Manual on

Typewriting
For

Office Assistantship
(2nd year)

K.V.Subbarao,
M.A., M.Com., M.Com., Ph.D., PGDTCA
Sr. Lecturer in CCP,
Government Polytechnic for Women,
Nellore.

STATE INSTITUTE OF VOCATIONAL

EDUCATION
&
BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION
Nampally, Hyderabad
 Preface
At the outset I am very much thankful to the State Institute of Vocational
Education and Board of Intermediate Education, A.P., Hyderabad for the innovative
and sincere effort of bringing out this manual for the students of “Office Assistantship”.
The intention of the author behind bringing out this book is to help prepare the students
achieve proficiency in the art of typewriting. There are number of books available in
the market which provide similar guidance and they can also be utilised for achieving
better skills. This book acts as a supplement. The examination papers provided at the
end of the book enable the student practise under standard test conditions.

By this time the student will have acquired a degree of proficiency in the subject
and the curriculum set out for the second year embarks on increasing the speed and
accuracy in the subject. This book is based on the syllabus prescribed for the second
year Vocational Students of Office Assistantship. The questions are arranged in such a
manner that it provides an opportunity for the student to prepare well for the
examinations. Of course, the practise questions are certainly lengthier when compared
to the examination question papers without compromising the quality or standard of
instruction. At all times, the standard prescribed by the State Board of Technical
Education and Training, A.P., Hyderabad is kept in view. Equivalency with regard to
Typewriting English Higher can be obtained when the syllabus and pattern of the
S.B.T.E.T. is followed and exactly for this purpose all the questions are set.

Thanks are due to the colleagues, friends and Sri S. Anand, Lecturer in
Commerce, Krishnaveni Govt. Junior College, Chittoor for their valuable cooperation
and guidance and the Department of Technical Education for providing an
opportunity for taking up this assignment.

Valuable and constructive suggestions to help improve the efficacy of the

manual are certainly welcome and will merit consideration in future editions.

--Dr. K.V.Subba Rao

 1

SYLLABUS

The organisation of the book is as follows:

i. Professional Letter
ii. Business Letter
iii. Application for a post
iv. Government Memorandum
v. Government Order
vi. Tabular statement with sub columns
vii. Official Letter
viii. Balance Sheet
ix. Income & Expenditure Statement

The procedure for typing the question is explained first, followed by an illustrated
question with its solution. The exercises on the question are arranged next. It is felt that
the student gets sufficient practice, if not extensive, for improving his skill.

The grade speed passages at the end will enable the student achieve the required
skills in a progressive manner.
 2

PROCEDURE FOR TYPING A PROFESSIONAL LETTER

1. Objective : To facilitate the student to type the PROFESSIONAL

LETTER error free with neat appearance in the prescribed
format.

2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair.
3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right
Margin (RM) each and 1 inch Top Margin (TM) and Bottom
Margin (BM) each.

1) Type Telephone No. by pressing the back space key

from the RM depending upon the number of letters.
Eg: Count the characters in “Telephone: 2226496”. It
comes to 18. Take the carriage to the extreme RM.
Press the back space key 18 times. Start typing
Telephone No. now. OR
Find the lengthiest line of the Telephone No/From
Address/Date. Count the number of characters in that
line. Deduct the counted length (no. of characters)
from the total page width (minus the RM). The resultant
figure is the degree at which you should start typing the
Telephone No/Each line of From Address/Date.
Eg: Your paper width = 85 degrees.
No. of characters in the lengthiest line = 23 (i.e.,
Dated…)
Page width – RM = 85 – 10 = 75 – 23 = 52 degree. You
should start typing at the 52nd degree.

2) Take Double Line space. Start typing the name of the

professional (together with his/her qualifications) in
capital letters from 10 degrees of LM. Take Single Line
space, type his/her profession with initial capital letters.
Hint: Separate any two qualifications with comma.
Eg: M.A., M.L.,

3) Give Double Line space. Type each line of the From

Address in Single Line space (as detailed in Step 1). Put
a comma (,) at the end of each line and a full stop (.)
at the end of the last line of the From Address.

4) Give Double Line space. Type the Date of the letter (as
detailed in Step 1).
Note: The lengthiest line of Telephone No/From
Address/Date decides the degree at which you should
start typing these items on the RH side. The lengthiest
line should touch the RM.
 3

5) Give Double Line space. Type To Address in block form

starting from 10 degrees of LM using Single Line space.
Note: Punctuation similar to From Address.

6) Give Double Line space. Type the salutation of the

letter. (Dear Sir, )

7) Give Double Line space. Start typing the body of the

letter in Single Line space using Double Line space in
between two paragraphs. Start every para leaving 5
spaces from the LM.

8) Type “Thanking you,” also like a paragraph.

9) Take Double Line space and type “Yours faithfully,”.

10) Give Triple Line space (for signature) and type the
name of the professional in upper case and within
brackets.
Hint: Count the no. of characters in “Yours faithfully,”
and the name of the professional. Find out the
lengthiest one of the two lines and type it in such a way
that the last character touches the RM. At the same
time, make sure that the above two lines are centered
to each other.

4. Precautions : 1) Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing.

Understand its essence. Amplify abbreviations.

5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc., before typing.

6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Professional

Letter in the prescribed format.

---
 4

Illustration
 5

Format of PROFESSIONAL LETTER

Telephone: 2226496
2 LS
C.S.BHAGAWAN, M.A., M.L.,
Consultant.
2 LS
19, Jayaprakash Road,
Bangalore - 506 002.
2 LS
Dated 29th September, 1999.
2 LS
Mr. Ram Kumar,
14/267, Bhagyanagar, 1 LS
Bombay.
2 LS
Dear Sir,

I have received your letter and I am pleased to give you the advice you seek.
2 LS
I understand that you are just completing your University studies, having obtianed a
degree in Economics and that you are hoping to become a Stock Exchange Broker and that
you have been offered a Clerkship with Messrs. Rao and Company.

I note that you have always been very interested in facts and figures, and that for
many years you have taken great interest in the stock markets, with some financial success.
You will realise, I am sure, that there is considerable risk in this work, and that absolute integrity
is of the utmost importance.

From what I know of you, I think you would be suitable for this work, and I
recommened you to accept the Clerkship. I send my best wishes to yourself and your father.
When you have settled down, I like you to call in and see me.

Thanking you,

2 LS
Yours faithfully,
3 LS
(C.S.BHAGAWAN)
 6

Q.1
 7

Q.2
 8

Q.3
 9

Q.4
 10

PROCEDURE FOR TYPING A BUSINESS LETTER

1. Objective : To facilitate the student to type the BUSINESS LETTER

error free with neat appearance in the prescribed format.

2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair.
3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right
Margin (RM) each and 1 inch Top Margin (TM) and Bottom
Margin (BM) each.
1) Type Telegrams starting from 10 degrees of the LM. Put
the telegraphic address in quotations and use capital
letters to type it. Use a colon ( : ) immediately after the
word Telegrams as shown here. Eg: Telegrams: “
NATIONAL”
2) Type Telephone No. by pressing the back space key
from the RM depending upon the number of letters.
Eg: Count the characters in “Telephone: 2226496”. It
comes to 18. Take the carriage to the extreme RM.
Press the back space key 18 times. Start typing
Telephone No. now. OR
Find the lengthiest line of the Telephone No/From
Address/Date. Count the number of characters in that
line. Deduct the counted length (no. of characters)
from the total page width (minus the RM). The resultant
figure is the degree at which you should start typing the
Telephone No/Each line of From Address/Date.
Eg: Your paper width = 85 degrees.
No. of characters in the lengthiest line = 23 (i.e.,
Dated…)
Page width – RM = 85 – 10 = 75 – 23 = 52 degree. You
should start typing at the 52nd degree.
3) Take Double Line space. Type the name of the
Company/Firm in capital letters and center it to the
page.
4) Give Double Line space. Type the From Address in
Single Line space. Put a comma (,) at the end of each
line and a full stop (.) at the end of the last line.
Hint: Follow the instructions in Step 2.
5) Give Double Line space. Type the Letter Reference No.
(if any, given in the manuscript) starting from 10
degrees of LM.
6) In the same line, type the Date of the letter as given in
Step 2.
7) Give Double Line space. Type each line of the To
Address in Single Line space). Put a comma (,) at the
end of each line and a full stop (.) at the end of the last
line.
 11

8) Give Double Line space. Type the salutation of the

letter. (Dear Sir, )
9) Give Double Line space. Type the Subject from 20
degrees of LM using Single Line space. To better its
look, do not stretch typing it too far on the RH side.
10) Give Double Line space. Type the Reference matter in
Single Line.
11) Hint: Do not expand the abbreviations “Sub: “ and
“Ref: “
12) Type three hyphens after the Reference. (---)
13) Give Double Line space. Start typing the body of the
letter in Single Line space using Double Line space in
between two paragraphs. Start every para leaving 5
spaces from the LM.
14) Type “Thanking you,” also like a paragraph.
15) Take Double Line space and type “Yours faithfully,”.
16) Take Single Line space and type “for so and so
Company name” in capital letters. Do not type “for” in
capital letters.
17) Give Triple Line space (for signature) and type the
designation of the person representing the
firm/company in upper case.
Hint: Count the no. of characters in “Yours faithfully,” ,
“for So and So Company,” and the “Manager.”
(designation). Find out the lengthiest one of the three
lines and type it in such a way that the last character
touches the RM. At the same time, make sure that the
above three lines are centered to each other.
IMPORTANT NOTE: It is also acceptable to type the
Telegraphic address (Telegram) and the Telephone No.
against the first and second lines of the From Address.
These should be typed in Single Line space and started
from 10 degrees of the LM.

4. Precautions : 1) Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing.

Understand its essence. Amplify abbreviations.

5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc., before typing.

6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Business Letter in

the prescribed format.
---
 12

Illustration
 13

Format of BUSINESS LETTER

Telegram: “NATIONAL” Telephone: 862314

2 LS
NATIONAL TYPEWRITER COMPANY LIMITED
2 LS
71, Gandhinagar,
Secunderabad.
2 LS
Ref.No.777/99 dated: 28th September, 1999.
2 LS
The Principal,
Modern School of Commerce,
Vijayawada-1
2 LS
Dear Sir,
2 LS
Sub: Sale of Second hand Typewriters - Reg.
2 LS
Ref: Your letter dated 2nd September, 1999.
--:o0o:--
2 LS
We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter cited above enquiring us
about the availability of second-hand typewriters. As desired by you we are herewith
enclosing the price-list and the details of the typewriters.
2 LS
The machines have been thoroughly overhauled and they are in perfect working
condition. We are to inform you that the prices are fixed and if you place the order for
more than five machines, we give you marginal discount. As the typewriters are in great
demand, we advise you to send your order without any loss of time.

We would like to inform you that we are having not only English Typewriters but
Telugu and Hindi Typewriters also.

Thanking you,
2 LS
Yours faithfully,
for NATIONAL TYPEWRITER COMPANY LIMITED,
3 LS

MANAGER.
 14

Q.1
 15

Q.2
 16

Q.3
 17

Q.4
 18

Q.5
 19

Q.6
 20

Q.7

Manager
 21

Q.8
Q.9 22
 23

Q.No.10
 24

PROCEDURE FOR TYPING AN APPLICATION

1. Objective : To facilitate the student to type the APPLICATION

error free with neat appearance in the prescribed format.

2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair.

3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right

Margin (RM) each and 1 inch Top Margin (TM) and Bottom
Margin (BM) each.

1) Type the name of the place (Eg. Nellore, ). Put a

comma after the place name.
Take a Single Line space. Type the Date of the
application. (Eg. 29th September, 1999).

Hint: Find the lengthiest line of the Place/Date. Count

the number of characters in that line. Deduct the
counted length (no. of characters) from the total page
width (minus the RM). The resultant figure is the degree
at which you should start typing the Place/Date.
exped Eg: Your paper width = 85 degrees.
ite No. of characters in the lengthiest line = 23 (i.e.,
Dated…)
Page width – RM = 85 – 10 = 75 – 23 = 52 degree. You
should start typing at the 52nd degree.

shou 2) Take Double Line space. Type the word “From” taking
10 degrees of LM. Do not type any punctuation mark
ld after From/To.

Take Double Line space, type the From Address in

Block form i.e., type each line of the From Address in
Single Line space. Put a comma (,) at the end of each
line and a full stop (.) at the end of the last line.

3) Give Double Line space. Type the word “To”.

4) Give Double Line space. Type To Address in Block form

starting from 10 degrees of LM using Single Line space.
Note: Punctuation similar to From Address.

5) Give Double Line space. Type the salutation of the

letter. (Sir, )
 25

6) Give Double Line space. Type the Subject from 20

degrees of LM using Single Line space. To better its
look, do not stretch typing it too far on the RH side.

7) Give Double Line space. Type the Reference matter in

Single Line.
Hint: Do not expand the abbreviations “Sub: “ and
“Ref: “

8) Type three hyphens after the Reference. (---)

9) Type the body of the Application using Single Line
space. Use Double Line space in between two
paragraphs. Start every para leaving 5 spaces from
the LM.

10) Type “Thanking you,” also like a paragraph.

11) Take Double Line space and type “Yours faithfully,”.

12) Give Triple Line space (for signature) and type the
name of the applicant in upper case and within
brackets.

Hint: Count the no. of characters in “Yours faithfully,”

and the name of the applicant. Find out the lengthiest
one of the two lines and type it in such a way that the
last character touches the RM. At the same time,
make sure that the above two lines are centered to
each other.

4. Precautions : 1) Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing.

Understand its essence. Amplify abbreviations.

5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc., before typing.

6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Application in

the prescribed format.
---
 26

Illustration
 27

Format of APPLICATION

Nellore,
29th December, 1999.
2 LS
From
2 LS
S. Kishore Kumar, 1 LS
Lecturer in Commercial & Computer Practice,
Government Polytechnic,
NELLORE.
2 LS
To
2 LS
The Principal, 1 LS
Syed Hashim College of Engineering & Technology,
Pragnapur Main Road,
GAJWEL.
2 LS
Sir,
2 LS
Sub: Appointment as Senior Lecturer in Computers -
Application - Submitted.
-o-
2 LS
With reference to your advertisement in the Indian Express on 20th September,
1999, I offer my services for the post of Senior Lecturer in Computers.
2 LS
I am a Commerce Graduate and passed M.C.A., in distinction from Andhra
University. I have been working as a Lecturer in Commercial and Computer Practice
since 10 years and handling the Computer subjects for DCCP students. I am aged 32
years with sound health.

I expect a minimum salary of Rs.14,000/- per month. I am willing to appear for

an interview at my cost.

I enclose herewith copies of my certificates for your perusal.

Expecting your early reply,

2 LS
Yours faithfully,

3 LS
(S. KISHORE KUMAR)
 28

Q.1
 29

Q.2
 30

Q.3
 31

Q.4
 32

Q.5
 33

PROCEDURE FOR TYPING A GOVERNMENT MEMORANDUM

1. Objective : To familiarise the student to type the GOVERNMENT

MEMO neatly and easily in the prescribed format.
2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair.
3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right
Margin (RM) each.
1) Type name of the GOVERNMENT in upper case
centering it.
2) Give Double Line space. Type the name of the
DEPARTMENT in capital letters duly centering it.
Give Double Line space. Type the Memo. No. and date
and center it. Also underline them.
3) Give Double Line space. Type the Subject from 20
degrees of LM using Single Line space. To better its
look, do not stretch typing it too far on the RH side.
4) Give Double Line space. Type the Reference matter in
Single Line.
Hint: Do not expand the abbreviations “Sub: “, and
“Ref: “.
5) Give Single Line space. Simply type three hyphens in
the centre of the page (as design). ---
6) Take Double Line space. Type the body of the Govt.
Memo in Single Line space. Leave 5 spaces (press
space bar 5 times) at the beginning of every para.
Give paragraph numbers from the second para
onwards, where the body has more than one para,
and if given in the manuscript. Give Double Line space
after each para.
7) Give Double Line space. Type the name and
designation of the official in upper case using Single
Line space duly centering one to the other. Ensure that
the biggest of the two lines ends on the RM. Put a
comma (,) after name and a full stop (.) after the
designation.
8) Give Double Line space. Type the “To” address starting
from the beginning of the LM. Use commas to
separate each item of the address and put a full stop
at the end of that line. Begin every fresh address entry
in a new line from the LM.
Hint: Type each item of address in a continuous fashion
and do not use Indenting method.
4. Precautions : 1) Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing.
Understand its essence. Amplify abbreviations.
5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc. before typing.
6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Govt. Memo in
format.
 34

Illustration
 35

Format of GOVERNMENT MEMORANDUM

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

2 LS
GENERAL ADMINISTRATION (POLITICAL.C) DEPARTMENT
2 LS
Memorandum No. 449/Poli-C/87-1, dated 04-02-1987.
2 LS
Sub: Government functions - Coverage of media.
2 LS
Ref: Letter No.A.11/456/86, dated 05-12-1986 of Commissioner
of Information & Public Relations, Hyderabad.
-o-
2 LS
All the departments of State Government are advised to ensure that whenever
Government functions are organised and when the Chief Minister is participating, proper
care should be taken with regard to the issue of invitations and making arrangements.
The Press, All India Radio, Press Information Bureau, Television etc., should be
invariably invited through the Commissioner of Information and Public Relations,
Hyderabad, who will ensure coverage through various media.
2 LS
All the departments of Secretariat and Heads of Departments are requested to
note the above instructions and follow them in future scrupulously.

1 LS SHRAVAN KUMAR,
Chief Secretary to Government.

To
2 LS
All Secretaries to Government. 1 LS
All Departments of Secretariat. (10 copies).
All Heads of Departments.
 36

Q.1
 37

Q.2
 38

Q.3
 39

Q.4
 40

Q.5
 41

Q.6
 42

PROCEDURE FOR TYPING A GOVERNMENT ORDER

1. Objective : To familiarise the student to type the GOVERNMENT

ORDER neatly and easily in the prescribed format.

2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair.
3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right
Margin (RM) each.
1) Type name of the GOVERNMENT in upper case. Leave
Double Line space.
2) Type “ABSTRACT” in upper case duly centering it to the
page. Leave Double Line space.
3) Type the matter under Abstract using Single Line space
starting from 10 degrees of the LM. Give Single Line
space and type the horizontal line below Abstract
using the symbols “hyphen” (-) or “equal to” (=).
4) Give Double Line space. Type the name of the
Department in capital letters duly centering it.
5) Give Double Line space. Type the No. of the G.O. from
the beginning of the LM. Type the date of the G.O.
such that the last character ends on the edge of the
RM degree. Follow the procedure given here:
Eg: Your paper width = 85 degrees.
No. of characters in the date = 23 (i.e., Dated…)
Page width – RM = 85 – 10 = 75 – 23 = 52 degree. You
type the date from the 52nd degree.
6) Give Double Line space after date. Type “Read the
following” exactly under the same degree where Date
was typed. In some G.Os., the words “Read the
following:” will not be given because there is no
reference to that G.O. In such a case, simply omit the
item.
7) Give Double Line space. Type the “reference” matter
in Single Line.
8) Give Single Line space. Simply type three hyphens in
the centre of the page (as design). ---
9) Give Double Line space. Type “ORDER: ” in capitals
from the LM and underline it. Type a colon (:) after the
word ORDER Do not underline the colon.
10) Take Double Line space. Type the body of the G.O. in
Single Line space. Leave 5 spaces (press space bar 5
times) at the beginning of every para. Give paragraph
numbers from the second para onwards, where the
body has more than one para, and if given in the
manuscript. Give Double Line space after each para.
 43

11) Take Double Line space. Expand “By order etc.,” and
type it in its full form using capital letters and within
brackets (BY ORDER AND IN THE NAME OF GOVERNOR
OF ANDHRA PRADESH) duly centering it.
12) Give Double Line space. Type the name and
designation of the official in upper case using Single
Line space duly centering one to the other. Ensure that
the biggest of the two lines ends on the RM. Type a
comma (,) after the name and a full stop (.) after the
designation.
Hint: Follow the procedure for typing the date in the
G.O.
13) Give Double Line space. Type the “To” address starting
from the beginning of the LM. Use commas (,) to
separate each item of the address and put a full stop
(.) at the end of that line. Begin every fresh address
entry in a new line from the LM.
Hint: Type each item of address in a continuous fashion
and do not use Indenting method.

4. Precautions : Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing.

Understandessence of the order. Amplify abbreviations
leaving standard ones (G.O.Ms.No.) untouched.

5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc. before typing.

6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Government Order

in format.

---
 44

Illustration
 45

Format of GOVERNMENT ORDER

GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

2 LS
ABSTRACT
2 LS
RULES - Andhra Pradesh Legislature Members’ Travelling Allowance Rules, 1961 -
Amendment - Issued.
2 LS
GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT
2 LS LSLS
G.O.Ms.No.435. Dated 6th May, 1994.
2 LS
ORDER:
2 LS
In exercise of the powers conferred by Andhra Pradesh Legislature Members’
(Salaries and Perks) Act, 1956, the Government hereby insert the words “upto 300 KM”
at the end of Rule 3 of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature Members’ Travelling Allowance
Rules, 1961.
2 LS
(BY ORDER AND IN THE NAME OF THE GOVERNOR OF ANDHRA PRADESH)
2 LS
1 LS C.R. KAMALANATHAN,
Secretary to Government.

To
2 LS
All concerned.
 46

Q.1
 47

Q.2
 48

Q.3
 49

Q.4
 50

Q.5
 51

Q.6
 52

Q.7
 53

Q.8
 54

Q.9
 55

Q.10
56
57
58
 59

PROCEDURE FOR TYPING AN OFFICIAL LETTER

1. Objective : To familiarise the student to type the OFFICIAL LETTER

neatly and easily in the prescribed format.

2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair.
3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right
Margin (RM) each.

1) Type “Grams” from the left Margin and “Phone” to the

right margin. Leave Double Line space
2) Type name of the GOVERNMENT in upper case. Leave
Double Line space.
3) Type the name of the Department in upper case.
Leave Double line Space.
4) From the Left Margin, type the FROM Address – the
address from which the letter is being sent
5) From 500 type TO address against the FROM Address.
Leave Double Line space.
6) Type continuous line
7) Centre the Letter No. and date of the letter
8) Type Salutation at the left margin
9) Type Subject and Reference leaving 5 degrees from
the left margin.
10) Type body of the letter preferably in single line spacing.
Indicate the paragraph numbers from the 2nd para.
11) After the body of the letter leave Double Line space.
12) Centre the “Yours faithfully” and “(Name &)
Designation” of the Officer signing the letter to the right
half of the page. Leave three lines space for signature.
13) Type “Enclosures”, if any, on the left margin after “Yours
faithfully”.

4. Precautions : 1) Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing.

Understand its essence. Amplify abbreviations.

5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc., before typing.

6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Official Letter in

the prescribed format.
 60

Illustration
 61

Format of Official Letter

Grams: “IRRIGATION” Phone: 123456

2 LS
GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT
2 LS

50o
From To
Sri M.B.G. Tilak, M.E., The Secretary,
Engineer-in-Chief (Administration), Andhra Pradesh Public Service
Irrigation Department, Commission,
Errum Manzil, M.J. Road,
Hyderabad Hyderabad
2 LS
Lr.No.ENC/AE/97 dated 26-1-1997
Sir, 2 LS

Sub: Public Services – A.P.Engineering Services – Recruitment of Assistant

Engineers – Issue of notification – Regarding.

Ref: G.O.Ms.No.567, Irrigation Department, dt. 20-1-1997

@@@
2 LS

In the reference cited, government have issued orders to fill the vacancies of
Assistant Engineers in the Irrigation Department on priority basis in view of the
government’s policy to expedite the various works in progress under the State.

2. Accordingly, based on the requirement of personnel obtained from the

subordinate offices, a zone-wise vacancy position is prepared and is sent herewith after
duly taking into account the absorption and accommodation of engineering personnel
rendered surplus by the Andhra Pradesh Construction Corporation, which has been
wound up recently.

3. It is, therefore, requested that an employment notification calling for applications

for the posts of Assistant Engineers may be issued early to meet the urgent needs of the
various on going projects.
2 LS
Yours faithfully,

Encl: as above 3 LS
 62

Q.1
63
 64

PROCEDURE FOR TYPING BALANCE SHEET / INCOME & EXPENDITURE STATEMENT /

RECEIPTS & PAYMENTS ACCOUNT

1. Objective : To familiarise the student to type the BALANCE SHEET

neatly and easily in the prescribed format.

2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair – Scale
Pencil
3. Steps : Maintain 5 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right
Margin (RM) each.
1. The name of the Company/Bank/Organisation shall be
typed in capitals without underscoring.
2. The year and the date of the account shall be in lower
case with Initial capitals
3. The world ‘Total’ shall be typed against the grand totals
of the balance sheet on both sides of “Liabilities” and
“Assets”
4. The last horizontal figure, the total of which is given in the
next column, shall be underscored at all places.
5. Double line space shall be used in the Balance sheet
throughout.
6. ‘Liabilities’ must be typed within the left half of the sheet
and ‘Assets’ on the right half of the sheet.
7. The words ‘Liabilities’ and ‘Assets’ shall be centered to
the typed matter (between the scales chosen).
8. Sub headings used under ‘Liabilities’ and ‘Assets’ shall be
typed only in ‘All Caps’.
9. “Auditors’ Report” shall be typed in Capitals and
centred.
10. The name of the ‘Auditor’ shall be typed in capitals in
such a way that the last letter tallies with the end of the
right margin chosen. The word ‘Auditors’ shall be typed
in lower case centering the same to the name of the
Auditor. The lengthiest line of the above two shall be
tallied with the right margin.
11. The place and date shall be typed on the left side of the
margin with double line space between them balancing
to the names of Auditors etc.
12. Rule up the columns.

As the Balance sheet is to be typed in single sheet only (unlike the earlier one being
typed on two separate sheets and matched), necessary adjustments with regard to the
margins may please be made wherever needed.

The other forms are also to be typed in the same manner.

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Format of Balance Sheet

Messrs. COMPLETE BUSINESS SOLUTIONS LIMITED, CHENNAI 1 LS

Balance Sheet as on 31st December, 1996
2 LS

LIABILITIES ASSETS
2 LS
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.
Issued Capital 16,25,000 Goodwill
2,00,000
7% Debentures 5,00,000 Patents
50,000
Add: Interest 17,500 Land 6,00,000
5,17,500
Sundry Creditors 4,00,000 Add: Appreciation 50,000 6,50,000
Bank Overdraft 2,50,000 Machinery 5,50,000
Less: Depreciation 50,000 5,00,000
Director’s Loans
1,00,000 Investments 60,000
Closing Stock 4,30,000
Cash 2,500
Sundry Debtors 4,60,000
Less: Reserve for Bad 30,000
debts 4,30,000
Deferred Expenditure 80,000
Profit & Loss Account 4,90,000
Total 28,92,500 Total 28,92,500

2 LS
AUDITOR’S REPORT
2 LS
We have audited the accounts of the above Company, duly verifying all vouchers, bills,
invoices, other documents and the books of accounts placed before us. We, therefore, certify that
the Balance reflects a true and correct state of affairs of the company as on date.

2 LS
Chennai, MANIRATNAM AND COMPANY,
2 LS
10-4-1996 CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS.
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Type the following: 30 wpm Time: 10 minutes

The position of women started countries all over the world is aimed at
deteriorating after the first millennia. making the goal of gender equality
Though our constitution and many other central to all development activities. In
legislative acts have promoted gender our country, there is a great upsurge in
equality, their status continues to be awareness about women’s rights
low. The empowerment of women among all sections of society. The
concerns women gaining control and developmental programmes and
power over their own lives. It involves policies give emphasis to improving
awareness raising, building self- women’s social status. In spite of
confidence, expansion of choices, urbanisation and industrialisation our
increased access to and control over culture and economy are
resources. Empowerment should come predominantly agrarian, rural based. So
from within, women empower empowering women, who are the
themselves. Inputs to promote the backbone of our agrarian economy, is
empowerment of women should a sure path to achieve major economic
facilitate the articulation of their needs gains. Our development efforts have
and priorities and more active role in yielded creditable benefits for women in
promoting these needs and interests. doubling their life expectancy over the
Women have a crucial role to play in last fifty years, and considerably
the modern society. The gender reducing female infant mortality and
mainstreaming strategy evolved in the child mortality rates.
last two decades and adapted by the

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Type the following: 30 wpm Time: 10 minutes

The Indian government has taken therefore, the whole rural region of India
a step in the right direction by making can be transformed as never before. All
education a fundamental right. It is the we need is vision to overcome the odds
duty of the government to ensure that and sustain hope so that the whole of
every citizen has the right to equal the country can benefit from the
opportunity to realise his or her full advancement of technology and use
potential. It is important that the Union education as a means for sustained
Government ensures that the state growth and development.
governments take the initiative in
enforcing this fundamental right of the As India remains still a largely
people – the right to education and traditional society and women quite
equal opportunities. often do not have a say in their lives, it is
still progress if they are enrolling in
India has 300 million poor people schools and colleges even if they have
with no access to basic education, skills, not crossed the fifty per cent
opportunities or jobs. It is important benchmark. Women have to be
therefore to make sure that these integrated in the mainstream society as
depressed classes are pushed up. mostly in India they do not enjoy equal
Education is a tool through which this status with men and have to fight their
can be arrived at. The system of open way through if they want to achieve
universities and schools that we have social or economic advancement.
should be expanded to cover the entire
country. Open universities or schools do
not require heavy infrastructure base,
--:o0o:--
 103

Type the following: 30 wpm Time: 10 minutes

There is a new definition of that we have not fully understood. We

wealth today. Wealth is no more have still not learnt to build the bridge
measured in terms of fixed assets such between discovery and market place.
as buildings, land, bank account, etc. Ability to build this bridge is a
But in terms of those knowledge based prerequisite for Indian science to make
systems, which add value. In today’s economic sense. If we do that, then we
world, goods, services, data, people can set ourselves a heady dream of not
etc. cross the physical borders of only making India the intellectual
different nations freely. However, capital of the world but also an
adding value through knowledge gives economic power to reckon with. People
nations a competitive advantage. describe Indian in many different ways.
Many countries realise the value of the Many say, India is a rich country where
intellectual prowess of its people. India poor people live. That richness is due to
is a developing country but it is one of our intellectual prowess, our biodiversity,
the most developed countries as far as our traditional knowledge base and, of
its intellectual infrastructure is course, our rich traditions. The Indian
concerned. In that sense then, we challenge is simply that rather than
should be a rich country, but we are being described as a rich country where
not. Why is this so? It is because among poor people live, someday someone will
other things, the wealth creation have to describe us as a rich country
potential of knowledge is something where rich people live.

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Type the following: 30 wpm Time: 10 minutes

A major task for the leather affordable cost has been a limiting
industry now is that of capacity building factor mitigating modernisation. Hence
in harnessing the technological and Indian leather industry finds it difficult to
material strength and specific compete with Chinese counterparts
technique to suit demands in different which has attracted large investments.
markets. Tanning is fundamental need India has not been able to attract large
for the leather making and yet there has foreign investments. Indian investment is
been inadvertent neglect of the the only alternative in the present
tanning sector. Modernisation of the scenario for modernisation of tanneries.
tannery sector needs to be facilitated Lack of investment would result in unit
for higher productivity, best use of value realisation far below the global
chemicals, higher consistency in the average.
products, reduction in wastes
generated, shorter process time and The fundamental issue that needs
cumulative increased returns. debate is, can the tanning industry face
the challenges? If not, a system has to
Under utilisation of capacity is be created to keep a global watch on
reported in the leather processing strategies adopted by major global
sector due to raw material shortage, players and the tanners, chemical
high price of raw materials, lack of manufacturers and other concerned
modernisation, financial and power alerted timely about emerging
constraints and stringent environmental international concern on any specific
regulations. Availability of funds at chemical or effluent parameter.

--:o0o:--
 105

Type the following: 30 wpm Time: 10 minutes

With a view to overcome the are inherent constraints in bringing

constraints and achieve the desired about welfare of the weaker sections
objectives, several specific provisions based on land based activities alone.
have been made in the Constitution In view of the large population and
itself for empowerment of the weaker limited financial resources available with
sections. Besides, special legislations a developing country, credit plays a
have been enacted and numbers of critical role in economic empowerment
plans and programmes have been of the poor and the disadvantaged.
launched from time to time by the With this understanding, provision of
Governments, both at Central and State credit as such and under various credit
level, for welfare of the weaker sections. linked poverty alleviation programmes
have been taken up from time to time.
Majority of people in our country
live in the rural areas and earn their Our country has a tradition of
livelihood from agriculture related mobilising thrift, which in turn meets the
activities. However ownership of land in credit needs of the rural areas locally. At
the rural India has remained skewed the time of independence, the
and bulk of the poor have no land of cooperative sector was playing a
their own. Various proactive legislative leading role in meeting the credit
and administrative measures taken by requirements of the rural areas.
the Government since independence
have improved the position to some
extent. However, it is obvious that there

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Type the following: 35 wpm Time: 10 minutes

The human race is now in a However, these very scientific

crucial phase of its long and tortuous and technological breakthroughs have
history on Planet Earth. The last 50 years thrown up negative elements which
have seen developments that have threaten our natural environment and
profoundly affected the way people indeed the very future of the human
perceive our universe. The breaking of race. Nuclear weapons of mass
the space barrier is enabling us now to destruction are now proliferating. The
reach the moon, the planets, and malign underworld of trafficking in
stretch out to the stars beyond, and human beings, and drugs and arms
provide fascinating insights into the trafficking have assumed global
mysteries of the universe around us. The dimensions. We are being constantly
unravelling of the human genome is bombarded by a torrent of horror and
beginning to unlock the secrets of life violence in the movies and on our
itself, and we will soon be in a position to television screen which is bound to have
create life artificially with profound an adverse impact upon the
implications for the future of the human consciousness of the younger
race. Technological breakthroughs in generations.
medicine have transformed the way in
which we can deal with illness and While all dimensions of education
ageing. Transportation has now are important, it is during the secondary
assumed entirely new dimensions, while education period that the minds of our
economic prosperity, though still limited adolescents are most impressionable,
to roughly one-third of the human race, and the contours of their consciousness
could now be extended to less can be decisively shaped. This is a
deprived sections of society. challenge facing all societies in the
world today.
 107

Type the following: 35 wpm Time: 10 minutes

Planning for competitive competition policy, technical and

advantage will require designing of professional capacity of manpower of
policies that would aim at harnessing all types and levels ought to be
kills, technology and learning. In the era enhanced, at least to match the levels
of globalisation, economy is knowledge obtaining in other countries with which
intensive and induced by innovation India have to compete in the domestic
and utilisation of new technologies. and international markets. And for this,
Preparation of a cadre of manpower concerted efforts would be required to
that can effectively function in the design strategies for teaching and
global economy is therefore critical for learning to cater for education and
improving productivity of resources. training needs of all the aspirants. Such
efforts, moreover, should be
In India, the overall improvement commensurate with the requirements of
in competence level of labour force as the world of work. Besides, the
measured by the indicators of perceived methods of imparting
education and health care is very slow. education and skills should be cost
The proportion of vocationally trained effective.
persons to the total working population While India’s conventional
is abysmally low, 5 per cent, whereas education systems and structures are
the corresponding ratios for developed duly comprehensive to respond to
countries varies between 60 to 80 per manpower needs of the society and
cent. economy, the size of working
Globalisation provides unlimited population is so large that it is not
access to economic opportunities I the possible to provide financial
world. But, to reap its benefits, through wherewithal to impart quality education
the pursuance of an effective to all the aspirants.

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Type the following: 35 wpm Time: 10 minutes

Air pollution in urban areas is Approximately, half the world’s

commonly associated with the population and up to 90% of rural
contamination of atmosphere by households in developing countries still
automobile exhaust emissions or rely on unprocessed biomass fuels such
industrial effluents. In view of our as wood, dung cakes and crop
changing lifestyle, indoor air pollution residues. An indoor pollutant is one
has become a major health hazard. thousand times more likely to reach and
The problem is more aggravated in affect people’s lungs than a pollutant
developing countries due to over released outdoors. A recent report of
population and congested and the World Health Organisation states
unhygienic living conditions in urban that nearly 3 million people are killed
slums. Combustion, building materials, every year world over due to air
the ground under the building and the pollution following innumerable
bio-aerosols are the four principal respiratory and heart disorders.
sources of pollutants of indoor Unfortunately, the serious impact of
atmospheric air. In developed nations indoor pollution on human health has
the most important indoor air pollutants not received the attention of
are radon, asbestos, volatile organic environmental scientists, planners and
compounds, moulds and tobacco administrators in our country. The
smoke. However, in India the most people residing in rural as well as urban
important source of indoor air pollution areas are suffering from indoor air
are the combustion products of pollution of different types. In the rural
unprocessed solid biomass fuels used by areas poverty contributes significantly to
the poor urban and rural folk for the unhygienic indoor conditions.
cooking and heating purposes.

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Type the following: 35 wpm Time: 10 minutes

Headache is one of the most interferes with the patients’ life style.
common complaints with which the Majority of the people self medicate
patient goes to the primary physician or themselves through television
a neurologist. Most people accept that advertisements and over the counter
an occasional headache is normal. Self medications.
treatment is very common. Most Headache results due to the pain
people with a mild recurrent or isolated signals from the Blood vessels and
headache do not consult a physician. nerves surrounding the brain. The
Patients come to the physician because structures external to the skull-scalp,
of unusual severity or frequency of neck muscles, cervical nerves and roots
headache. They seek medical also results in headache. During a
attention for headaches that have headache, the pain does not come
changed in character, have become from the brain, as many sufferers
more explosive or progressive. Almost believe, but from stretching of the
everyone has a headache at some time surrounding structures or it may be a
when stressed, overworked or angry. referred pain.
Headaches can also result from There are two major categories
muscular strain due to working in a of headaches Primary and Secondary.
physiologically unsound position and Primary headaches are those, where
rapidly subside with relaxation, sleep, or there is no other underlying cause,
ingestion of simple analgesics. The tension type cluster and miscellaneous
prevalence of this type of headache is headaches. Secondary headaches are
unknown because medical help is caused by other medical conditions
sought only when the condition occurs such as sinusitis, dental problems, head
frequently, becomes chronic and injury or brain tumours.

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Type the following: 35 wpm Time: 10 minutes

Technological development the significance of taking the challenge

plays a vital role in any sector. But it is posed by the powerloom and mill
unlucky on the part of handloom sector sector. The need for catering to the
that the economic viability as well as demand of new markets depending
the marketing of handloom product upon different tastes of consumer was
which mainly depend on technological greatly felt. With a view to meeting this
development are facing the advanced long felt an urgent necessity for
and sophisticated technology posed by technically qualified personnel was also
powerloom and mill sector. realised.
The advent of powerlooms and The first attempt at technical
the organised mill sector with its development to face the challenge of
sophisticated machinery for imparting the mill sector and powerloom was
better finish and longer lasting started in the early year 1950 with the
properties to the fabrics has posed a formation of the All India Handloom
serious challenge to the handloom Board. A number of schemes
sector. Not only this but also it formulated by the Board made
endangered the very existence of conversion of new shuttle Pit loom into
handloom sector introducing a fly shuttle ones. The board also made
significant change I the consumer tastes provision of finances to the cooperative
and preferences. Besides, it is also a societies etc. At present the Indian
drawback for handloom sector that the Institute of Handloom Technology
handloom weaver is generally provide technical trend manpower,
conservative and shows an inherent development of new design and
resistance to take up new techniques. upgradation of skill throughout the
However, with the march of time country.
the sector and the Government realised

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Type the following: 40 wpm Time: 10 minutes

The quantum of resources have grown faster and more steadily

required to be mobilised places the than those with weaker and closely
financial sector in a vital position for regulated systems. The financial sector
promoting efficiency and momentum. in general and banking system in
It intermediates in the flow of funds from particular in many of the developing
those who want to save a part of their countries have been plagued by
income to those who want to invest in various systemic problems which
productive assets. Till about two necessitated drastic structural changes
decades ago, a large part of household as also a reorientation of approach in
savings was either invested directly in order to develop a more efficient and
physical assets or put in bank deposits well functioning financial system.
and small savings schemes of the The Indian financial system has
Government. Since the late eighties been no exception in this respect and
however, equity markets started playing the problems encountered in the way of
an important role. Other markets such efficient functioning necessitated the
as the medium to long term debt financial sector reforms. Recognising
market and short term money market the critical nature of the financial sector
remained relatively segmented and prompted the Government to set up
underdeveloped. In the past decades, two Committees on the Financial
the Government and its subsidiary System to examine all aspects relating
institutions and agencies had an to the structure, organisation, functions
overwhelming role with extensive system and procedures of the financial system.
of controls, rules, regulations and The deliberations of the Committee
procedures, which affected the were guided by the demands that
development of these markets. would be placed on the financial
Worldwide experience confirms system by the economic reforms taking
that the countries with well-developed place in the real sectors of the
and market oriented financial systems economy.

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Type the following: 40 wpm Time: 10 minutes

Agricultural commodity Futures most of the agricultural commodity

exchanges in India are still not exchanges, less than ten per cent of the
developed as compared to other registered members are actually
countries. The dominant political actively trading.
ideology during early years after It hardly needs to be emphasised
independence dealt a severe blow to that futures trading can be conducted
development of futures exchanges in only in commodities, which have
India. It is only after the onset of competitive markets. It is necessary that
liberalisation that attitude towards the market forces of demand and
futures trading has changed and its supply should largely determine the
potential benefits are now being prices. However, this is not allowed to
acknowledged in the policy circles. happen in India due to operation of
However, there are still a number of multiple restrictions such as price
impediments in their growth many of controls, restriction on storage and
which are on account of regulatory movement, etc. India has already
provisions while others relate to the made a transition from food importing
practices of trade prevalent in these country to a food surplus country. Many
exchanges. As a result of these of these restrictions have lost their
impediments membership to justification to continue. There is a need
commodity exchanges and volume of to substantially dilute these controls and
futures transactions have remained low. integrate the internal food grains market
The membership of a majority of with the global markets. The shortage
agricultural commodity exchanges conditions and the perception that
have either remained stagnant or futures market has volatility aggravating
declined during last few years. Small impact in the shortage situation futures
and stagnant number of members market helps to smoothen the demand
proves that the business of trading in for the commodity and helps in
futures is not considered attractive. In reducing intra-seasonal price spread.

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Type the following: 40 wpm Time: 10 minutes

Stress comes in all shapes, and has It is because there is more stress today.
The contemporary stress is somehow
become so pervasive, that it seems to
different and more dangerous. The
percolate everything and everybody. frenzy of media attention is due to our
increasing ability to explain the
There is job stress in businessmen, directors,
mechanism of many stress-induced
managers, lawyers, doctors, nurses, disorders. The economic, social,
cultural, work environment and other
teachers, politicians, bureaucrats, police,
such changes have escalated the
taxi drivers, housewives, children, stress and stress-related problems.
Moreover, we recognise that stress
teenagers, senior citizens, etc. There is
management can be extremely cost
stress of different kinds. There is the stress of effective, not only by reducing
litigation, errors, mistakes, accidents
bereavement, divorce, poverty,
and health expenses, but also
unemployment, social isolation, travelling, absenteeism and worker turnover,
and thus improving productivity,
driving, retirement, job insecurity,
performance, morale and peace.
attending school, examinations, child Stress is an unavoidable
rearing, etc. And there is also more and consequence of life. Without stress, there
more media attention because of would be no life. However, just as distress
growing confirmation of the role of stress can cause disease, there are good
in heart disease, hypertension, headache, stresses that offset this, and promote
stomachache, smoking, depression, wellness. Increased stress results in
substance abuse and a host of infections increased productivity up to a point.
and immune system disorders. However, this level differs for each of us.
Numerous surveys confirm that the The trick is to function with a level of stress
problem has progressively escalated. that is life enhancing, not life threatening.
Why all the commotion and more
attention today, even though stress has
been around since the beginning of our
civilisations.

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Type the following: 40 wpm Time: 10 minutes

Commercial rubber culture in India compares well and sometimes even

is hundred years young and the historic excel with the best managed estates.
event is celebrated with great joy and The extension activities of the
plans are made to frame our future Rubber board of India could be well
course of action with a vision on the fast adjudged as one of the best performing
changing global economic network functioning in any part of the
developments. world. It has imparted titanic strength to
Though India possess over 329 the highly motivated farmers whose
million hectares growing almost all crops performance forms the primary factor
raised in any part o the world, the area that helped the nation to lift is annual
conducive to grow rubber is limited to its production. The accomplishment has
southern and north eastern parts. The made the nation self sufficient in natural
spread of rubber in the southwestern rubber production. India now pins its
India especially in the state of Kerala hope to find remedies to the problems
during the last three decades of arising from the international obligations
twentieth century, adopting the most by equipping its farmers to enhance
scientific farming practices is hailed as productivity and bring down the cost of
one of India’s golden achievements in production through different new
the crop production and management approaches by enlisting intensive grower
sectors. participation. Here again extension has a
Generating new technologies very major role to perform because the
among the rubber growers supported by dream of the mighty rubber sector is to
appropriate input supplies has scored export one lakh tons of rubber as early as
spectacular success in India. The possible annually. The research to
contribution of small growers numbering develop new inputs, techniques and
over 7 lakhs make the achievement more products are making good progress and
shining as their productivity per hectare it will find new areas for consuming more
and more natural rubber.

--:o0o:--

Type the following:
BANKING SYSTEM
An area of concern which impacts
of investment is the relatively high interest
rate structure that prevailed in
country. The spread between the deposit
and lending rates in India is high by
international standards and reflects both
the constraints faced by banks and the
relatively low level of efficiency in the
financial intermediation system.
The Reserve Bank of India has in
the recent past been signalling a soft
interest rate stance and there have been
several reductions in the interest rates
across the board. The most recent step
has been to reduce the report rate by
half a percentage point. A cut in the
repo rate, which is the rate at which
banks lend to Reserve Bank is expected
to soften the overall interest
structure. The central bank
prompted to lower the repo rate on
account of a fall in the level of inflation
and the good monsoon as well as to
reduce the flatness or the yield curve. This
move would give a boost to economic
growth through cheaper credit. Although
in recent years there has
115
40 wpm Time: 10 minutes
considerable liberalisation in the banking
sector with tightening of prudential norms
the and accounting practices which have
led to an improvement in the health of
the banking industry, there are some
areas of concern which need to be
examined.
The ability of the banks to increase
their loan portfolio is not only determined
by a growth in their deposits, but also by
the need to conform with prudential
norms relating to capital adequacy.
Once a bank has reached a level of
advances commensurate with the
capital adequacy norms, any increase in
loan assets has to be preceded by a
proportionate increase in capital. This
can be achieved either by tapping the
rate market or by the Government providing
was the capital in case of public sector banks.
It was earlier difficult for public sector
banks to raise fresh equity from the
market unless the Government
subscribed to the issue in order to
maintain its majority share. This was
limiting the options for some banks to
been enter the market.
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Type the following: 45 wpm Time: 10 minutes

GLOBALISATION
In common parlance Globalisation with this phenomenon we must
is supposed to be a newfound understand the gains and the losses, the
phenomenon. However, this is far from benefits as well as the dangers. It is
reality. In fact, globalisation is as old as against this backdrop an attempt is made
history, starting with the large migration of to assess how globalisation has impacted
people across the great landmasses. the Indian Corporate Sector and how the
During the pre world war period, three Indian corporates are attempting to take
was rapid integration of the economies in on these global giants.
terms of trade flows, movement of capital The post war period witnessed the
and migration of people. The inter war emergence of a hitherto unknown
period witnessed the erection of various corporate entity, the Multinational
barriers to restrict free movement of Corporations, the gigantic business
goods and services. After independence, enterprises undertaking direct foreign
there was a drive to increased integration, investments through their establishments
studies point out that trade and capital spread over a large number of countries.
markets are no more globalised today They sprawl across national boundaries
than they were at the end of the and tie together general markets of
Nineteenth century. However, there are national jurisdiction under a single locus
more concerns about globalisation now of control. The fruits of science in the form
than ever before because of the nature of instant communication, quick transport,
and speed of transformation. What is sophisticated computers and modern
striking in the current episode is not only managerial techniques have been helping
the rapid pace but also the enormous them in reshuffling costs, prices and
impact of globalisation. availabilities of large untapped sellers
Globalisation in its present form markets and cheap labour force in
though spurred by far reaching developing or less developed economies.
technological changes is not a pure As far as India is concerned, a host of
technological phenomenon. It has many multinationals have been in operation for
dimensions including ideological. To deal about four decades in diverse fields.

Type the following: 45 wpm
Human resources are one of the
most strategic and critical determinants of
growth. In spite of abundant physical
resources, a country cannot make rapid
economic and social advancement unless
it has enterprising people with necessary
knowledge, skills and attitudes. In any
developing country, human resource
development is the key to development in
all sectors of the economy, more
particularly rural sector where majority of
the people are very poor, illiterate and lack
the necessary knowledge, skills but also
creativity, interpersonal relations, team
building, leadership, motivation, training,
education, health, nutrition, employment,
empowerment and rights of the people.
Given the natural endowment of
resources the fact that development or
underdevelopment of any nation is largely
the reflection of the abundance or scarcity
of entrepreneurship. Development of
entrepreneurship is a crucial factor for the
development of a nation, and it is
necessary for harnessing vast untapped
human resources of a country like India.
And several research findings do suggest
that entrepreneurship is the dominant
variable in the growth process of any
nation.
117
Time: 10 minutes
An entrepreneur is basically an
innovator who introduces something new
into the economy. He is a person who is
capable of taking investment decisions,
calculated risks under conditions of
uncertainty can plan and innovate, take
prompt and wise decisions in selection of
a product or product mix, technology mix
and marketing. An entrepreneur is a
dynamic agent of change, or catalyst who
transforms the physical, natural and
human resources into corresponding
production possibilities. He is the key
person who envisages new opportunity,
new techniques, new lines of production,
new products and coordinates all other
activities. Basically an entrepreneur is a
person who is responsible for setting up a
business or an enterprise, and strives to
maximise profits by adopting innovations.
Entrepreneurship is the creative and
innovative response to the environment,
which can take place in variety of fields of
social endeavour – business, industry,
agriculture, education, social work and the
like and it is the potent limiting factor in
economic development. It is an act of
assuming risk of business ownership.
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As a member of society every civil, social, political, economic and

human being is bestowed with rights cultural rights as equality before law,
which belong to him absolutely. Human protection against arbitrary arrest and
rights are concerned with the dignity of the detention, right to vote etc. These human
individual at a level of self-esteem that rights are granted as fundamental rights
secures, identifies and promotes human by the Constitution of India.
community. In order to have or to claim Among many types of violences,
human rights, one need not be or do the United Nations General Assembly has
anything special other than being born as emphasised on violence which includes
a human being. Human rights may be said any act of gender based violence that
to be those fundamental rights to which results in, or is likely to result in physical,
every man or woman inhabiting in any part sexual or psychological harm or suffering
of the world should be deemed entitled to women, including threat of such acts,
merely by virtue of having been born a coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty
human being. whether occurring in public or private life.
Since human rights cover people all Violence against women in the family
over the world irrespective of their social, occurs in developed and developing
cultural, racial, ethnic, religious and countries alike. It has long been
communal differences, it is natural that considered a private matter by strangers
they are a matter of international concern. including neighbours, the community and
The charter of the United Nations government, but such private matters
focussed principal of individual rights. The have a tendency to become public
merit of the charter is that it affirms faith in tragedies. Domestic violence may be seen
fundamental human rights, in the worth in the form of mental and physical torture,
and dignity of the person, in equality of murder, rape and battering by husband or
persons of all nations and its resolve to other male partners. Several studies
promote social progress and better show that wife battering was associated
standard of life. The Universal Declaration with the husband alcoholism.
of Human Rights contains a long list of
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Irrigation has a major role in tackled which has since become

enhancing agricultural production. The controversial as the opponents of large
National Water Policy has defined water dams cite this as a negative environmental
allocation priorities broadly for supply of factor.
water for drinking, irrigation, hydropower, Water being precious, finite and in
ecology, agro and non-agro industries, view of growing demand, ultimately is a
navigation and various other uses. The scarce natural endowment. Our main
present productivity of agriculture is strategy is to optimise its availability for
capable of substantial improvement, which different purposes, and accordingly
will be a necessity keeping in view National Water Policy has defined water
population growth and requirement of allocation priorities broadly for supply of
food. The need for people centred water for drinking, irrigation, hydropower,
approach in water resources management ecology, agro industries and non-
and improvement in water use efficiency agricultural industries, navigation and
has been emphasised in the paper. various other uses. Of equal importance
Educating the farmers about judicious and are the objectives of achievements of
prudent use of irrigation water, metered efficiency, equity, and sustainability in the
irrigation water supply and water audit has use of water.
also been emphasised. The need for Irrigation has a major role in
recycling of water for industrial use by enhancing agricultural production.
treatment within the industrial complex Sustainability of irrigated agriculture and
itself would naturally be required to take maximisation of benefits from this sector
care of the continuous increasing demand through efficient environment friendly
of industrial water besides working out the irrigation management now assumes
ways and means for reducing the much more significance even at any time
evaporation losses. The suggestions of in the past. Full resource value of water
agriculture scientists for reducing the economic, social cultural and
evapo-transpiration losses would also play environmental needs to be recognised in
a vital role. The phenomenon of irrigation water management.
sedimentation of reservoirs is also to be
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According to Ayurveda human tablets, capsules, powders or liquids
beings are a part of nature and hence produce wonderful effects over a period of
nature has all the remedies for the ills of time if combined with acupressure therapy
humans, both physical and mental. The or physiotherapy wherever necessary. But
sun, the mountains, the rivers, the forests to benefit from the elixir of Ayurveda, a
and the dense vegetation are all central to patient has to be patient enough and
human survival and life cycle. Ayurveda consume the medicines meticulously as
believes that health is the product of a per the advice of the practitioner. But care
correct balance between the individual and has to be taken to identify genuine
the environment. If that equilibrium is Ayurvedic practitioner from quacks who
disturbed, it causes illness. tarnish the fair name of Ayurveda and bring
The Ayurvedic doctor interviews a it to disrepute.
patient, assesses the malady both by Ayurveda can cure even chronic
interrogation and by reading the pulse, in illnesses such as chronic asthama,
the light of the patient’s lifestyle. bronchitis and so on. Ayurveda has a cure
Preparation of medicines is carried out for many more diseases for which
under the personal supervision of a allopathy has no answer. Ayurveda is a
dedicated practitioner. To deal with boon to numerous patients who are scared
emergency patients and to give immediate of surgery, as it obviates the need for any
relief, sometimes an Ayurvedic practitioner surgical operation. In the Himalayan
may resort to prescribing allopathic foothills, where herbs and plants with
medicines. But this is only to make way for medicinal properties abound, practitioners
Ayurvedic treatment, the effect of which of Ayurveda have found a natural haven.
may be slow, but steady and curative Some Ayurvedic medicines are primarily
without any side effects. Ayurvedic processed and strained through three
medicines are products of nature and as mediums – honey, ghee and jaggery. Oil
such they can be taken for any length of based herbal medicines are prepared and
time without any ill effect. They can cause administered with care to ensure the
no harm to the body or mind. These success of a therapy.
medicines which may be in the form of