Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil With Flyash and Geo Grid Final Yaer

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Chandkheda,Ahemdabad
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE, BHARUCH
(Year 2018-19)
A
Project Report
On
“Stabilization of black cotton soil”
Submitted By:-
No. Name Enrollement no.

1 BABHANIYA KAMLESH M 150140106002
2 BHALALA RAJANIKANT A 150140106003
3 MEVADA NITIN N 150140106023
4 OZA HARSH K 150140106024
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Civil Engineering
Under the Guidance of

Prof.P.J.SONI
I
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHARUCH
Department of Civil Engineering
Academic Year 2018-19
Certificate
This is certify that the project on “STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON

SOIL WITH FLY-ASH AND GEO GRID”. Has been carried out by
BABHANIYA KAMLESH(150140106002),BHALALA RAJANIKANT
A(150140106003),MEVADA NITIN N(150140106023),OZA HARSH
K(15014010624) under my guidelines in completion for degree of bachelor of civil engineering in (8th
semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during academic year of 2018-19.
Guided by: External Head of Department

Examiner Civil Engineering Department
II
ABSTRACT
The quality and life of pavement is greatly affected by the type of sub-grade,
sub base and base course materials. Black cotton soil is one of the major regional soil
deposits in India covering an area about 3.0 lakh sq. km. Our project on
“STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH FLY ASH AND GEO-
GRID”. Which is an investigation carried out to study the effect of the black cotton
soils. We are checking the properties of stabilized soil by conducting various tests
such as liquid limit test , plastic limit test, specific gravity by pycnometer test . In
India pavements on black cotton soil need to be constructed in short time because of
problematic sub-grade. Our aim to improve the soil properties by adding the
admixture like fly ash, geo-grid .
III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank my institute Government engineering college,bharuch and also Gujarat
Technological University for providing us an opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge through
the project. As an essential part of training in industry in engineering.
In spite of our keen efforts in the project, it would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals and organization. I would like to extent my sincere thanks
to all of them.
I am highly in debated to professor P.j.soni for their guidance and constant supervision as well as
for providing necessary information regarding the projects and also for that support in the
completing the project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my college in developing the project and people who
have willingly help me out with their abilities.
The guidance and support received from all members who contributed and who contributing to this
project, was vital for the success of project. I am grateful for all known and unknown persons for
their constant support and help.
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title I
Certificate II
Abstract III
Acknowledgement IV
List of table VII
List of figure VIII
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Black cotton soil 1
1.1.2 Fly ash 2
1.1.3 Geogrid 4
1.2 Aim and objectives 5
1.3 Problem specification 5
1.4 Literature review 7
1.5 Plan of project work 11
1.6 Material and tool 11
Chapter 2 Analysis, design methodology and implementation strategy 12
2. Design 12
2.1.1 Design methodology 12
2.1.2 Implementation strategy 13
Chapter 3 Implementation 14
3.1 Visualization inspection of black cotton soil 14
3.2 Difference test on black cotton soil 15
3.2.1 Specific gravity by pycnometer 15
3.2.2 Liquid limit by mechanical device 17
3.2.3 Plastic limit 20
3 Reports 23
Chapter 4 Summary 24
4.1 Test procedure on black cotton soil with different percentage of 24
fly-ash
4.1.1 Specific gravity by pycnometer 24
4.1.2 Liquid limit by mechanical device 26
4.1.3 Plastic limit 30
4.2 Result of black cotton soil with different percentage of fly ash 34
4.3 Benefits based on study of geo grid in black cotton soil 35
4.3.1 Structural benefits 35
VI
4.3.2 Value engineering benefits 35
4.4 Geo grid application and function in our project 36
4.5 Usefulness with respected to existing solution 36
Chapter 5 Future scope 37
Chapter 6 Conclusion 38
Chapter 7 Reference 39
Chapter 8 Appendix 40
VI
IST OF TABLES
Table Table Name Page

No. No.
3.1 Observation table for specific gravity 15
3.2 Observation table of liquid limit test 18
3.3 Observation table of plastic limit test 21
4.1 Observation table ss0 specific gravity 24
4.7 Observation table ss0 liquid limit 27
4.13 Observation table ss0 plastic limit 30
VI
LIST OF FIGURES
SR NAME OF FIGURE PAGE

NO NO.
1.1 Black cotton soil 1
1.2 Fly ash 2
1.3 Geo grid 4
1.4 Foundation for black cotton soil 6
1.5 Crack in black cotton soil 6
3.1 Visualization soil 14
3.2 Visualization of black cotton soil 15
3.3 Pycnometer bottle 16
3.4 Weight of pycnometer 17
3.5 Liquid limit testing machine 19
3.6 Liquid limit testing equipment 20
3.7 Plastic limit test 22
3.8 Plastic limit test sample 22
8.1 Weight of soil for liquid limit test 40
8.2 Weight of pycnometer bottle 41
8.3 Weight of soil sample pycnometer 41
8.4 Weight of soil sample pycnometer bottle 42
8.5 Weight of soil sample for liquid limit 42
8.6 Liquid limit testing equipment 43
8.7 Weight of soil sample 43
8.8 Weight of soil sample for liquid limit 44
8.9 Weight of fly ash 45
8.10 Plastic limit testing 45
8.11 Testing of plastic limit 46
8.12 Plastic limit test 46
VI
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 BLACK COTTON SOIL
Black cotton soil is one of major soil deposits of India. They exhibit high rate of
swelling and shrinkage when exposed to changes in moisture content and hence have been
found to be most troublesome from engineering consideration.
The rate of montmorillonite is more in black cotton soil which causes expansiveness
and crack occurs in soil without any warning which is dangerous for construction.
Problematic soils such as expansive soils are normally encountered in foundation

engineering designs for highways, embankments, retaining walls, backfills etc. Expansive soils
are normally found in semi – arid regions of tropical and temperate climate zones and are
abundant, where the annual evaporation exceeds the precipitation and can be found anywhere
in the world.
Expansive soils are also referred to as “black cotton soil” in some parts of the world.
They areso named because of their suitability for growing cotton. Black cotton soils have
varying color’s ranging from light grey to dark grey and black. The mineralogy of this soil is
dominated by the presence of montmorillonite. Which is characterized by large volume change
from wet to dry seasons and vice versa.
Fig.1.1 black cotton soil
1
Deposits of black cotton soil in the field show a general pattern of cracks during the dry
season of the year. Cracks measuring 70 mm wide and over 1 m deep have been observed and
may extend up to 3m or more in case of high deposits. The three most commonly used stabilizer
for expansive clays are; bitumen; lime, and cement.
Unfortunately, the costs of these stabilizers are on the high side making them
economically unattractive as stabilizing agents. Recent trend in research works in the field of
geotechnical engineering and construction materials focuses more on the search for cheap and
locally available materials such as bagasse ash, fly ash, blast furnace slag etc. As stabilizing
agents for the purpose of full or partially replacement traditional stabilizers. Agricultural waste
is increasingly becoming a focus of researchers because of the enhanced pozzolanic capabilities
of such waste when oxidized by burning.
Thus, this study is aimed at evaluating the possibility of utilizing groundnut shell ash
(GSA)in the stabilization of black cotton soils
1.1.2 FLY-ASH
Fig: 1.2 fly ash

Fly ash, also known as "pulverized fuel ash" in the United Kingdom, is one of the coal
combustion products, composed of the fine particles that are driven out of the boiler with
the flue gases. Ash that falls in the bottom of the boiler is called bottom ash. In modern coal-
fired power plants, fly ash is generally captured by electrostatic precipitators or other particle
filtration equipment before the flue gases reach the chimneys. Together with bottom
ash removed from the bottom of the boiler, it is known as coal ash. Depending upon the source
and makeup of the coal being burned, the components of fly ash vary considerably, but all fly
ash includes substantial amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO2)
(both amorphous and crystalline), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and calcium oxide (CaO), the main
mineral compounds in coal-bearing rock strata.
2
in the past, fly ash was generally released into the atmosphere, but air pollution control
standards now require that it be captured prior to release by fitting pollution control equipment.
In the US, fly ash is generally stored at coal power plants or placed in landfills. About 43% is
recycled, often used as a pozzolan to produce hydraulic cement or hydraulic plaster and a
replacement or partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete production. Pozzolans
ensure the setting of concrete and plaster and provide concrete with more protection from wet
conditions and chemical attack.
After a long regulatory process, the EPA published a final ruling in December 2014,
which establishes that coal fly ash is regulated on the federal level as "non-hazardous" waste
according to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Coal Combustion
Residuals (CCR's) are listed in the subtitle D (rather than under subtitle C dealing for hazardous
waste, which was also considered).
In the case that fly or bottom ash is not produced from coal, for example when solid
waste is used to produce electricity in an incinerator (see waste-to-energy facilities), this kind
of ash may contain higher levels of contaminants than coal ash. In that case the ash produced
is often classified as hazardous waste.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FLY ASH

 Class F fly ash
The burning of harder, older anthracite and bituminous coal typically produces Class F
fly ash. This fly ash is pozzolanic in nature, and contains less than 7% lime (CaO).
Possessing pozzolanic properties, the glassy silica and alumina of Class F fly ash requires a
cementing agent, such as Portland cement, quicklime, or hydrated lime—mixed with water to
react and produce cementations compounds. Alternatively, adding a chemical activator such
as sodium silicate (water glass) to a Class F ash can form a geopolymer.
 Class C fly ash
Fly ash produced from the burning of younger lignite or sub-bituminous coal, in
addition to having pozzolanic properties, also has some self-cementing properties. In the
presence of water, Class C fly ash hardens and gets stronger over time. Class C fly ash generally
contains more than 20% lime (CaO). Unlike Class F, self-cementing Class C fly ash does not
require an activator. Alkali and sulfate (SO4) contents are generally higher in Class C fly ashes.
At least one US manufacturer has announced a fly ash brick containing up to 50% Class
C fly ash. Testing shows the bricks meet or exceed the performance standards listed in ASTM C
216 for conventional clay brick. It is also within the allowable shrinkage limits for concrete
brick in ASTM C 55, Standard Specification for Concrete Building Brick. It is estimated that
the production method used in fly ash bricks will reduce the embodied energy of masonry
construction by up to 90%. Bricks and pavers were expected to be available in commercial
quantities before the end of 2009
3
1.1.3 GEOGRID
Fig 1.3 geogrids

A geogrid is geosynthetic material used to reinforce soils and similar materials.
Geogrids are commonly used to reinforce retaining walls, as well as subbases or subsoils below
roads or structures. Soils pull apart under tension. Compared to soil, geogrids are strong in
tension. This fact allows them to transfer forces to a larger area of soil than would otherwise
be the case.
Geogrids are commonly made of polymer materials, such as polyester, polyvinyl
alcohol, polyethylene or polyproylene. They may be woven or knitted from yarns, heat-welded
from strips of material, or produced by punching a regular pattern of holes in sheets of material,
then stretched into a grid.
The development of methods of preparing relatively rigid polymeric materials
by tensile drawing, in a sense "cold working," raised the possibility that such materials could
be used in the reinforcement of soils for walls, steep slopes, roadway
bases and foundation soils. Used as such, the major function of the resulting geogrids is in the
area of reinforcement. This area, as with many other geosynthetics, is very active, with a
number of different products, materials, configurations, etc., making up today's geogrid market.
The key feature of all geogrids is that the openings between the adjacent sets of longitudinal
and transverse ribs, called “apertures,” are large enough to allow for soil strike-through from
one side of the geogrid to the other. The ribs of some geogrids are often quite stiff compared
to the fibers of geotextiles. As discussed later, not only is rib strength important, but junction
strength is also important. The reason for this is that in anchorage situations the soil strike-
through within the apertures bears against the transverse ribs, which transmits the load to the
longitudinal ribs via the junctions. The junctions are, of course, where the longitudinal and
transverse ribs meet and are connected. They are sometimes called “nodes”.
Currently there are three categories of geogrids. The first, and original, geogrids (called
unitized or homogeneous types, or more commonly referred to as 'punched and drawn
geogrids') were invented by Dr Frank Brian Mercer[4] in the United Kingdom at Netlon, Ltd.,
and were brought in 1982 to North America by the Tensar Corporation. A conference in 1984
was helpful in bringing geogrids to the engineering design community. A similar type of drawn
4
geogrid which originated in Italy by Tenax is also available, as are products by new
manufacturers in Asia.
The second category of geogrids are more flexible, textile-like geogrids using bundles
of polyethylene-coated polyester fibres as the reinforcing component. They were first
developed by ICI Linear Composites LTD in the United Kingdom around 1980. This led to the
development of polyester yarn geogrids made on textile weaving machinery. In this process
hundreds of continuous fibers are gathered together to form yarns which are woven into
longitudinal and transverse ribs with large open spaces between. The cross-overs are joined by
knitting or intertwining before the entire unit is protected by a subsequent
coating. Bitumen, latex, or PVC are the usual coating materials. Geosynthetics within this
group are manufactured by many companies having various trademarked products. There are
possibly as many as 25 companies manufacturing coated yarn-type polyester geogrids on a
worldwide basis.
The third category of geogrids are made by laser or ultrasonically bonding together
polyester or polypropylene rods or straps in a gridlike pattern. Two manufacturers currently
make such geogrids.
The geogrid sector is extremely active not only in manufacturing new products, but also
in providing significant technical information to aid the design engineer.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

Stabilization of black cotton using fly-ash and geogrid
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the effects of fly ash and geo polymer on the Black cotton soil.
2. To check for compaction characteristics of Black cotton soil by addition of 4%, 8%,
12%, 16%, 20%, Combination of fly ash and geo polymer.
3. To evaluate the strength characteristics of Black cotton soil.
4. To improve the engineering properties of the Black cotton soil and make it stable for
Construction.
1.3 PROBLEM SPECIFICATION:

Foundations for black cotton soils
Black cotton soils and other expansive soils have typical characteristics of shrinkage
and swelling due to moisture movement through them. During rainy season, moisture
penetrates into these soils, due to which they swell. Most of the fine grained clays, including
black cotton soils have their grains which are more or less in the form of platelets or sheets
(just like leafs of a book), and their grains are not round. When moisture enter between the
platelets under some Black cotton soils and other expansive soils have typical characteristics
of shrinkage and swelling due to moisture movement through them. During rainy season,
moisture penetrates into these soils, due to which they swell. Most of the fine grained clays,
including black cotton soils have their grains which are more or less in the form of platelets or
5
sheets (just like leafs of a book), and their grains are not round.
Fig: 1.4 foundations for black cotton soils

When moisture enter between the platelets under some hydrostatic pressure, the
particles separate out, resulting in increase in the volume. This increase in volume is commonly
known as swelling. If this swelling is checked or restricted (due to the construction of footings
over it), high swelling pressure, acting in the upward direction, will be induced. This would
result in severe cracks in the walls etc. and may some times damage the structural units, such
as lintels, beams slabs etc. During summer season, moisture moves out of the soil and
consequently, the soil shrinks. Shrinkage cracks are formed on the ground surface. These
shrinkage cracks somo times also known as tension cracks, may be 10 to 15 cm wide on the
ground surface and may be ½ to 2 m deep (Fig.).
Fig: 1.5.Cracks In Black Cotton Soil

In fat clays, having angle of internal friction Ø = 0, the depth z of tension cracks is
found to be equal 2c/y, where c is the unit cohesion an y is the unit weight of the soil. These
cracks result in loss of support beneath the footings, resulting in high settlements. Some
expansive and shrinkable soils stick to the footing base and pull the footing down when they
shrink. This results in horizontal cracks in the walls and other flexible units of the structure.
Black cotton soils and other expansive soils are dangerous due to their shrinkage and
6
swelling characteristics. In addition to this, these soils have very poor bearing capacity, ranging
from 5 t/m2 to 10 t/m2. In designing footings on these solis, the following points should be
keep in mind:
The safe bearing capacity should be properly determined, taking into account the effect
of sustained loading. The long term effect of loading results in slow consolidation. In absence
of tests, the bearing capacity of these soils may be limited to 5 to 10 t/m2.
1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW

For the project work, various literatures are referred for the studies of various tests of
black cotton soil with some additive. These literatures are classified as journals, well known
publish paper in different jounals and magazines.
Stabilization of black cotton soil with lime and fly-ash

International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume
1, Issue 5, May 2012
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY:
 To study Black Cotton Soil. 
 To study the admixtures like lime and Fly ash. 
 To study the behavior of strength gain in BC soil using process of lime - Fly ash
stabilization
TEST
 Liquid limit test
 Plastic limit test
 CBR
 OMC
 MDD
Result
Result analysis 1
Parameters Liquid Plastic Plastic MDD OMC CBR

limit limit index
Values 45.01 20.36 24.36 1.64 18 8
Result analysis 2
Parameters Liquid Plastic Plasticity MDD OMC CBR

limit limit index
Value 45 31 13.1 1.53 22 24
7
Results analysis 3
Parameters Liquid Plastic Plastic MDD OMC CBR

limit limit index
Value 38.2 32.13 6.07 1.58 17 46
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the thickness of pavement decreases by 66% as the CBR value
goes on increasing. The improved CBR value is due to addition of Lime and Fly ash as
admixtures to the BC soil. It also reduces the hydraulic conductivity of BC soil. There will be
no need of drainage layer after treatment of BC soil as sub grade with lime and fly ash. In
combination, the admixtures are beneficial for lower plasticity and higher silt content soils. In
terms of material cost, the use of less costly fly ash can reduce the required amount of lime.
Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soils Using Fly Ash, HubballiDharwad

Municipal Corporation Area, Karnataka, India By Udayashankar
D.Hakari, S.C.Puranik
Global Journal of researches in engineering Civil And Structural engineering Volume

12 Issue 2 Version 1.0 February 2012 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International
Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print
ISSN: 0975-5861
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The properties of the materials used and the details of the methods of testing are as
follows. a) Materials used i Black cotton soil Twenty natural black cotton soil samples were
collected from different locations of Hubballi-Dharwad Municipal Corporation (HDMC) area
were studied for their expansive characters. These samples have been identified for their swell
potential and have been broadly grouped into three categories based on their degree of
expansiveness and problematic nature as (i) Highly expansive and problematic group, (ii)
Moderately expansive and problematic group and (iii) Least expansive and problematic group
(Hakari and Puranik, 2010). In the present work, one sample from each of the above category
has been considered for the stabilisation study. The location and the category of these samples
are indicated below:
8
Sr no Soil sample Location Category of soil
Number
1 BC 8 Charanthimath Highly expansive
Gardens, Dharwad.and problematic
soil
2 BC 10 Shalini Lay out, Moderately
Gadag Road, expansive and
Hubballi. problematic soil
3 BC 11 Adjacent High Least expansive

Court, Dharwad. and problematic
soil
TEST
 Liquid limit
 Plastic limit
 Plasticity index
 Shrinkage limit (%)
 Maximum dry density (gm/cm3 ) and Optimum moisture content (%)
 Unconfined compressive strength (kN/m3 )
 California bearing ratio (%)
9
Result
Soil parameters considered Optimum DFA B11 B10 B8

for assessment of %
stabilisation results
Liquid limit (%) 30 42.3 37.3 53.1
Plastic limit (%) 20 – 30 12.7 17.2 21.6
Plasticity index (%) 30 30.2 20.9 32.0
Shrinkage limit (%) 30 – 40 17.8 20.2 18.1
Maximum dry density

(gm/cm3 ) and Optimum 30 1.93 and 1.71 and 1.72 and
moisture content (%) 22.0 29.5 28.8
Unconfined compressive 20 – 30 176.2 (0 day 110.5 (0 day 115.1 (0 day

strength (kN/m3 ) curing) curing) curing)
California bearing ratio (%) 30 – 40 6.32 4.17 2.28
conclusion
 Dandeli fly ash is used as a stabiliser for improving the geotechnical characteristics of
HubballiDharwad black cotton soils. Addition of Dandeli fly ash significantly
improves the index properties, compaction and strength characteristics of black cotton
soils understudy and the effects of fly ash treatment vary depending upon the quantity
of fly ash , that is mixed with the study black cotton soil samples.
 The liquid limit and plastic limit of the soils decrease with the addition of Dandeli fly
ash which indicates a desirable change as the soil + fly ash mix can gain shear strength
at an early stage than the virgin soil with the change in the water content. The relative
decrease in the plasticity index of the soils is another favourable change since it
increases the workability of these soils. The shrinkage limit of the soils increases with
the addition of Dandeli fly ash, which facilitates in checking the volume change
behaviour of the soils over a large variation in the moisture content as the season
changes.
 The California bearing ratio of the study soils increase gradually with the addition of
Dandeli fly ash up to a certain percentage of Dandeli fly ash, beyond which, further
increase in Dandeli fly ash percentage is observed to cause a decreasing trend in the
California bearing ratio values. The improvement in the California bearing ratio value
of the black cotton soil upon the addition of Dandeli fly ash suggests that, it can be
10
effectively used in bulk as sub-base material in combination with the study soils, for
the road construction works
 The study of variations of different parameters viz. liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity
index, shrinkage limit, maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, unconfined
compressive strength and California bearing ratio with the addition of Dandeli fly ash
suggest that, for each parameter of the study soil samples, there exists an optimum
Dandeli fly ash percentage for mixing with the soil under consideration; at which the
respective parameter attains its most desirable value from geotechnical point of vie
1.5 PLAN OF PROJECT WORK

 Different test on black cotton soil
 Find our sample soil property
 In black cotton soil with mix additive like fly ash
 After that mixer to find property base on that test result
 And find one of the best result in that test to which percentage to use fly ash to
best stability to back cotton soil.
1.6 MATERIAL AND TOOL

Material:
 Black cotton soil
 Fly ash
 Geo grid
Tool
 Casagrande
 Pycnometer
 Plastic limit plate 300*300mm
 Stainless steel rod 3 mm dai.
 Mixing dish
 Flexible spatula
 Moisture content tin
11
CHAPTER 2
ANALYSIS, DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
2.1 DESIGN
2.1.1 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

This chapter will provide a description of the methods and procedures to be used in
the study. This is composed of the methods and instruments that will be used in data
gathering.
Methodology on black cotton soil stabilization with help of fly ash and geo
grid
+++
PROCUREMENT OF
SAND
TESTS ON BLACK
GRAVEL
LIQUID LIMIT SIEVE
SILT
PLASTIC TEST
CLAY
PYCNOMETER ANALYSIS
RESULT 1 & CONCLUSION
TEST ON BLACK COTTON SOIL

WITH DIFFERNET PERCENTAGE LIQUID LIMIT
OF FLYASH AND GEO GRID
TEST 2 PLASTIC LIMIT
ANALYSI PYCNOMETER
RESULT 2&
CONCLUSION
12
2.1.2 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
1. Descriptive and experimental methods were used in this study.
2. Service standard and service charge must be affordable by their users.
3. Increase construction life cycle.
13
CHAPTER 3
IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 VISUALIZATION INSPECTION OF BLACK COTTON

SOIL
Black cotton soils feel hard in dry state and possess a good shearing strength which
drops down drastically on addition of moisture. In summer it is very common to see them with
hexagonal columnar structure with shrinkage cracks as wide as 10 cm and extending even up
to 3 meter or more.
They are a type of clay having presence of montmorillonite mineral which imparts
swelling properties to them. Their name is perhaps because of their black color and ability to
grow cotton in such soils. The liquid limit ranges from 50 to 100%, plasticity index from 20 to
65% and shrinkage limit from 9 to 14%. Particles finer than 2 micronmeter are between 40 to
75%.
The swelling and shrinkage problem of these soils presents challenging scenario for
having structures over them as foundation may undergo considerable differential settlement.
Thus using under-reamed piles, virendeel frames and geosynthetic ground improvement are
some of the solutions in these problematic soils.
.
Fig: 3.1. Visualization soil
14
Fig: 3.2. Visualization of black cotton soil.
3.2 DIFFERENT TEST ON BLACK COTTON SOIL

3.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY PYCNOMETER
OBJECT:
To determine the specific gravity of soil fraction passing 4.75 mm sieve by density
bottle / pycnometer.
EQUIPMENT:
1. Density bottle of 50ml or 100ml with stopper having capillary hole at center /
pycnometer of about 900 ml capacities, with a conical brass cap screwed at its top.
2. Balance of accuracy 0.001 g.
3. Vacuum source.
4. Constant temperature water bath maintaining a constant temperature of 27° C.
5. Wash bottle filled with de-aired distilled water.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
1
1. Weight of Pycnometer W1 g 0.604
+ dry soil
3. Weight of Pycnometer+ soil + W3 g 1.723
Water
4. Weight of Pycnometer + water W4 g 1.487
5. Specific gravity of soil at Tt 2.430
Specific gravity of soil at Tt 2.430
Table: 3.1 Observation Table For Specific Gravity
15
CALCULATIONS:
G at Tt = (W2 – W1) / {(W4 – W1) - (W3 – W2)}
= (1.005– 0.604) / {(1.487 – 0.604) - (1.723 – 1.005)}
= 2.430
CONCLUSION:
We came at conclusion that Specific gravity of soil is 2.430 which is lower specific
gravity of other soil which shows that there is more chance.
Fig: 3.3. pycnometer bottle
16
Fig: 3.4 Weight of Pycnometer
3.2.2 LIQUID LIMIT TEST

OBJECTIVE:
To determine liquid limit of the soil sample, using Casagrande type / ASTM mechanical
liquid limit apparatus.
EQUIPMENT:
2. Mechanical liquid limit device.
3. Grooving tool Casa grande / ASTM tool.
4. Porcelain evaporating dish, about 12cm in diameter or marble platform
5. Flexible spatula with blade.
6. Airtight containers to determine water content.
7. Thermostatically controlled oven to maintain temperature between 10SoC to 110°C.
17
OBSERVATION TABLE: [IS: 2720 - (PART V) - 1985]
1 2 3
Number of blows 28 33 24
Weight of Container W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.9
Weight of Container + W2 g 15.3 14.4 15.5
Wet soil
Dry soil
Water content (w)%
Weight of Dry soil (W3 – W1) g 4.3 3.8 4.7
Weight of water (W2 –W3) g 2.2 2.1 2.3
Water content (w)% {(W2 –W3) /(W3 51.16 55.26% 48.93%

– W1)} *100
Water content (W) % 51.78
Table: 3.2 Observation Table of Liquid Limit Test

CALCULATIONS:
Plot the flow curve with water content as the Ordinate and log of number of blows as abscissa.
The water content corresponding to 24 blows is taken as the liquid limit of the soil.
18
CONCLUSION:
Water content shown by this test is nearly 45 % which is higher than normal soils so we
can conclude that this soil not suitable for structural use.
Fig: 3.5. liquid limit testing machine
19
Fig: 3.6 - Liquid Limit Testing Equipment
3.2.3 PLASTIC LIMIT
OBJECTIVE:
To determine plastic limit of the soil sample.
EQUIPMENT:

2. Porcelain evaporating dish, about 12cm in diameter or marble platform
3. Flexible spatula with blade.
4. Airtight containers to determine water content.
5. Thermostatically controlled oven to maintain temperature between 10SoC to 110°C.
6. Rod of 3mm diameter.
20
OBSERVATION TABLE:
NO Container No. 1 2 3
1. Weight of W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.2
container
2. Weight of W2 g 18.4 15.2 15.5
container + wet
soil
3. Weight of W3 g 15.9 13.4 13.6
Container + Dry
soil
4. Weight of dry Soil W3-W1 g 7.1 4.9 5.4

5. Weight of water W2-W3 g 2.5 1.8 1.9
6. Water content (w)% 35.21% 36.73% 35.18%
7. Plastic Limit (P.L.) % 35.70%
Table 3.3: Observation Table of Plastic Limit Test
CONCLUSION:
Plastic index (IP) = WL – WP
= 49 – 28
= 21
21
Fig: 3.7 plastic limit test
Fig: 3.8 plastic limit test sample
22
3.3 REPORTS
 Chart 1 no of blow v/s water content(%) chart
23
CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY
4.1 TEST PROCEDURE ON BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH

DIFFERENT PERCENTAGE OF FLY-ASH
4.1.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY PYCNOMETER
OBJECT:
To determine the specific gravity of soil fraction passing 4.75 mm sieve by density
bottle / pycnometer
ss0 = soil sample = black cotton soil+ 0% fly-ash
+ dry ss0
3. Weight of Pycnometer+ ss0+ W3 g 1.723
Water
5. Specific gravity of ss0 at Tt 2.430
Specific gravity of ss0 at Tt 2.430
Table 4.1 Observation table SS0 specific gravity
ss1= Soil sample = black cotton soil+4% fly ash

1. Weight of Pycnometer W 0.604
+ dry ss1
3. Weight of Pycnometer+ ss1 + W3 g 1.726
Water
5. Specific gravity of ss1at Tt 2.484
Specific gravity of ss1at Tt 2.484
24
ss2= Soil sample = black cotton soil +8% fly ash

+ dry ss 2
3. Weight of Pycnometer+ ss 2+ W3 g 1.728
Water
5. Specific gravity of ss 2 at Tt 2.53
Specific gravity of ss 2 at Tt 2.53
ss 3 = Soil sample = black cotton soil+12% fly ash

+ dry ss 3
3. Weight of Pycnometer+ ss 3 + W3 g 1.728
Water
ss 4 = Soil sample = black cotton +16% fly ash

+ dry ss 4
3. Weight of Pycnometer+ ss 4 + W3 g 1.7289
Water
25
ss 5 = Soil sample= black cotton soil+ 20%fly ash

+ dry ss 5
3. Weight of Pycnometer+ ss 5 W3 g 1.730
+
Water
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
2.6
2.569
2.55
2.54
2.55 2.53
SS0
SS1
2.5 2.484
SS2
SS3
2.45 2.43
SS4
SS5
2.4
2.35
SS0 SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5
4.1.2 LIQUID LIMIT TEST
OBJECTIVE:
To determine liquid limit of the soil sample, using Casagrande type / ASTM mechanical
liquid limit apparatus.
26
ss 0 = Soil sample = black cotton soil
1 2 3
Wet ss 0
Dry ss 0
Water content (w)%
Weight of Dry ss 0 (W3 – W1) g 4.3 3.8 4.7

– W1)} *100
Water content (W) % 51.78
Table 4.7 SS0 liquid quid
ss 1 = Soil sample= Black cotton soil+4% fly ash
1 2 3
Wet ss 1
Dry ss 1
Water content (w)%
Weight of Dry ss 1 (W3 – W1) g 4.4 4 4.6
Water content (w)% {(W2 –W3) /(W3 43.18 42.5 41.30%

– W1)} *100
Water content (W)% 42.32
Table 4.8 observation table SS1 liquid limit
27
ss 2= Soil sample= Black cotton soil+ 8% fly ash
1 2 3
Weight of Container + W2 g 15 14.1 15.2
Wet ss 2
Dry ss 2
Water content (w)%
Water content (w)% {(W2 –W3) /(W3 40.90 43.58% 40%

– W1)} *100
ss 3 = Soil sample= Black cotton soil+ 12% fly ash

1 2 3
Weight of Container + W2 g 14.8 13.9 15
Wet ss 3
Dry ss 3
Water content (w)%

– W1)} *100
28
ss 4 = Soil sample= Black cotton soil + 16% fly ash
1 2 3
Weight of Container + W2 g 14.6 14 14.4
Wet ss 4
Weight of Container + W3 g 13 12.4 13
Dry ss 4
Water content (w)%

– W1)} *100
ss 5 = Soil sample= Black cotton soil + 20% fly ash

1 2 3
Weight of Container + W2 g 14 13.9 13.6
Wet SS5
Dry SS5
Water content (w)%
Weight of Dry SS5 (W3 – W1) g 4 3.8 3.6

– W1)} *100
29
LIQUID LIMIT
60
51.78
50
42.32 41.49
39.55 SS0
37.75 36.71
40 SS1
SS2
30
SS3
SS4
20
SS5
10
0
4.1.3 PLASTIC LIMIT

OBJECTIVE:
To determine plastic limit of the soil sample.
SS0=Soil sample = Black cotton soil

1. Weight of W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.2
container
2. Weight of W2 g 18.4 15.2 15.5
container + wet
SS0
3. Weight of W3 g 15.9 13.4 13.6
Container + Dry
SS0
4. Weight of dry SS0 W3-W1 g 7.1 4.9 5.4

6. Water content (w)% 35.21% 36.73% 35.18%
Table 4.13 Observation table SS0 plastic limi
30
SS1=Soil sample= Black cotton soil +4% fly ash
1. Weight of W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.2
container
2. Weight of W2 g 18.3 15.2 15.4
container + wet
SS1
3. Weight of W3 g 15.9 13.6 13.4
Container + Dry
SS1
4. Weight of dry SS1 W3-W1 g 7.1 5.1 5.2

5. Weight of water W2-W3 g 2.5 1.5 2
6. Water content (w)% 35.71% 31.37% 38.46%
Table 4.14 Observation table SS1 plastic limit
SS2 =Soil sample= Black cotton soil + 8% fly ash
1. Weight of W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.2
container
2. Weight of W2 g 18.1 15.1 15.2
container + wet SS2
3. Weight of W3 g 15.8 13.5 13.4
Container + Dry
SS2
4. Weight of dry SS2 W3-W1 g 7 5 5.2

6. Water content (w)% 32.85% 32% 34.61%
31
SS3 =Soil sample= Black cotton soil + 12% fly ash
1. Weight of W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.2
container
2. Weight of W2 g 18 15.2 15
container + wet
SS3
3. Weight of W3 g 15.8 13.6 13.4
Container + Dry
SS3
4. Weight of dry SS3 W3-W1 g 7 5.1 5.2

6. Water content (w)% 31.42% 31.37% 30.76%
SS4 =Soil sample = Black cotton soil + 16% fly ash

1. Weight of W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.2
container
2. Weight of W2 g 16.1 14.4 15.1
container + wet SS4
3. Weight of W3 g 14 12.7 13.2
Container + Dry
SS4
4. Weight of dry SS4 W3-W1 g 5.2 4.2 5

6. Water content (w)% 42.00% 40.47% 38%
32
SS5 = Soil sample= Black cotton soil + 20% fly ash
1. Weight of W1 g 8.8 8.5 8.2
container
2. Weight of W2 g 14.9 14 14.1
container + wet
SS5
3. Weight of W3 g 12.8 12.2 12.1
Container + Dry
SS5
4. Weight of dry SS5 W3-W1 g 4 3.7 3.9

5. Weight of water W2-W3 g 2.1 1.8 2
6. Water content (w)% 52.50% 48.47% 51.28%
PLASTIC LIMIT
60
50.75
50
40.15 SS0
40 35.7 35.18 SS1
33.15
31.18
SS2
30 SS3
SS4
20
SS5
10
0
33
4.2 RESULT OF BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH DIFFERENT
PERCENTAGE OF FLY ASH
Black cotton soil+ Specific gravity Liquid limit Plastic limit

different percentage
of fly ash
Black cotton soil 2.430 51.78 35.70
Black cotton soil + 2.484 42.32 35.18
4%fly-ash
8% fly-ash
Black cotton soil 2.54 39.55 31.18

+12% fly-ash
Black cotton 2.55 37.75 40.15
soil+16% fly-ash
20% fly ash
34
4.3 BENEFITS BASED ON STUDY OF GEO GRID IN
BLACK COTTON SOIL
4.3.1 STRUCTURAL BENEFITS
Structural benefits analyzed and realized on the basis of theoretical considerations and
experimental data determined in this Study include
Enhanced geotechnical engineering properties including bearing capacity, structural
capacity, shear strength and deformation resistance [achievement of higher
resilient/elastic modulus (stiffness)].
Increased ranges of permissible resilient/linear elastic and lateral strains.
Improvement of the subgrade strength and deformation resistance through stress
mobilization and expanded distribution, as well as further tension cut-off.
By spreading and distributing the imparted stresses over a wider area of the
foundation, geosynthetics may be improving the foundation/subgrade in a mode that
is analogous to stage loading consolidation.
Enhanced structural performance resulting from increased resistance to deformation.
Prevention of the migration of inferior material into the upper pavement layers. This
results in the significant enhancement of structural performance and elongation of the
life-span of the pavement structure
4.3.2 VALUE ENGINEERING BENEFITS
Appropriate application of geosynthetics can realize the following benefits

Construction cost-time savings through the reduction of required pavement material
quantities, whilst maintaining enhanced structural performance.
 Elongated pavement structural life – span particularly as a result of incorporating the
filtration/separation geotextile.
Reduction in maintenance requirements as a result of enhanced structural
performance.
Environmental conservation mainly due to reduction in material quantities and

erosion control
35
4.4 GEO GRID APPLICATION AND FUNCTION IN OUR
PROJECT
Application
1. Retaining walls
2. Steepened slopes
3. Embankment over soft soils
4. Veneer stability in landfills
5. Void bridging
6. Pavement reinforcement
Function
1. Geo grid stabilize black cotton soil mass
2. Creates a composite soil mass of increased
3. Geogrid is to soil what reinforcing steel is to concrete
4. Much higher loads can be carried by the soil structure
4.5 USEFULNESS WITH RESPECTED TO EXISTING

SOLUTION
1. At present we know that black cotton soil is unstable. So construction life is short . So
we some additive to add for increase stability and strength and increase construction
life.
2. Our project to use full in black cotton soil area for stable construction
36
CHAPTER 5
FUTURE SCOPE
FUTURE SCOPE
Stabilization of black cotton soil with help of fly ash and geo grid it use
full for any type of construction and
increase construction life and
minimize maintenance cost
37
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
 Soil stabilization method by using waste product fly ash successfully improves the
existing poor and expansive black cotton soil.
 fly ash being low cost and available locally, proves to be economical.
 fly ash effectively dries wet soils and provides an initial rapid strength gain, which is
useful during construction in wet, unstable ground conditions.
 fly ash also decreases swell potential of Black Cotton Soils by replacing some of the
volume previously held by expansive clay minerals and by cementing the soil
particles together.
 On treatment with fly ash, plastic nature of soil decreases and contributes to gain in
strength
 fly ash has effectively stabilized black cotton soil and has led to tremendous increase
in compressive strength of the soil.
 The optimum dosage of fly ash in stabilizing black cotton soil is 16% by dry weight
of the soil.
 fly Ash is found to influence the index and engineering properties of black cotton soil
making it suitable for construction as a foundation material for structures built over it.
38
CHAPTER 7
REFERENCE
1. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, (K. S. Gandhi) - “Fly-

Ash Stabilization of Lateritic Soil" (2007).
2. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 2, Issue 7,
ISSN: 2278-0181, (Kiran R. G, and Kiran. L) - "Analysis Of Strength Characteristics
Of Black Cotton Soil Using fly-Ash And Additives as Stabilizers" (2013).
3. International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations, vol.1, issue 2, (Ken
C. Onyelowe)- "Cement Stabilized Akwuete Lateritic Soil and the Use of fly- Ash as
Admixture” (2012) .
4. Geotechnical engineering-1college manual.
5. Geotechnical engineering-1,mahajan publishing.
6. IS 2720 (Part 2)-1973, “Determination of Water Content”
7. IS 2720 (Part 3/Sec 1)-1980, “Determination of Specific gravity”
8. IS 2720 (Part 5)-1985, “Determination of Liquid Limit and plastic Limit”
39
CHAPTER 8
APPENDIX
SNAPSHOTS OF DIFFERENT TEST PROCEDURE

Like as,
Specific gravity test

Liquid limit test
Plastic limit test
Appropriate application of geosynthetics can realize the following benefits
Appropriate application of geosynthetics can realize the following benefits
Fig 8.1 weight of soil for liquid limit test
40
Fig 8.2 weight of pycnometer botel
Fig 8.3 weight of soi sample pycnometer botel
41
Fig 8.4 weight of soi sample pycnometer botel
Fig 8.5 weight of soil sample for liquid limit
42
Fig 8.6 liquid limit testing equipment
Fig 8.7 weight of soil sample
43
Fig 8.8 weight of soi sample for liquid limit
44
Fig 8.9 weight of fly ash
Fig 8.10 plastic limit testing
45
Fig 8.11 test of plastic limit
Fig 8.12 plastic limit test
47

Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil With Flyash and Geo Grid Final Yaer

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GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

No. Name Enrollement no.

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

Under the Guidance of

This is certify that the project on “STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON

Guided by: External Head of Department

Table Table Name Page

SR NAME OF FIGURE PAGE

Problematic soils such as expansive soils are normally encountered in foundation

Fig.1.1 black cotton soil

Fig: 1.2 fly ash

 CLASSIFICATION OF FLY ASH

Fig 1.3 geogrids

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.3 PROBLEM SPECIFICATION:

Fig: 1.4 foundations for black cotton soils

Fig: 1.5.Cracks In Black Cotton Soil

1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW

Stabilization of black cotton soil with lime and fly-ash

Parameters Liquid Plastic Plastic MDD OMC CBR

Parameters Liquid Plastic Plasticity MDD OMC CBR

Parameters Liquid Plastic Plastic MDD OMC CBR

Stabilisation of Black Cotton Soils Using Fly Ash, HubballiDharwad

Global Journal of researches in engineering Civil And Structural engineering Volume

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3 BC 11 Adjacent High Least expansive

Soil parameters considered Optimum DFA B11 B10 B8

Liquid limit (%) 30 42.3 37.3 53.1

Plastic limit (%) 20 – 30 12.7 17.2 21.6

Plasticity index (%) 30 30.2 20.9 32.0

Shrinkage limit (%) 30 – 40 17.8 20.2 18.1

Maximum dry density

Unconfined compressive 20 – 30 176.2 (0 day 110.5 (0 day 115.1 (0 day

California bearing ratio (%) 30 – 40 6.32 4.17 2.28

1.5 PLAN OF PROJECT WORK

1.6 MATERIAL AND TOOL

2.1.1 DESIGN METHODOLOGY

RESULT 1 & CONCLUSION

TEST ON BLACK COTTON SOIL

3.1 VISUALIZATION INSPECTION OF BLACK COTTON

3.2 DIFFERENT TEST ON BLACK COTTON SOIL

Table: 3.1 Observation Table For Specific Gravity

= (1.005– 0.604) / {(1.487 – 0.604) - (1.723 – 1.005)}

Fig: 3.3. pycnometer bottle

3.2.2 LIQUID LIMIT TEST

Weight of water (W2 –W3) g 2.2 2.1 2.3

Water content (w)% {(W2 –W3) /(W3 51.16 55.26% 48.93%

Table: 3.2 Observation Table of Liquid Limit Test

Fig: 3.5. liquid limit testing machine

3.2.3 PLASTIC LIMIT

1. Balance of accuracy 0.01 g.

4. Weight of dry Soil W3-W1 g 7.1 4.9 5.4

Table 3.3: Observation Table of Plastic Limit Test

Fig: 3.8 plastic limit test sample

 Chart 1 no of blow v/s water content(%) chart

4.1 TEST PROCEDURE ON BLACK COTTON SOIL WITH

4.1.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY PYCNOMETER

Table 4.1 Observation table SS0 specific gravity

ss1= Soil sample = black cotton soil+4% fly ash

Table 4.2 Observation table SS1 specific gravity

1. Weight of Pycnometer W1 g 0.604

Table 4.3 Observation table SS2 specific gravity

ss 3 = Soil sample = black cotton soil+12% fly ash