its spectrum consists of components of the lower
frequency band, the high frequency band and the carrier frequency. This type of modulation
requires more bandwidth, more power. Filter

Frequency Modulation
Frequency modulation (FM) varies the carrier's frequency in proportion to the message or data
signal while other parameters remain constant. FM's advantage over AM is the increased noise
suppression at the expense of FM's bandwidth. It is used for applications such as radio, radar,
seismic telemetry, etc. Efficiency and bandwidth depend on the index of modulation and
maximum frequency of modulation

Phase Modulation
The carrier phase in phase modulation is varied according to the data signal. This type of
modulation also affects the frequency when the phase is changed, so that this modulation is also
subject to frequency modulation.

Digital Modulation
Digital modulation technique is used to improve quality and efficient communication. The main
advantages of digital modulation over analog modulation are the bandwidth available, high noise
immunity and permissible power. A message signal is converted from analog to digital message
in digital modulation and then modulated using a carrier wave.
Reference
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2.4_GHz_WiFi_channels_(802.11b,g_WLAN).svg
https://www.mouser.com/applications/rf-wireless-technology/
http://etutorials.org/Networking/wimax+technology+broadband+wireless+access/Part+One+Global+Intro
duction+to+WiMAX/Chapter+4+Frequency+Utilisation+and+System+Profiles/4.2+Licensed+and+Unlic
ensed+Frequencies/