Main purpose

in the field 3y h
Y Flow field of Temperature Htc

consider the process of convection Cooling

Heating
H Ts
UH Ta
y y
1
in
Eiht
ix
U
N Ts
fluid subjected 6 slip
no

Y Near the wall the

is
with no

condition there is no stagnant sub layer

fluid motion conduction in this region
27 Heat transfer by viscous forces retard
is

37 Above the sub layer occur but

convection may
the fluid motion
conductors predominate
of this region neing
47 A full
care analysis
the basis for convective
Conductive analysis is

theory
 Consider the wall
connectors

iron
na D Ts

kf.IT y o
h Ts Ta

2
Hence h Kf 1
7 0

4
But depends on the fluid motion
that in order to determine
The expression shows
must first determine the temperature
h we
wall
distribution in the
this fluid layer on the
Common classifications

External Internal
i Based on geometry
Natural forced
Driving mechanism
Based on number of phases Single multiple
Ky Nature of flow Laminal Turbulent
 Need for fluid mechanics
drop Cord Drag for
i Determination of pressure
is a situation of
convective heat transfer
fluid flow
4 Governing equations of
Mass Moments Energy

37 Momentum Navier Stokes equation

Cartesian X Y Z
r O z
cylindrical r o of
Polar b Spherical
relation between stress and strain
47 Stokes
rate neotonian fluids
state constant property
incompreu
57 Steady
laminar 2 D COD ID
X
ZD
continuity equation
in

V
Cartesian
i I 0
se

2 2
ay t
try 20 Cylindrical y
Vr
 Two momentum equations

at Cartesian coordinates my

x ssfu.zuzi v.rs J t3yIJx

2PzetuLIL

ssLu.ETei v Eff g
uG 1225yd

In
met oft fled Net force
Moments pressure wet viscous

by cylindrical coordinates
r D
tt
slur KEEF uLI
I.t3EIassLur

13273
2Y tua3IT 2rz mLIY EYE
Navier Stokes egration comment
if not to solve
They are
easy
24 Solutions are obtained for simple cases
Solutions are based on correlations
data
based on experimental
47 ex
daisy
2
9 duty 4 I
dy
 Boundary layer theory
ay velo a.LT
daY kYI o.aau
e
0.99 Ua
Ua Too

by Thermal boundary layer

1
It I
To Wall temperature To Ta

Dimensionless temperature
D Tweets
To Ta

Efsb HE
I E
To Wall temperature To Tw
 characteristics
Boundary layer
compared to the dimension of
is A thin layer
1mm 6 few
cm

body lot in direction is far greater

mm
the
27Velocity charges normal to BL
than M y direction Component
is small v
my my v 9
Esta n

H
a
u

the flow are small

Gradients along
Yai any 2 2 21
Esta u
a 2n

with
hey It simplifies
the momentum eggs
viscous term
terms containing
momentum equation
57 Consider the X

a slur v
EH E vk.F.IE
sLu 3Iai u.zuyJ 2Pa
t3hy
Y s
op oImplies PGD only
Tysituations Correlations based on
64 Most
experimental data
 Fbo through duct Ii
Internal flow a

is
a
in constant GM V fluid properties
I I
d
i
pi

Pressure drop up Pi Pe 45 0,70

VT L fluid properties
Up f
Frictionfactor A relation for pressuredrop
f Mdd A ZI Dimensionless
82 Esta
in the flow
direction
d Presume drop
z

A 4S area

P Perimeter
developed flow
For laminar fully
f F Re

For turbulent fully developed flow

ff Re eb
parameter for the
ego is the roughness
inner wall or the duct
 circular
Fully developed flow pipe
in

Laminar flow
Is
Ap 3298L f Rep
I
Experimental data
tentflog
Moody diagram

For non circular ducts Equvalent diameter

De 4x Crom sectional area of flow
wetted perimeter
 FI ub
merged
bodies

Aerofoil plate

fine

Stagnationpoint

cylinder Sphere

state
Floro over
flat plate
F.int oskn

foidtIEoeftiIartYLo
coe
Yamna
ddragcoeiaIi 1
cf.EE
eoiEgn.EE.Sua4aiYAr nt IotonterastrotestocA
to
wgedrIoeftia
Dragforay
Fang
Cfarge'T kfndk
Area
zoo Fo
M TA
Cf Local
8
eggnog
Ren
Average
on
aplate Kelvin
5
for Rectos
0.664 Rest Laminar
Cfa 5
1.328 Rei
Cfa
2
5 1052 Res lot
0 0592 RE Turbulent
Cfn 2.584
cop
Re
cfin o 37 dogwre.se
Laminar
REE 1742K
CFL 0.074
Turbulent
L I f faiamdu ftfaeu.de
 o a
turbulent B L
Ua 17
Laminar BL Rq 5Xl

L
sew Nc

BL
Turbulent

Rough
Von Kamar
Flow over
cylinder vortices

5
Eno
Rep
_Iq Iff
Cp THAI projected Area

blunt data
correlations from experimental
To 687T
10.41 Rep
0.12 Rep
O 2511
5.67 Rep 4L Replica
Cp
lad Rep LEGG
0.1525 544 Reps 104
Cb 0.310 Rep
104L Reb 2 105
1.14
 Non dimensional numbers

ie Reynolds number'Re It is the ratio of

inertia force 6 viscous force
momentum m a
Speed of fluid
by Nature of flow will affect tramitors
How the flow charge

SAI 1 er I
Re Fi v
Ev MAuz
in u SA u u FAR
FE Ma

Ev M A Zay a
M A Uz
pr nu
momentum dAmi
Pr HI I
m
MEL g
4

rate of fluid due to

viscous
It is the ratio of the
rate that
the medium to the
force penetrates So it is proportional
thermal energy penetrates
too boundary layers
to the rate of growth of
Pr 0.001 Liquid
metals I Pr
0.8 to to Gases Air H2o I
Pr
Pr two Thick liquids
37 Grashof number Gr

at coefficient of volumetric expansion Is

i

property which describes

The thermodynamic
in density leading
to buoyancy
the change
a
It Z lp constant

iy Solids
and Liquids a property tables
Need to develop the expression from
ii God
the ideal too
gas
I f
D SRT RT
P constant
d with respect 6 T
Differentiate
T.tl E I pE.I
into definition of B
Substituting
Tabulatetemp
B J
a
4
uoY fora_ Monjaras
n

2
viscous force
 Gr
ftp.II.LI GAAI

Gr S
gp
4Th
g Bath
me a t.FI
47 Rayleigh nu ber Natural convection
Ra Gr Pr

Forced convection
57 Ped etnumbey
Pe Rex Pr
number Nu
ay Nusrett
Nu h Conductive resistance

convective resistance
conductive resistance
to
It is the ratio of
convective resistance

Nu 1 Connection is dominant
If
57 Stanton number t
into
of heat transferred
a
It is the ratio

to the thermal capacity of the fluid

fluid
A
St
Sacp
4K
Ei
Abo a pileup
5s g
Stanton number is considered when the
the boundary momentum
geometric similarity of
in
and the thermal boundary layer
layer between the sheer
the relationship
expressing and the
the wall viscous drag
force at at the wall thermaldiffusivity
total heat transfer

Conservation of aras equation

then C
I
_my
f constant IT
M C H Lord ru LH
AS negligible
Incompressible fluid