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~1'·/6

UNIT OPERATIONS
AND PROCESSES IN
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
Second Edition

Tom D. Reynolds, Ph.D.• P.E.

Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering
Texas A & M University
•

Paul A. Richards, Ph.D.• P.E.

Professor of Civil E.ngineering
Uriversity of Southwestern Louisiana
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ISB\' 0-534-'488-"--
1. Water - Puriti:a:ion. ~. Sewage - Purificalion :-. \\ Jtc - Purifica: .. ~. - Prot>km~. cxcrCI'::', ..,..
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 vi

4
WATER QUANTITIES AND WATER QUAUTY 67
Water Quantities 67
Water Quality 78
Problems 91

5
WASTEWATER QUANTITIES AND WASTEWATER ••
QUALITY 93
Wastewater Quantities 93
Wastewater Quality 102
Measurement of Waste Organic Materials I06
Effluent Requirements I I1
Problems I 13

6
WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS 114
. Water Treatment Plants I 14
Wastewater TreatmentPlants I 19
Design Flow Rates and Parar:;eters 125

7
; :'1

J
PRELIMINARY UNIT OPERATIONS
i AND PROCESSES 128 .~

,;to) > i
Water Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
128
134
:1
i
··:::·· ...>:·::··1 Problems 163
•••.• ,' c'

I
I 8 OJ. ."

/./.:<.:.:....\.:.1 COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION 166

<:.:':~: ~::.~

Theory of Coagulation 166

1
I
!
Contents

Preface xiii

I
CHEMICAL CONCEPTS
Inorganic Chemistry 1
Physical Chemistry 6
Organic Chemistry 12
Priority Pollutants 16
Problems 17

2
BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS 19
Bacteria 19
Other Microbes and Some Larger Organisms 28
Pathogens and Waterborne Communicable Diseases 30
Bacterial Analyses 30
Biochemical Kinetics. Growth Kinetics. and Temperature Effects 32
Problems 36

3
MASS BALANCES, FLOW MODELS,
AND REACTORS 38
Mass Balances 38
Flow Models, 42
Reactors 47
Problems 64

v
viii

Miscellaneous Filters 322

Problems 325

II
AMMONIA REMOVAL 327
Physical Operations 327
Chemical Processes 335
Biological Processes 337
Problems 348

12
ADSORPTION 350
Adsorption 350

~.
Column Contacting Techniques and Equipment 353
Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns 358
Moving-Bed Countercurrent Adsorption Columns 368
Fluidized Beds 371
Test Columns 371
.~
Design Considerations 371
Problems 373

13
ION EXCHANGE 376
Theory 377
Contacting Techniques and Equipment 380
Design Procedures 381
Softening and Demineralization 382
Ammonia Removal 384 .~.

Design Considerations 390

Problems 392
p

c~ vi

Coagulants 174
Coagulant Aids 178
jar Tests I78
Chemical Feeders 179
Rapid Mixing and Flocculation 180
Ume-Soda Softening 206
Coagulation and Flocculation in Water Treatment 210
Coagulation and Flocculation in Wastewater Treatment 212
Problems 216

9
SEDIMENTATION 219
Type I Settling 220
Type II Settling 231
Type III and Type IV Settling 239
ActUal Sedimentation Basins 247
Sedimentation in Water Treatment Plants 255
Sedimentation in Wastewater Treatment Plants 257
Indined-Settling Devices 264
Inlet and Outlet Hydraulics 268
Problems 277

10
FILTRATION 284
Single-Medium Filters. 284
Multimedia Filters 307
Filter Layout, Appurtenances. and Details 310
Filtration in Water Treatment 315
Filtration in Wastewater Treatment 318
Upflow Filtration 321
 .".. ,'r.

x Collkm

16
OXYGEN TRANSFER AND MIXING 498
Oxygen Transfer 498
Mixing 508
Compressor Requirements 509
Problems 519

17 -
TRiCKUNG FILTERS AND ROTARY BIOLOGICAL
CONTACTORS 523
Trickling Filters 523
Biological Filtration 528
Filter Performance 530
Flowsheets for Intermediate- and High-Rate Trickling Filters 541
Filter Details 542
Operational Problems 543
•
Rotary Biological Contaetors 544
Problems 554
I
i

18
STABILIZATION PONDS AND AERATED
LAGOONS 557
Stabilization Ponds 558
Aerated lagoons 563
Problems 570 ••

19
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 573
Process Fundamentals 575
Low-Rate Digesters 578
High-Rate Digesters 583
 COIIUtlrs ix

14
MEMBRANE PROCESSES 395
Dialysis 395
Electrodialysis 397
Reverse Osmosis -40 I
Problems -409

15
ACTIVATED SLUDGE 411
Microorganisms 415
Biochemical Kinetics 419
Food-to-Microbe Ratio (F/M) and Mean Cell Residence Time (6J 425
Plug-Flow and Dispersed Plug-Flow Reactors 427
Completely-Mixed Reactors 435 3It

Other Activated Sludge Process Modifications 440

Pure Oxygen Activated Sludge 449
. Temperature Effects 450
Other Kinetic Relationships 452
Space or Volumetric Loading Relationships 459
Empirical Relationships 459
Reactor Basins 461
Biochemical EquatiOns 463
Sludge Production 467
Oxygen RequirementS 468
Nitrification 471
Activated Sludge Coefficients 475
Rate Constants and CoefficientS from Continuous-Flow Biological Reactors
480
Operational Problems 484
Problems 490
Define the grit and
what are the main
pourposes of grit
removal
Explain and discuss for
each stage of the three
stages biological
nitrification and
denitrification process
to remove ammonia
from waste water