CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY

FEASIBLE WATER SCARCITY IN CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY,

MENDIOLA, MANILA

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

Doctor of Dental Medicine

by

Balisi, Troise Stephanie B.

Breboneria, Maria Beatriz B.

Co, Geraldine E.

Obejas, Jamie Angela P.

Ongoco, Alix Mila Selina J.

Salamat, Romison Jaye Z.

Sta. Ana , John Patrick Lemmor T.

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Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

The focus of our study is to be aware of the water scarcity in

Centro Escolar University, mendiola, manila

Water covers 70% of our planet, and it is easy to think that it will

always be plentiful. However, freshwater—the stuff we drink, bathe in,

irrigate our farm fields with—is incredibly rare. Only 3% of the world’s

water is fresh water, and two-thirds of that is tucked away in frozen

glaciers or otherwise unavailable for our use.

Water scarcity is both natural and of human origin, is the lack of

sufficient available water resources to meet the demands within a region.

Water is unequally distributed over time and space. Much of it is wasted,

polluted and unsustainably managed

There is no global water scarcity as such, but a number of places and

regions are chronically short of water because its use at the global level
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has increased more than twice as fast as the population over the last

century.

The main causes of water scarcity are pollution, overuse of water,

climate change and population growth. Pollution is the degeneration of

water quality that contributes to the shortage. Water pollution has

environmental consequences that make water unfit for consumption or

use and reduce the available water resources, thus becoming one of the

main threats to the availability and reuse of water. Fertilizers and

pesticides, soil depletion and poor water disposal conditions are

detrimental to available freshwater sources. Overuse or misuse of water

resources is another big issue leading to water scarcity. Inadequate

management of water resources causes a lot of wasted water.

Considering that we are wasting more water than ever before, this causes

a lot of “stress” on the amount of available water resources, and last is

climate change wherein glaciers and ice packs are melting in some areas,

affecting the freshwater supplies, there are more and more droughts,

floods and heat waves, climate change is therefore worsening the water

crisis, especially in regions that are already under water stress.

Population growth, In the last 50 years, the human population has more

than doubled. This rapid growth— with its accompanying economic

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development and industrialization—has transformed water ecosystems

around the world and resulted in a massive loss of biodiversity. Today,

41% of the world’s population lives in river basins that are under water

stress. Concern about water availability grows as freshwater use

continues at unsustainable levels. Furthermore, these new faces also

need food, shelter, and clothing, thus resulting in additional pressure on

freshwater through the production of commodities and energy.

Background of the Study

The main objective of the study is to know how to avoid water

scarcity in Centro Escolar University in Mendiola, Manila and to provide

alternative ways to conserve water. We the researchers have 3 steps to

help the people in Centro Escolar University Mendiola, Manila to

conserve water and lessen the water usage in the school. We the

researchers also want all the student to understand the policies like this,

we should be aware of the importance and the reality about water

scarcity.
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Conceptual Framework of the Study

Phase 1: Always be ready in case

WATER SCARCITY IN of emergency. Always store
CEU MENDIOLA, clean water for future
MANILA emergency use.

Phase 2: There must be a

specific time for collecting water
to be used in clinics.

Phase 3: Be responsible enough

to help clean and save the
environment.
1st Step: Be alert. Listen to the
announcement in the community
for free water supply.

2nd Step: Conserve water. The

school's facility should store clean
water and must have tanks to
avoid shortage especially in the
clinics

3rd step: Lack of appropriate

sanitation for the students, faculty
and also for the patients when
inside the clinic or school. Limit the
water usage.

Figure 1

Research Paradigm Showing the Conceptual Framework of the Study

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Statement of the Problem

The study will ascertain the water scarcity in centro escolar

university, mendiola, manila.

Categorically, it sought to answer the following:

 How to manage sustainable water

 How to manage water pollution control and better sewage

treatment

 How to make people aware and educated.

Hypotheses of the Study

There is no significant relationship of water scarcity in Centro

Escolar University Manila. Mendiola to the students.

Significance of the Study

Water is critical in sustaining life, crucial to economic growth,

social development as well as environmental sustainability (The Water

Wheel, 2009:31-33). Therefore, the problem of water shortage is not just

a local, provincial, or national phenomenon but a global issue that

affects individuals, industries as well as the economies at large. Hence,

this study was significant since it sought to address the causes of water
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shortage and the impact thereof on the students clinicians of Centro

Escolar University. The findings may be useful to the Centro Escolar

University in making informed decisions related to water supply in

future. The study may also help contribute to the already existing body of

knowledge as well as help to inform policy makers at Centro Escolar

University or even other schools.

The results of the study will be of great benefit to the following

To the community

Some people are not aware of the water scarcity in manila, this study

may help educate the community on how to properly manage and

sustain water.

To the school

To provide information in a way that the school can possibly guide

their students on saving water. They can inform their students regarding

the good and bad effects of ample or too much water usage.
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To the students

This research can help students be more careful, observant, and

cautious with the usage of water, and help be more knowledgeable out

the current situation of water scarcity in Centro Escolar University,

Mendiola, Manila.

Scope and Delimitation

The study is limited only to the students of Centro Escolar University

Mendiola, Manila.

Definitions of Terms

For better understanding of this research the following terms are

defined:

Ample. It is an adjective that refers to “enough or more than

enough; plentiful.”

Biodiversity. It is a noun that refers to “ Variety of life in the

world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.”

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Depletion. It is a noun that refers to “reduction in the number or

quantity of something.”

Detrimental. It is an adjective that refers to “tending to cause

harm.”

Fertilizers. This refers to a chemical or natural substance added

to soil or land to increase its fertility.

Irrigate. It is a verb that means “supply water to (land or crops) to

help growth, typically by means of channels”

Scarcity. It is a noun that means “the state of being scarce or in

short supply; shortage.”

Pesticides. This refers to a “Chemical compounds that are used to

kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted plants (weeds).

Pollution. Is the introduction of contaminants into the natural

environment that cause adverse change.

Population Growth. Is the Increase, over a specific period of time,

in the number of individuals living in a country or region.

Stress. It is a noun that refers to “ Pressure or tension exerted on a

material object.”
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CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter deals with the relevant literature and studies to

survey previous knowledge sharing which are related to the present

study. It introduces the framework for the case study that compromises

the main focus of the research described. A range of secondary data

sources served as the key bibliographic tools for identifying relevant work

for review. Providing the context for identifying data collection

requirements,

Local Literature

Policy, Legal and Institutional Regulatory Frameworks

National Level

Based on the journal, “Challenges of Water Governance in the

Philippines” by Agnes C. Rola,et al, the Water Code of the Philippines

(NWRB 1976) is the over- arching law that governs water access,

allocation and use. It stipulates rules on appropriation and utilization of

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all waters; control, conservation and protection of waters, watershed and

related land resources; and, administrative and enforcement of these

rules. It defines requirements for application of water permits and

conditions of its use. It also sets charges per rate of withdrawal based on

the permits. During periods of drought or water scarcity, the Water Code

prioritizes the use of water for domestic use, followed by irrigation, and

other uses. The laws above can sometimes be conflicting. For instance,

while the Water Code stipulates that the state owns all the water in the

country, the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act protects the rights of

indigenous peoples with respect to resources contained in their ancestral

domain. Therefore, water is not freely shared with the other community

members. The National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) Act

provides for watershed protection so water supply can be sustained. This

overlaps with the provisions of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act.

Similarly, AFMA provides that all watersheds that are sources of water

for existing and potential irrigable areas and recharge areas of major

aquifers identified by the Department of Agriculture and the Department

of Environment and Natural Resources shall be preserved as such at all

times,which is consistent with the NIPAS Act. Local Water Governance

The Philippines legal framework allows some dichotomy in terms of

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functions and jurisdiction in water resource governance. Local

governance functions by the Local Government Units (LGU) include

Community-based Forest Management, waterworks system and water

quality monitoring. The LGUs decisions and actions are still bounded by

powers at the national level. This has been a source of conflict between

the national and local water governance

Planning and Decision Making Processes National Level To respond

to the increasing demand and competing use of water, the Philippines

has come up with a National Water Resources Management Master Plan

based on a JICA/ NWRB 1998 study. The plan has two components: a)

development of water resources to meet increasing water demand; and,

b) strengthening of the water institutions. For purposes of planning, the

NWRB, the regulatory arm of the Philippine government for water, has

divided the country into 12 water resources regions. A water resource

region divides the country by hydrological boundaries for comprehensive

planning of water resources development. The Philippines has 343

principal river Philippine Journal of National Water Resources Board;

LWUA-Local Water Utilities Administration; DENR-Department of

Environment and Natural Resources; LGUs-Local Government Units;

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DOH-Department of Health; NIA-National Irrigation Administration;

NAPOCOR-National Power Corporation; PAGASA-Philippine Atmoshperic,

Geophysical and Astronomical Administration; DOF-Department of

Foreign Affairs; MWSS-Maninal Water-Metropolitan Waterworks and

Sewerage System; DILG-Department of the Interior and Local

Government; DOE-Department of Energy; MMDA-Metropolitan Manila

Development Authority; DOT-Department of Tourism; LLDA-Laguna Lake

Development Authority. (Source: Tabios and Villaluna 2012) basins that

have at least 40 square kilometers (km2 ) of basin area. Of these, 20 river

basins with at least 990 km2 of basin area are identified as major river

basins. These 20 major river basins account for 37.1 percent of the total

land area of the country and 55.7 percent of the total area of the

principal river basins (JICA/NWRB 1998). Politically, meanwhile, the

country is divided into 18 administrative regions. These, however, are not

congruent with the water resource regions. As such, there is no

administrative unit that manages the water resource regions. The

operationalization of planning at the water resource regions thus remains

elusive, at best a plan. Furthermore, the JICA/NWRB plan only

considers the physical aspect of water. Certain socio-cultural aspects can

impair the plan. Customary rules still guides’ water use in most places
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within the country as discussed below. The formal system of water

management used by the government is based on a paradigm where

water is priced and assigned rights to access. On the other hand,

indigenous communities perceive natural resources as a communal

resource and an integral part of their everyday life, culture, and

traditions. Water is a central element in the varied and complex social

relations of production and consumption within which conflicts between

individuals and groups arise. Far from being clearly delimited and

mutually exclusive, the customary and statutory are usually intertwined

in complex mosaics of resource ownership systems (Cotula & Chuveau

2007). Precisely because they are community based, customary rules are

inherently unique to the locality in which they operate, they frequently

entail complexities not found in formal systems that address more

general principles and concerns. Water governance in the Philippines

needs to recognize both sets of rules because as customary systems are

undermined, they leave a void that statutory systems are ill-equipped to

fill, given the limited administrative capacity in the country. There are

cases where statutory and customary systems co-exist in harmony and

provide a reasonable degree of stability (Rola et al. 2015). In reality, there

are 30 public sector agencies (national and LGU-based) managing the

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water resources in the Philippines. Their regulatory mandates cover

water quality and quantity, water resource, and water services.

Institutional concerns as expected are also varied: water sanitation and

quality, watershed management, integrated area development, data

collection, flood management, irrigation, hydropower, water supply,

research, and cloud seeding. While not all are present at every locality,

the sheer number of potential actors and the assumed plurality of

mandates (no mandate is deemed a priority over the others) make for

serious political inertia in terms of getting the job done (Hall et al. 2015).

Drought Governance in Metro Manila

According to the book “Urban Drought: Emergine Water Challenges

in Asia” by Bhaswati Ray et al, two occasionaries , namely Manila Water

Company, INC (MWCI) and Maynilad Water Services (MWSI) , provide

water and sewerages services in Metro Manila. Both these private

occasionaries invested heavily for their capital expenditure programs.

According to the occasionaries, there are no new water sources to meet

the increasing demand for water in the coming years. Thus, they have

concentrated their investments on non-revenue water reduction

initiatives to meet the increasing demand for water because 97—98% of

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the water in the metropolis comes from Angat Dam. Metro Manila’s long

term water security is questionable.

Synthesis

The findings from this review reveal significant extent literature on

the specifics of the topic investigation for this research. Other relevant

studies were found to be implementing similar methodologies and

procedures.
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CHAPTER 3

Methods and Procedure

This chapter presents research design and methodology which

were followed to collect the data needed for this study. The study

followed a qualitative research design.

Method of the Research Used

Research design is a plan or a blueprint used when one intends to

conduct research (Babbie & Mouton, 2001:55). This study followed a

qualitative design. The qualitative approach was used for the purpose of

gathering qualitative data from the respondents with regards to the

shortage of water supply at the Centro Escolar University. The primary

data was collected through structured interviews and respondents were

asked the same set of questions throughout the interview sessions.

This section is presenting, the study area, population, sample size

and selection method and structured interview questionnaire. All these

elements will be discussed in order to show how the methodology for this

study took place. The study followed qualitative research design in the

sense that structured interviews were conducted face to face with the
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selected students at Centro Escolar University. We have selected 50

students to answer the set of questions throughout the interview session.

Setting of the Study

Centro Escolar University is located in the western side

of Mendiola Street in Manila, the heart of Manila's "University Bel." The

campus is 3.8 hectares composed of 14 buildings that houses around

25,000 students a year. It caters students from Senior High School to

Graduate Programs with different courses and specializations like Doctor

of Dental Medicine.

Subjects of the Study

The researchers’ descriptive study is concerned with grade four

and grade five students of Esperanza Elementary School in Esperanza,

Alfonso, Cavite that will participate in the process of the study. The

students of grade four and grade five of Esperanza Elementary School

will be selected as subjects of the study. A total of seventy-five (75)

students will be evaluated by the researchers with Grade four having

forty (18 Male, 22 Female) students and Grade five having thirty-five (19

Male and 16 Female) students enrolled for the school year 2017-2018.
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Bless, Higson-Smith and Kagee (2006:98) define population as the

entire set of objects or people, which is the focus of the research and

about which the researcher wants to determine some characteristics.

Centro Escolar University has an average of not less than 25,000

students that uses the school facilities six days a week. The population

for this study comprised both male and female students of this school.

These were some of the Students who have discussed and explain how

the water shortage affects their studies especially for the Student

Clinicians that uses water for their clinical requirements. They are the

key informants who provided answers to the research questions.

Sampling Technique

A sample is a small portion of the total set of objects, events or

persons that together comprise the subject for the study (De Vos,

Fouche, and Delport, 2002:1999). For the purpose of this study, we have

randomly interviewed 50 student clinicians who have a bigger impact

with this water shortage. These students were selected through

nonprobability sampling and the method for selection was purposive.

Purposive sampling is good in the sense that it is the student who has a

bigger impact only was chosen to provide the information.

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Statistical Treatment of Data

Qualitative data analysis methods will be used because the

study deals mainly with qualitative data. The variables that denote

themes will be clustered together and those that denote the numbers will

be put together. The frequency of water supply for example, every day,

once per week / month/ year is quantitative. The feelings of the students

about water supply are qualitative. Tables will be used for analysing the

data generated.
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References:

https://solarimpulse.com/water-scarcity-

solutions?gclid=eaiaiqobchmiiim-

o_es4qivjh0rch1uggoveaayasaaegk55pd_bwe

https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity

http://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_scarcity

http://www.unwater.org/water-facts/scarcity/

http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf/pjs_pdf/vol144no2/pdf/c

hallenges_of_water_governance_in_the_Phils_FinalCopy_05_April_2016.p

df

Book: Urban Drought: Emergine Water Challenges in Asia