EDUCATIONAL ACADEMY

..
1,) - .--
.=
--. ----- -

;L SIGNALS &SYS
$:
L5c=:*5 --%
,! . ~ , ~ ~ ~ L ~ : ~ ; > ~ > . ! xE:
~~=*-
~ ~ ~ *>yLj
r . c ?%
:~ *?.-..>Ez:,?=?,:.?p*

.Electronics & Ceannrnunication Engineering 1, -

GATE, HE$/ DRDQ tit PSUS

.M.L. NARASIMHAM
 GATE - SYLLABUS

Signals and Systems: Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and
discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and
FFT, z-transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and
properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and
cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission
through LTI systems.

Plan of the book:

The book begins with chapter 1 by introducing the basic concepts of signal 8 system
models and system classification. This material, which is basic to the remainder of the book.
considers the mathematical representation of signals.

Chapter 2 is devoted to the time - domain characterization of C.T. L.T.I. system &
the convolution.To this point the focus is on the time domain description of signals &
systems. Starting with chapter 3, we consider frequency -domain descriptions. We begin
the chapter with a consideration of the orthogonal representations of arbitrary signals. The
F.S & its properties are presented.
Chapter 4 begins with the development of the F.T. conditions under which the F.T.
exists are presented and its properties discussed. Applications of F:T, such as sampling
theorem, Distortionless transmission are considered.
Chapter 5 deals with both unilateral & bilateral L.T. The concept of transfer function is
introduced and other applications of the L.T. such as for the solution of differential equations
are discussed.
Chapter 6 considersthe Fourier analysis of discrete - time signals. The relation
between the continuous -.time & discrete - time '~ouriertransforms of sampled analog
. . . . ....
signals is derived. ... . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 7 discusses the Z.T. of D.T. signals. The development follows closely thatof
chapter 5 for the L.T, Properties of the Z.T. are derived & their application in the analysis of
discrete -time systems developed. Finally mapping of the s; plane into the z - plane &
realization structures is discussed.
Chapter,E introduces the DFT for analyzing finite length sequences. The properties of,
the DFT are derived. Two popular fast Fourier transform (FFT~algorithms for the efficient
computation of the DFT are presented.Chapter 9 introduces ariditional questions of all the
above topics discussed.
We wish to thank all the people who have contributed to the development of this
book. lam pleased to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Brahmaiah, Mr:Senthil, Mr uenu,
Mr.Kamalakar who prepared diagrams and alignment of the data ~ e a d e r scomments &
criticisms are gratefully appreciated.

For any queries (or) suggestions for further improvement of the book, the readers
can write to me at narasirnharnrnl@qrnail.corn
 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

INDEX

1 01 / INTRODUCTION -./ 1 1 - 2 0 1
I
02 L.T.I. (L.S.1) SYSTEM -uy /
21 - 33
. . .

03 . FOURIER SERIES. 34 - 51
-JA

FOURIER TRAMSFORM - 52 - 77

Y : 0 7 I-
Z TRANSFORM. -0
.. / 98-114 / '.

'09 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS 125 - 139

1;
Managing ~irector
1
jl
Y.V. GOPALA KRISHNA MURTHY
1;:
I
 ACE ACADEMY ' S & S - Introduction [I1

Chapter 1. IN-TRODUCTION

Anything that bears information can be considered a signal

E.g.: Speech. Music, speed of an automobile

b Mathematically, signals are modeled as functions of one or more independent variables.

Examples of independent variables used to represen! signals are time, frequency, or
spatial cooidinates.

(A) Continuous - time (CT) or Analog signals: Continuous in time and continuous in
amplitude. Continuous in amplitude means that the amplitude can assume any value in the
continuous range form - s to + 2.
(B) Discrete - time (DT) Signals: Discretised in time and continuous in amplitude
Most DT signals arise from sampling CT signals.
. .
(C) Digital Signals: Discretised in time and quantized in amplitude
If the amplitude of a signal can assume only a value from a finite set of numbers, the
.... .

1
amplitude is said to be discretised or qthntized:

Continuous - time Discrete - time

......;.. .... .... ~ . . ..,.....

~
.. ~.
~ ~ . .. . .. , .
- 0..

. .. --
..
+I ,I*

Ih,,
: ;.h,
Time
.-
._._____4_......___-~~--.........----------~----....-..--.....----------------.--.-.....
8 .

' !
I' ''

Digital. \
;
\

I(
a ,
8 8
! I

, -Time Time

-
f' ..
J

M.L. NARASIMHAM -
121 S & S - Introduction ACE ACADEMY
--
--- -------
--

Unit step function. u(t):

(I) I I

- u(t) at t = 0 is discontinuous, u(0) = %

that is turned on at t = 0

(2) Rectangular (or ate) Pulse: A rect (t 12a)

--
I

An example of unit step function is the output of 1V dc voltage source in series with a switch

'The rectangular function is :he result .of an ON - OFF switching operation .of. a constant voltage
.. . .. . .
source in an electrical circuit.

(3) Signum function: Sgn(t)

.. .
. .. . . . . .

i
1:t>o
Sgn (t) = 0: t = 0
-I
-1; t i 0
'

(4) Ramp function: r(t) r (t) I

example of a ramp function is the linear - sweep waveform of a cathode -ray tube
w

L5) Sarnplina function: Sa (x) =

Sin x
7 Sinc (x) =
Sin rrx
7 - . 1
 ACE ACADEMY S & S - Introduction [31

(6) Unit impulse function (or) Dirac delta function: 6(tl

Many physical phenomenon such as point sources, point charges, voltage sources acting
for very short time can be modeled as delta functions.

(i) 6 (0) + rn .@ a
(11) (t) = 0, t 0 S (L)
+c n 4 #
.--
/ t

&
,s,afn,r-gipl properly x (t) S (t - to) = x (to) S (t - to)

Eg: (2t t 1) 6 (t - 3) = 78 (t - 3)
/
&) Sift~ngpiuperty

tl
C ; < to < t 2
~ ( t ) ti
0: elsewhere

P1.l.l: Find the value of the following integrals

2 00 '

..
.. ~ . (A) --I
J ( t + t 2 ) 6 ( t - 4 ) d t. . . (B) -2I ( t + ..c o s n t ) S ( t - l ) d t

-Differentlate Differentiate
___,
t
[dl -
- S & S - Introduction ACE ACADEMY

(7) Exponential signals:

(8) Unit Step sequence: u(n)

(9) D.T. impulse function: 6(n)

..
. ..
n m

u (n) = C 6 (k) = X 6 (n - k)
K=.m K=O -
6 (n) = u (n) - u (n - I ) 0-

1.2.. TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:

x (t)

Eg.: (1)
-1 0 2

To get x (- t) reflect'x(t)
...
about t = 0 .
1 > t>-2
+-2<t<l
-2 0 1
 ACE ACADEMY S & S - Introduction [51

to< 0 + Advance by to
x (t + 3) x (t - 2) -> shift x (t) right by 2

x (t +J)Shift x(t) left by 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Note: Suppose we want x ( -2t + I ) , follow the sequence of steps
'

x(t)-tx(t+l)+x(-t+l)-tx(-2t+l)
. . . . . . . . .. ..
. ~

- ~lternativel'~ = x [-2 it - %) ]
x (-2t +l') follow the following operations

x (t) -t x (-t) -t x(-2t) -t x [ -2 (t - %) ]

Eg. (2):

(i)compress x (n) by a factor of 3 to obtain x (3n)

(ii) Time - reverse x (3n) to obtain

. .
x (-3n)

(iii) x[- 3n - 6 ] = x[ - 3 (n+2) ] :Shift x (- 3n) left by 2 units.

[GI S & S -Introduction ACE
- ACADEMY

P1.2.1. For the continuous - time signal x (t) shown in figure, sketch the
following signals?
,x(t)

(C) x (5 - t) (D) x (- t - 2)

(E) [x (t) + x (- t)lu(t) (F) x (t) $(t - 312)

P1.2.2. A discrete -time signal x (n) is shown in figure. Sketch the following signals?

(A) x[n + 31 (8) x[6 - nl

(c) x[3n +I]

(El x[nl UP
. .. -.nl
~ .
(Dl x[n 121

(F) x[n. .-. 11

. . .~ . .6[n - 31

m
. . ~ 4-lJJ-L
-1 0 1 2 3 4

P1.2.3.Consider the D.T. signal x (n) = 1 -2 6[n - 1 - k]

K=3

Find the values of M and noso that x (n) = u[Mn - no]

P I .2.4 Sketch the wave forms of the following signals?

(a)x(t)=u(t+l)-Zu(t)+u(t-I)

(b) x (t) = r (t +2) - r (t + 1) - r (t - 1) + r (t - 2) where r(t) is ramp function

(1) Enerqv and Power siqnals:

-
-t A signal x (t) (or) x (n) is called an energy signal if total energy has a non -zero finite
value0 < E, < m
-t A signal is called a power signal if it has non -zero finite power i.e. 0 < P, < w.
-t A signal can't be both an energy and power signal simultaneously.
-t The term instantaneous power is reserved for the true rate of change of energy in a
system. In most cases, when the term power is used it refers to average power i.e, the
average rate of energy utilization, a constant quantity independent of time.
!
t
,T ACE ACADEMY S & S - Introduction [7]

P I .3.1 : Determine whether the following signals are energy (or) power signals?
~(t)
I
(A) x (t) = e-'u(t\

t
(D) x (t) = A cos (wt + 0) (E) x (t) = t u (t)

(F) x (t) = e3'u(t)

P I .3.2 Consider x (t) = 8 (t + 2) - 5 (t - 1). Calculate the energy for the signal
t
(t)=
x (r)ci t I
-r.

P1.3.3. If a signal g (t) has energy E, then the signal g(3t) has energy of -
-
-
i

(A) E (B) El3 (C) 3E {D) El9

P1.3.4. Find whetherthefollowing

. . signals are energy (or) power signals?

(A) x[n] = (1/2)"uu[n] ( 6 )xlnl = ujnl (C) x[n] = 2"u[n]

.'.
, . ...
2.Even and Odd siqnals:
. ,...,
I !
. . . . . . , , . . . . . . ~ . . ~. ..
. ,
A signal is even if x (t) = x (-t). . . , . . . .: A signalis: odd if (t) = - x (it)
x (n) = x (-n) x (n) = - x (-n)

P1.3.5 Find theeven andlodd parts of the signal x (t) = u (t)?

P1.3.6 Find the conjuga* anti-symmetric part of x (n) = { 1 + 12, 2 , j5 )

4
. ,

P1.3;7: Suppbseeven part of a signal x (n) is x, (n) =.(112)~"~

and total energy in x (n) = 5, find
: energy i n 'odd part?

. .

.. . .
. .. , . .
. . ~

.. .
. .
. ,
. .
.. .... ,

. .
. .
 .
r81 S & S - Introduction A C E ACADEMY
-

(3) Periodic A n d N o n Pereiodic (Or Aperiodic) Siqnals:

A periodic function is one which has been repeating an exact pattern for an infinite and will
continue to repeg that exact pattern for an infinite time.
A signal i s periodic if g (I)= g (! + nT) for any integer "n" T + period of a function.

- - .- A,,
-
-2 0
T=2
2 4
.<
:!
!
!j
1:
I:

:-'
' T
HINT: The sum of harmonic signals y(t) = x, (t) t x, (t) t x, (t) +
. .. . . . . . .. . .. . ..
is periodic with overall period T = LCM (TI, Tz, T,, ....)

-t A discrete signal x (n)is

. . periodic
. . . .if x [n] = x[n + N] ; Where N -t periodic of x[n]
, . .
...

HINT: For finding fundamental period of discrete sinisoid (or) Complex exponentials always
use the equation oa12n = m IN
. .
..
PI .3.8. ~eterminewhich of the following signals are periodic, if periodic find the fundamental
period? .. . . ~

(A) x (t) = cos (18d) + sin (12rrt) (0) x (t) = sin ( 2 d l3)cos ( 4 6 1 5)
~~ ~ . . .. . . . . . . . ~. . . . .. .~. , . . .

(C)X (l) = cos 31 + sin 5?rt (D) x (t) = je'lot

(E) x (t) = cos 5tu (t) (F) x (t) = Ev [Cos (2nt) u (t) ]

, . (G) (n) = sin [F]

(H) x (n) = 2 cos [?.I
- + sin [ ~ ] - z ~ ~ [ + + ~ ]

j7 n n
(I) x (n) = e . . (J) x (n) = Cos (1114) sin
8
(K) x ( n ) = u ( n ) + u ( - n ) (L) x(n) = ( - 1)
+m
(M) ,x (n) =C F (n -4k) - F (n - 1 - 4k)
K=-m

P1.3.9: A signal x.(t) = 2 cos (1506 + 30') is sampled at 200Hz. Find the fundamental period
of discrete signal?
ACE ACADEMY- S & S - Introduction [91

(4) Causal & Noncausal Siqnals:

A signal is causal if x (t) = 0 for t < 0

x (n) = 0 for n < 0

-t
0 -2 -1
Causal signal Anti-causal signal Non-causal signa!

-r Multiplying the signal by the unit step ensures that the resulting signal is causal

5. Deterministic a n d R a n d o m siqnals:

-r If the value of a signal can be predicted for all time (t or n) in advance without any error, is a
deterministic signal. Eg: x (t) = e-'u (I), x (t) = rect (t)

-t Signals whose values can't be predicted with complete accuracy for all time are known as
random signal.
. . ..

-t Random signals are generally characterized by mean, mean square value.

Eg: Thermal noise generated by a resistor. The intensity of the thermal noisedepends on
the movement of electrons and can't be predicted accurately ,I.
.. .
1.4 SYSTEMSANDCLASSIFICATION:
. . .. ...
. , . . , . . . , . . , , ~ . .. . . . . ~ .. ~.
., .. . . . .
A System, designated T, is a mathematically describable operation or transformation that acts
on an input signal to produce an output.
-

Input Signal

. ..

Eg: In a communication system, the ioput signal could b e a speech signal, the system is
. ..:
. ..

combination of Tx, channel and Rx, output signal is an estimate of information contained in the
original message.

4 All physical systems are referred to a zero - energy d a t e .(or)

.
ground state (or) relaxed state '.

att=-m

3 The behavior of a system is governed not only by the input but also by the state of the
system at the instant at which the input is applied
 [lo] S & S -Introduction ACE ACADEMY

1.Linear And Non Linear System:

For the system to be linear, it should satisfy 2 properties

(A) XI (t) 3 yl (t) and xz (t) 3 YZ (t)

I1 Then x, (t) + x2(t) 3 yl(t) + yz(t) 3 Additivity

I1 (6)cx (t) 3 cy (t) 3 Scaling (or) Homogenity

(or)

ax, (t) + bxz (t) 3 ayl(t) + byz(t) 3 super-position

I1 Il

P1.4.1 Determ~newh~chof the following systems 1s linear?

-
-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-
( C ) y (l) = dldt x (t) (D) y (t) = 2x (t) + 3

(G) y (t) = x (t) Cos oo t

. . .

....
(K) y (n) = median {x [n] ) - ,)
(L) Y (n) = x(n(n)
. . ~.~ .. .... . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .
...... . .. . .
...
d' t
(M) + dy (t' + 2 = x (t)' (N) y (n) =
dt
P i .4.2 If 2 systems S, and SZrepresents nonlinear systems, will the cascade be nonl~near?
.
2..m- Invariant (Shift - lnirariant) 8 Time - Variant (Shift - Dependent ) Systems:
A system is T.I. if the input output characteristic don't change with time. T.I. implies that
the shape of the response y (t) depends only on the shape of the input x (t) and not on
the time when it is applied.
For T.1 system i f x (t) -,y (t) Then x (t - to) 3 y(t - to )
P1.4.3 Test the follow~ngsystems for time - invariance?
(a) Y (t) = tx (t) + 3 (b) y (t) = ex'"
(c) y (t) = x (t) cos 3t (dl Y (t) = Sin(x (t)}
(e) .y (t) = dldt x (t) (f) Y (t) = 2 (t)
(s) Y 0) = x (2t) (h) y (n) = 2" x (n) "'
(i) y (n) = x (n + 2) - x ( 7 - n) s

(I) *+ y (t) y (3t) = x(t) (k) + 3y (t) = t i(t)

Q) If 2 shift-variant systems are connected in series, Is the overall system will be shift-varying?
 ACE ACADEMY
--
S & S - Introduction [Ill

P1.4.4 Consider a system wilh input x (n) and output y (n) related as y (n) = x (n) [g (n) + g (n - I ) ] .
Check for lime - invariance if (i) g (n) = 1 'i n (ii) g (n) = n V n (iii) g (n) = 1 + (-1j" :n

P1.4.5: Consider an LTI system whose response to the input signal xl(t) is yl(t) as shown in
figure. Find the response of the system due tb the Input x,(t) and x,(t)?

3. Causal & N o n Causal System:

-
-

A causal (or) non - anticipating system is one whose present response does not depend
on future values of the input (or) A system is causal if its output at t = ta depends on the values .
,
1 of the input in the past t s to and doesn't require future value of input @>'6)'
I
Pl.4.6. Check whether the following systems are causal (or) non causal?

. . .. ~.
.. . ~. ~ . . ~ . ..
. ... ...
(c) y (t) = x (t) sin 5t (d) y (t) = x [ ( ~ i nt)} ... . . ., . . .. .. . .

(el Y (t) = 1 x (t) I (f) y (n) = ex(n'

(9) Y (n) = C ~ [ k ] "n;

K = no
. is finite (h) y (n) = C x-F]
K = n -*. no
'no" 1s finite

(m) y' (t + 4) + 2y (t) = x (t + 2) (n) Y' (t) + 2y (t) = x (t + 3)

 1121 S & S -Introduction ACE ACADEMY

4. Static (Or) ~ e m o r y l e s sAnd Dynamic (With Memory) System:

A system is static if its output at t = t o depends only on the value of the input at t = tl and no
other value of the input signal.

P1.4.7. Check whether the following systems are static or dynamic?

(a) y (t) = 3x(t) + 5 (b) Y (t) = x2 (f) (c) y (n) = ex'"'

(d) Y (n)= Cos(x (n) 1 (e) Y (n) = xl3nl f) y (t) = dldt x(t)
t
1
(9) Y (t) = x ( r ) d r
-,a

Q) All memory less systems are shift-invariant (TRUEIFALSE)

5. Stable A n d Unstable System:

A system is said to be BIB0 stable if and only if every bounded input results in a bounded
output If I x (t) I < M, < m then y (t) I i My< m
. .
A 'bounded signal has an amplitude remains finite.

P1.4.8: Check whether the following systems are stable (or) not? . .
..
(a) Y 0) = 2 (t) (b) y (t) = x (t) cos 3t : . (c) y (t) = x (t-3)
.. ~

, . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . .. . . , . . . . ... ..~. . .
. t
1
~

(d) y (t) =dldt x (t) I. (e) Y (t) = x (T)d~ " (9 Y (t) = sin(x (t))

(9) y (t) = t x 0) (h) y (n) = eXcn) (i) Y (n) = x [3nl

.-. n
(i)Y (n) = C i [ k ] -,"n,;'is:finite
.. K=no

6. Invertible And Inverse system :

A system is said to be invertible if the input of the system can be recovered from the output

T.T-' = I
In any event, a system is not invertible unless distinct inputs applied to the system produces
distinct outputs
! ACE ACADEMY S & S - Introduction [I31

P1.4.9: Determined which of the following systems are invertible?

(a) Y (t) = x2 0) (b) Y (t) = x ([I 1

(c) Y (t) = X (t - 3) (d) y (t) = dldt x(t)

P1.4.10 : Consider the feedback system shown in figure, assume that y [n] = 0 for n < 0

Find y(n) when the input is (i) x (n) = 6 [n]

(li) x (n) = u[nl 1 1
1 P1.4.11. Asystem has input - output pairs given. Determine whether the system could be
I
I memory less, causal, linear.andT:l? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(1) Which one of the following Paris is NOT correctly matched (Input x (t) and output y (t)
IES
(a) unstable system dy (t) Idt - 0.1.y (t) = x (t) (b) N.L, system dy (t)ldt + 2t2 y (t) = x(t)

i (c) Non causal system y (t) = x (t + 2) (d) Non dynam~csystem y (t) = 3 2 (t)

(2) The discrete - time equation y (n + 1) + 0.5n y (n) = 0.5 x (n +I) is not attributable to
a IES
(A) memory less system (6) T.I.
' (C) linear (D) Causal system

(3) Find whether the following systems are linear. T.I. and dynamic IES

(A) 2t dY (t)
at
+ 4 y (t) = 2t x (t) (6) *
d2 t
dt2 + 4y (t) = 2x (t)

d2 t
(C) 4 5 9 - +2$(1) + y ( t,) = 3d x (t)
[I41 S & S -Introduction ACE ACADEMY
-

4. Match the following

List I (System) List II (system category) IES

(A) y (n + 2 ) + y (n + 1) + y (n) = 2x-(n t l ) + x (n) (1) Linear. T.V., dynamic

(B) n2y2 (n) + y (n) = x2(n) (2) Linear. T.I.. dynamic

(C) Y (n + 1) + ny (n) = 4nx(n) (3) N.L.. T.V.. dynamic

(D) Y (n + 1) Y (n) = 4 x (n) (4) N.L., T.I.. dynamic

(5) N.L., T.V., memory less.

5. The input x (t) and output y(t) of a C.T.S related with the following equations. Which
system is causal? GATE
(A) y (t) = x (t - 2) + x (t t 4) (€3) y (t) = (t - 4) x (t + 1)
(C) y (t) = (t + 4 ) x (t - 1) (D) y (t) = (t + 5) x (t + 5)

6. Match the correct pair GATE

List I(System) Lists 11 ( Properties)
R1: y (t) = t2x (I) PI: linear but not T.1 . .
R2: y (1)' = t lx (t)l:. P2:'T.I. but NIL.
R3: y (t) = Ix (t)l P3: LTI
R4: y (t) = x (t - 5) P4: N.L. and but not T.1

7. The power in the s~gnalx (t) = 8 Cos (26.7~t - n12) + 4sin (15nt) is GATE
(A) 40 (0)41 (C) 42 (D) 82
.. . ., .. . ... . . ~

'<r.'. ..
.. .
8. The system represented bylip-6$'relationship y(t) = {x(.r)ds , t > 0 is - GATE
-*
(a) LTI, Causal (b) linear, T.V, Causal
(c) linear, T.V, nori causal (d) linear, T.1, non causal

9. Which dne of the following gives coi&t'diiiiriptibn of the waveform shown in the figure?lES
-.
(a) u(fi u(t - 1)
(b)u(t)*(t-l)u(t-I)
(c) up)'+ u(t - l)+ (t-- 2) u(t- 2)
(d) U(t) + (t - 2) ~ (-t2) '.

I
I

10. What is the period of x[n] = 5 cos[0.2nn] IES

(a) l o (b)5 (c) 1 (dl 0
 ACE ACADEMY S & S - Introduction [I51

P1.6.1.Evaluate the following integrals?

+m +l
(a) J ' s I ~ [- ~ 6 (2t + 4) dt
J (I)] (b) j 6 (at - b) s{nz(t- 4) cit for a > o

-
.

P1.6.2. Let x (t) =

. 1 - t + 1; -1 5 t 0
t
2
0
;oct<2
;2st<3
;elsewhere

Sketch the signals x (t), x (t - 2), x (t + 3), x (-3t - 2),

P1.6.3. Given x (t) = 3 u(t + 3) - u(t) + 3 u(t - 3) - 5 u(t - 6). Sketch the signal x(-3t - 6)
. .
. . . .

....:
. .. ..
. . .
. . ...
..

(
P1.6.4. Consider the D.T. signal x (n) = n u (n + 5) - u (n - 5d
-

I I
Sketch the following signals
.
(a) x (2n) (b) x (3 - n) (c) ]
x[y (d) x (n) u( - n) .-
(e) x ( 4 -317).
-

P1.6.5. Determine whether the following signals are energy (or) power signals (or) neither?
(a) x (t) = e:3' (b) x (t) = ej3'
(c) x (t) = cos (rd) sin (3rrt) (d) x (t) = u (t + 3) - u(t - 5)
I
I
j (e) x (t) = td3' u (t) (9 x (n) = c o s [$ )
I1
I
I
!
iI
j
(g) x (n) = ( - 11"
(i) x (n) = AF (n)

P I .6 6. (a) Find the energyin x (t)

(b) Find the energy in y (t) =
(h) x (n) = n u (n - 2)

dt
8

+ t
-.~.5 - 4
I .
 .
'[I61 S & S - Introduction ACE ACADEMY
-
P1.6.7. Find whether the following s~gnals.areperiodic (or) not, if periodic find the period?
Li:
.. .
J (I+ ~ 1)4 ,:
.
c .
*'. --
(a) x (t) = 2e u (t) (b) x'(t) = c o s 2 (2nt) ,f .
.. .
~

+9
(c) ~ ( t ) = C ( - l ) ~ h ( t - 2 k ) (d) y (t) = Cos (2nt) + sin (3nt) + cos (5at - 3nl4)
- K=.- .-

(Q x (n) = cos [$j

P I .6.8.Sketch the even and odd parts of the signal shown in figure?
x 0) I

P1.6.9. Given in figure are the parts of a s~gnalx (n) and its even part x, (n) only for
n 2 0 and &(n) = 2; n 2 0 complete the plots of x(n) and x,(n) and give a plot of the
odd part,,,x (n) of the s~gnal.
I

Pi.6.10. Sketch t k wave forms of the following signals?

(a) x (t) = u (t) - u (t - 2)

(b) x (t) = r (t +I) - r (t) + r (t -2)

(d) y (t) = 3u (t + 3) - r (t +2) + 2 r (t) - 2 u (t - 2) - r (t - 3) - 2 u (t - 4)

P1.6.11. The signal
-
x (n) =
0 ; n = 0 8 In( > 1 Find the signal y (n) = x (n) + x (-n)
-
 ["
ACE ACADEMY S & S - Introduction
‘

'I
- --
~1.6.12.The following lnput - output Pars have been observed durrng the operation c ..
system

x3(n)={0.1,1) y,(n)=(l,2,1)
4 4
Can you draw any conclusions about the time - invariance of the system?

Hint : x,(n) = x,(n) + x2(n) -+ y3(n) = y,(n) + y2(n)

P1.6.13. Consider 2 system (i) y (t) = x (ut) (ii) y(t) = x(t + a)
For what values of 'u' each system is linear, T.1, causal and memory less?

P1.6.14 Consider a system with input x (n) & output y(n) that satisfy the D.E
y (n) = ny (n - 1) + x (n). The system is causal
(i) If the Input is x (n) = 6 (n), find y (n) (ii) Is the system LTI?

.P1.6.15. For an LTlC system, an lnput x (t) produces an output y (t) as shown in figure.
Sketch the outputs for the following inputs?
(a) 5x (t) (b) x (t + I ) - x (t - I) 1
(c) gt) + 3x(t)

P1.6.16. Consider a D.T. system with lnput x (n) and output y (n). The input - output
relationship for system is y (n) = x (n) x (n - 2)
(a) Is the system memoryless?
(b) Determine y (n), When x (n) = A 6 (n)?
(c) Is the system invertible?
- P1.6.17. Determine which of the following system is
(1) memoryless (2) T.I. (3) Linear (4) Causal (5) stable

(c) Y (0 = x (t12) (d) y (t) = dldt {e-I x (t) )

[ 181 S & S - Introduction ACE ACADEMY

(9) y (n) = cos [ 2 n x [n + I ] ] + x (n) (h)y (n) = x [ 4n + 11

x (n) if x (n) 0
0 if x (n) < O (i) Y (n) = sign [x (n)l

Ans: (b) linear, causal, stable (f) linear, stable

(g) memory, stable, no causal, nonlinear, T.I.. (i)rnemoryless, N.L., T.1, C,S

P1.6.18. Find whether the following systems are invertible (or) not?
(1) Y (t) = u { x (0 l

For many values of x (t), response is zero and there are many values of x (t). that all
cause y (t) of one. :.Non invertible'

(2) y (t) = x (t - 5) - x (3 - t) -t non invertible

(3) y (t) = x (t) cos (2n t) -t non invertible

P1.6.19. Show that the system shown in figure is linear, T.1 unstable, dynamic, invertible?

20 Show that the system is linear, T.L, stable , causal; dynamic, invertible?
ACE ACADEMY S & S - Introduction [ 19 I

USEFUL MATHEMATICAL RELATIONS:

- Cos ax
j ~ i n(ax) dx = a

cin 7" I

Sin (ax) - a x Cos (ax)

j x Sin (ax) dx = a'
N
c K' = N (N+I) (2N + 1)
~ = l 6
Cos (ax) + ax Sin (ax)
jxcos (ax) dx = a'

0
[ 20 1 S & S - Introduction ACE ACADEMY
ACE ACADEMY S & S - L.T.1 Systems [21 1
-

CHAPTER2. L.T.l (L.S.1) SYSTEMS

-t An L.T.1 System is always considered w.r.t impulse response denoted as h(t) or h(n).
-t If the Input is impulse, then the output is impulse response.
-t SIFTING property states that any signal can be produced 2s 2 combination of impulses.
-t Convolution may be regarded as a method of finding the zero - state response of a
relaxed LTI system.
Any DT signal is the sum of scaled and shifted unit impulses.

r-7 x[n] = Zx [k] S[n - k]

3 Convolution may be treated as flip - shift - multiply - time -area method.

CONTINUOUS CONVOLUTION
DISCRETE CONVOLUTION

L.T.1
q System
LT.1h(n) p ( n ) * h ( n )

Steps: -
Steps:

2. Folding
,
x(-4
/ x[-kl
2. Folding
\ h(-T)
\ h[-k]
/ x(t - 4 / x[n - kl
3. Shifting 3. Shifting
\ h(t - r) \ h[n - k]
/x(tZ~)h(r)
4. Multiplication / x[k] h[n - k]
4. Multiplication
\ x[n - k] h[k]

5. Integration 5. Summation

M.L. N A M S I M H A M
[221 S & S - L.T.1 Systems ACE ACADEMY

3 In the convolution integral time "t" determines relative location of h(t - s) w. r. t. ~ ( r )The
.
convolution w~llyield a non zero result only for those value of "t" over which h(t - s) & x (7)
overlap.

P2.1 .I Find the convolution of the signals x(t) = e-3'u(t)& h(t) = u(t - 2)

P2.1.2 Find the convolution of the signals shown in figure?

I x(t)

P2.1.3 An L T.1 system is having impulse response h(t) = u(-t-I) for which the
Input signal applied is shown in figure. Find the output at t = 4 & t = 0.5?

t-m
P2.1.4. Suppose z(t) = J x( - r + a) h(t + s)dr. Express z(t) in terms of
-
y(t) = x(t) 'h(t).

REVIEW:
 -

ACE ACADEMY S & S - L.T.1 Systems 1231

.

[:
4.
C~
Convolution Property Of Continuous Irnpluse:

P2.1.5 Find the following terms

(a) x(t + 5) * 6(t - 7) =
(b) x(t) * G(at + b) =
-
-
I ~ ( t *) 6(t - to) = x(t - to)
I

ii P2.1.6. Explain the difference between each of the following operations ?

r:
/j

(a) [ e-! u(t) ] S(t - I )

-1-m
(b) Je" u(t) G(t - 1)dt
-m

P2.1.7.Let x(t) = u(t - 3) - u(t - 5) & h(t) = e4'u(t). Find

dt
* h(t)7

P2.1.8. An Input s~gnalx(t) shown in figure is appl~edto the system w ~ t himpulse response
rn

h(t) = 1 G(t - 3n). Find the Output.

n= .m

t
-1 0 1

P2.1.9. Suppose the Inpa: signal is x(t) = u(t + 0.5) - u(t - 0.5) & the impulse response is
h(t) = e """: If y(t) = x(t) * h(t), find a value of o,which ensures that y(0) = 0.
1241 S & S - L.T.1 Systems ACE ACADEMY

Discrete Convolution.

P2.1.10. Consider the signal h(n) =

[:I
-
" -'
{ u(nt3) - u[n - 10))

Such that h(n - k) = [[$I n-k-I

;AsKsB

; elsewhere Find A & B?

P2.1.11 A linear system with lnput x(n) & output y(n) related as

+cn
y(n) = Cx(k) g(n - 2k) where g(n) = u(n) - u(n - 4). Find y(n) when x(n) = 6(n - 2)
K=-;o

1: I
P2.1.12. Find the convolution of x(n) = - u(n - 2) & h(n) = u(n + 2)

CONVOLUTION PROPERTY OF DISCRETE IMPUL7E: -

Sliding strip method: -

Eg. Find the convolution of x(n) = {4, 1, 3) & h(n) = 12, 5, 0, 4)

P2.1.13 Find the convolution of x(n) = { I , 2,3, 4) & h(n) = { I , 2, 1, - 1)

~ ta system is y(n) = { I , 4, 8, 11, 9, I , - 4) & lnput signal is

P2.1.14. If the o u t p ~ of
x(n) = { I . 2, 3, 4) find the impulse response?

P.2.15. Find the periodic convolution of x(n) = { I , 2, 3, 4) & h(n) = { I , 2, 1, -1)

A C E ACADEMY S & S - L.T.1 Systems [ 25 1

Causality: - Stabilitv: -
tm

Memory less : - Invertibilitv & Inverse : -

h(t) = 0 fort # 0 W) * h,nV(t)= w )

h(n) = 0 for n # 0 h(n) hinV(n)= S(n)

P2.2.1 Find whether the following systems are causal & stable?

[a) h(t) = e-%(t - 2) (b) h(t) = e-6"'

(c) h(t) = eau(-I - t) (d) h(n) = 5"u(n - 3)
(e) h(n) = u(n + 3) - 2u(n - 2) t u(n - 4)

P2.2.2: - Consider a D.T system 'SI', with 1.R h(n) = (1/5)"u(n)

(a) Find 'A' such that h(n) -Ah(n - 1) = 6(n)

(b) using result from part (a), determine the 1.R g(n) of an LTI system S2 which is inverse of Sq

P2.2.3: - Consider the system in figure.

(a) Find I.R. of overall system.

(b) Is this system causal? Under

what condition the system is stable. -

P2.2.4:- The range of a and b for the impulse response h(n) =

to be stable is - bn ; n < O
a) lal<l, lbl < 1 b) lal>l, lbl < 1
c) lal>l, lbl > 1 d) lal<l, lbl> 1

P2.2.5:- Given h(t) = en' u(t) t e" u(-t). For what values of a and P system is stable?
a)a<O, p<O b)a<O, p>O c ) a > O , p >O d)a>O, p<O
[261 S & S - L.T.1 Systems ACE ACADEMY

+ Step response is the response when the Input is unit step function

~ System
( h(n) 4 x (7 q y ~l y(n)=s(n)
System h(n)

P2.3.1 Find the step response of the system if the impulse response is h(n) = (0.5)"u(n)

P2.3.2 Find the impulse response of the system if the step response is s(t) = cos wotu(t)

P2.3.3 - A n LTI system with lnput u(n) produces the output as S(n), then find the
output due to the input nu(n)?

r>mhlo~
P2.3.4 Find the overall impulse response for the interconnected system shown in
figure?

P2.3.5 Consider the inter connection of LTI systems shown in figure. Find h(n) when
r >
ACE ACADEMY S & S - L.T.1 Systems 1271

02.3.6 For the interconnected system shown in Fig, find the overall impulse response.

P2.3.7 Determine whether each of the following statements are TRUE (or) FALSE.
Justify your answers
1) The cascade of a non causal LTI system with casual one is necessarily noncausal
2) If an LTI system is causal, it is stable
3) If h(t) is the I.R. of an LTI system which is periodic & nonzero, the system is unstable.

P2.4.1: - Given x = [a, b, c, dl as the lnput to an LTI system produces an output GATE
y = [x, x, x, x, ... repeated N times 1. The impulse response of the system is -

N-I
(C) u(n) - u (n - b. - I ) (D)C S[n - i]
i=0
P2.4.2 Fig - shows respectively the lnput x(t) to a LTI system & the I.R. h(t) of the system

The output bf the system is zero every where except for the time interval
(A)O<t<4 (B)O<t<5 (C)l < t < 5 (D)l < t < 6

P2.4.3 The I.R. of a system is h(t) = S(t - 0.5). If 2 such systems are cascaded, the 1.R of
overall system will be IES
(A) 0.5 S(t - 0.25) (0) 6 (t - 0.25) (c) 6(t - 1) (D) 0.5 S(t - I )

P2.4.4 The 1.R of a system consists of 2 delta functions

as shown in figure. The lnput to the
svstem is a unit am~litudesauare pulse of
one unit time duratibn Find the ouiput
IES

P2.4.5 Two rectangular waveforms of duration T, & T, secs are convolved. What is
the shape of the resulting waveform? GATE
(A) Triangular (0) Rectangular
(C) Trapezoidal (D) Semi -circular
[ 28 1 S & S ,L.T.I Systems ACE ACADEMY -

P2.4.6A D.T.L.T.I. system is non causal if its 1.R is GATE

(A) anu(n - 2) (B) a"-2u(n) (C) an"u(n) (D) anu(n+2)

P2.4.7 The output of 2 systems S, & S2for the same lnput x(n) = en" are 1 and (- 1)"
rsspectively Which one of the follow~ngstateme;lt IS correct7 IES
(A) Both S, & S2 are LTI systems (B) S, is LTI but S2 is not LTI
(C) S, IS not LTI but S2 is LTI (D) Neither S, nor S2 is LTI

P2.4.8 A D.T. L.S.1 system has an I.R. h(n) with h(0) = 1, h(1) = - 1, h(2) = 2 and zero
otherwise. The system is given an lnput sequence x(n) with x(0) = x(2) = 1 and zero
otherwise. The number of nonzero samples in the output sequence y(n) & the vaiue of
~ ( 2are
) respectively GATE
(A)5, 2 (B) 6, 2 (D) 5, 3

P2.4.9 Given finite length llp x[n] &the corresponding finite length olp y[n] of an LTI system as
shown below, the I.R. h[n] of the system is GATE

P2.4.10 2 D.T. systems with I. Rs h,[n] = 6 [n - 2) & h2[n]=6[n-I] are connected in cascade.
The overall I.R. of cascaded system is GATE
(a) 6 [n - I] + 6 [n - 21 (b) 6 [n - 41
(c) 6 l n - 31 (d) 6 [n - I ] 6 [n - 21

x($ Y6(t - to) = x(t - to)

t
xi(!) * x2(0 = I
- 03
Ixdt) * d x2(t)l dt

This las! formulz provides zn ezsier and quicker-method for solving convolution problems
ACE ACADEMY S & S - L.T.1 Systems [29]

prob: - Find the convolution of the signals shown in figure?

L
2p
:----#
;
1
t t - 3 ) 0 ( t - 2)
T
 S & S - L.T.1 Systems ACE ACADEMY

0 ;t<2
2(t-2) ;2<t<3
2(-t+4) ; 3 < t < 4
0 ;t>4

ALTERNATIVE METHOD: - I Yi(t)

 ACE ACADEMY S & S - L.T.1 Systems [31 1

2.6.1. Let x(n) = 6(n) + 26(n - I) - 6(n - 3) and h(n) = 26(n + 1) + 25(n - 1)

calculate (a) y,(n) = x(n)*h(n)

(b) ydn) = x(n+2)*h(n) (c) y3(n) = x(n)*h(n+2)
in
2.6.2. Let y(t) = e-'u(t)' 6(t - 3k)
K=-u.

Show that y(t) = Ae'for 0 5 t 5 3, and determine the value of A

2.6.3. Find whether the following LTI systems are causal &stable?
(a) h,(t) = e-i' sin(2irt) u(t)
1 ; -1ctcO

0 ;
(c) h3(n) = (- I ) " u(- n)
elsewhere
(d) hn(n) = -
1 6 ( n - 2p) (e) h~(t) (1 - t) rect (t13)
p=-I
2.6.4. Find the sonvolution of the following signals?
(a) x(t) = u(t) - u(t - 2) & h(t) = u(t)
(b) ~ ( t=) ~ (+t3) - ~ (-t I ) & h(t) = u(-t + 4)
(c) x(n) = a" u(n) & h(n) = pn u(n) for i. u = 13 and ii. a t 13

L?"
(d) x(n)= - u(n - 4) andh(n) =4" u(2 -n)
. .
2.6.5. An LTI system has the I.R. h(t) shown in figure. Find the output if the input
x(t) = 6(t - 1) + 6jt - 2) + 6(t - 3)

2.6.6. For the interconnection system shown in fig, if the impulse responses are
h,(t) = a(t - I )
h2(t) = e'21~ ( t ) h3(t) = 6(t - 1)
h,(t) = e-3"+2'u(t + 2)

Find the overall impulse response?

[ 32 1 S & S - L.T.1 Systems ACE ACADEMY
-

2.6.7. Consider an LTI system with input& output related by yjt) = [e-' x(t - T) d~
J
0
(a) Find 1.R (b) Is this system causal? Why?
(c) Ceterm!:!~ the system o~ltputfor the input x(i) = u(! +- 1 j

2.6.6. Let x(n) = (2,4 6,81

(a) F!r~d:~(il)- !4n)'x(1i) (b) Find y,(rij I- x(2ii) " x(2n)
(c) Find y,;r:) = x(n/2)*x(n/2)

26.10. Considei- 2 systel.ns described by i;,(n; = S(I-:! i a d(l? - -i) 5:hi(rl:] = (fi 3)"u:n)
Firid l!:e :E:S;:O?SB to tlie ir~putx(n) = (0.5)" ?i(n) :I
(a) 2 syst-rns are connected in parallel with g. =; Oi,, !2.5
(b) 2 sj/s:enis are connected in cascade with u. = 0.5, 3 5 -

2.6.1 1. Given 3 s~gnalsh(n), g(n) & r(n), express y(n) in terms of r(n)
+-I +a
If g(n) = 2 h(n+k) h(5 - k) r(n) = C h(n - k) h(k) -
-
k = -m k = -03
Ans: g(n) = r(n+5)
1
2.6.12. If h(n) = A 6(n) t. (-)"u(n) is the unit sample response of a LSI system, and s(n) is the
3
step response, find 'A' so that Lt s(n) = 0 ?
n+m
2.6.13. The 1.R of a D.T LTI system is given by h(n) = (0.5)" u(n! of the input is

x(n) = 2 S(n) + 6(n - 3). Find the output at n = 1 8 n = 43

2.6.14. An FIR system is characterised by

Y(n) = O.Zx(n) - 0.5 x(n - 2) + 0.4 x (n - 3)
Given the input sequence { - 1, 1,0, -1 ) is applied to ihis system, find the output
F)\ e- R V L
2.6.15. Given that the RLf~lterhas 1.R h(t) = 6(t) - -
.
u(t)
Find the step & ramp response? L r W + o
ACE ACADEMY S & S - L.T.1 Systems 1331

REVIEWNOTES:
ACE ACADEMY

CHAPTER
-
S & S Fourier Series

3. FOURIER
SERIES
1841

3 Represenling CT si,olials as superposition o r ,,,,,lple.i esponentials leads to rrequency -

domain clinracterizations. eg :- A human ear is selisitive to audio signals withill the frequency
range 201Hz to 20 kHz. Typically, musical nole occupies a much wider frequency range.
The[-cforc (lie lhi~manear processor frequency components within the audible range & rejects
I:
other li-equc~icycomponenls. In sucli applications, frequency-domain analysis provides a
convcnieni mcans of solving ihr the response of L.T.I. systems Lo a!-bitrary input.
3 By using 17.S, a nonsiliusoidal periodic filnction call be expressed as an infinite sum of
sinusoidal filnction.
I
Ii
I
3 Sinusoidal siglials arise in describing motioii of planets & periodic behavior of earth's !

cliniate. A.C. sources generate sinusoidal voltages & currents.

3 There are 2 reasons for evalualing the F.S. I

I . 1'0 obtain an expression for f (I) that applies everywhere, rather rhan only over a
!
single period.
I
2. To obtain pliasors, which indirectly tell how much power is available at each i
I
hnrmonic of the waveform.

3.1 ANALOGY BET\\'EEN VECTORS& SIGNALS :-

3 Signals are not just like vectors.
A vector can be represented as a sum of its components, depending on the choice of
coordinate system. A signal can also be represented as a sun1 of its components.

3 We l u ~ o wthat an arbitrary M-dimensional vector can be represented in terms of

M orthogonal co-ordinates.
A vector is specified by its magnitude & direction.

--+ +
Consider 2 vectors f & x as shown in figure. Let the component o f f along X be CX.
(Geometrically the component f along x is the projection o f f on X)
4 4 -
r
-
From Fig (a) = CX t e

+
From Fig (b) & (c) 7 = + el =
4
Cz X + e2
--+ -+
If we approxiliiate f by CX, f E CX

M.L. NARASIMIlAM
[351 -
S & S Fourier Series ACE ACADEMY

Error in the approximation e = f - C>(

-+ + ,
Minimize the error vector. S L I ~that
~I f and ): are approximated
+ + + -+
lengh oftlie colnpollent f along >: =CIXI = I f 1 Cos 0

+ + ++
.) 2 veclors I' Kr X are o:lhogonaI if inner (or) scalar product f .X =0

+ +
.) If we ~ o n s i d e r2 basis vectors i & j

orthogonality
+
i .j
+ - +?=
- j . I
o
Orthonormal Property

unit magnitude
T
i .I
,
=
- b +
j .j = 1
J
Component Of A Signal

I , ,
?,

Note :- 12 (2
2 signals g(t) S( x(1) are said to be orlliogonal over the interval (tl,t2)ifjg(l)x*(l)dt= Ix(t)@(t)dt=0
t2 I> tl tl
They are also said to be orthollormal if they satisfiesjx(t)x*(c)dt= jg(tjg*(t)dt=l ( Unit magnitude)
11 1
ACE ACADEMY 8 & 8 -Fourier Series 1361

in figure 3.1
P3.1. For the three continuous functions sho~v~:

a; s!lov.: !I:;,: ilit li:n.:!ions !bl.:n nij ol'iho~oil:i!c(.:i

. -
-
i-j Fii!d the va!ae o f T that inakes 3 filnctioi?~criho!ioi-::-!r!l
c;: t.xprc-ss tl!e signal x(t) = I A for O 5 t 5 'r
10 elsewhere in rei.rn5 i:fortiiog:;nill set detei.riliiied in (a)'!

7 1'
sol:- 3) Fcr ail the 3 signals \ /@l(t)12dt=...-;lm2(t;l?cIi = ;i ~ ; ( ~ ; l : d=~2.r
.'I -! I

b) Fo:. orthonormality 2T = 1 => T = %

Similarly C,= - A12

:. x(l) = A12 [ 0 1 (t) - 03(t) ]

-[ 37 1 -
S & S Fourier Series ACE ACADEMY

3.2.1 TRIGONOMETRIC
F.S. (1'-

+ Any practical periodic function of frequency Oo can be expressed as an infinite sum of sine
(or) cosine !i.!ilctioris Lliat are integral lnultiples of 0"

Ii
a , CosuQot + b,,si~:nCO,?

1
=i !+
I ; "=:\-

j d.c. I.(

003 Fundamental frequency

ao,a,,,b,,3 T.F.S. coefficients

T
ao=I/T jg(t)di 3 d.c. (or) Average value
0
r
a, =2/T ig(t) cosnwotdt
0
r '

bn=2/T ig(t) sinnoI0tdt

0

Polar form of T.F.S:-

/ One-sided

Idnl= \I= - Magnitude spectrum

.-

8, = an.'(-bnlan) A Phase spectrurn Z Q ~ 3(00

nu0
ACE ACADEMY -
S & S Fourier Series [ 38 ]

Effect of s y n i m e t r ~on~ Fourier coefficients:-

r~ymmef-: Condition ao a,
Even g(t) =g ( -t) ?
Odd g(t) = - 9 ( -t) 0 0
Half-wave g(t) = - g (t + Tl2)

3.2.2 EXPONENTIAL
(OR)COMPLEX
F.S:- 1 Cn (

?-sided spectrum

C c,,e
~ ( t =)

.. .. .. .--
I - . - .- ... .

\
T - jnol0t
- 2(1)" -Qo (I (00 2010 nui,
where C, = 7
I
J t) e' dt
0
o

exponential F.S. coefficient

In terms of T.F.S. coefficients Co= ; C ,, = a,,,,An; C.,, = an+ jb,,

,,

P3.2.1. A periodic signal is given by x(t)=3sin(4t+30°) - 4cos(12t-60") 5nd the amplitude of

second harmonic?

P3.2.2. Which of the following signal is not the representation of F.S.?

a) Cos3ttsin 12t b) I+sinrrt
c) e i 6 1 d) coQnt+sin6t

P3.2.3. Find the T.F.S representation of the periodic signal X(t) shoan in fig.3.2.3?
x(0
 I391 S & S - Fourier Series ACE ACADEMY

P3.2.4 :-Find the symmetry orthe signals sho\vn in figure 3.2.4?

Fig. 3.2.4

1
; P3.2.5. A periodic input signal x(t) sho\vn below is applied to an L.T.I. system with frequency
F
B responsc
g find the output?
bl
1
I 0 ; (O1> 4n
4
?
'i
d
1 .............

!
.?
-I 0 I 2 1

)l
P3.2.6. Obtain [he T.F.S. & E.F.S representations of :he periodic signal x(t) shown in fig.3.2.6?
kj m(1)
,. \I

.........

-2n -i: 0 n 2n t

.' Fig 3.2.6

C
 .
ACE ACADEMY -
S & S Fourier Series 140 3

1'3.2.7. Tor thc lpcriodic siyial s(t)=2 t Cos . lind [he E.F.S. coeficients? .
-
-

1'3.2.8. Consider all itleal ILPF \\,ill1 frequency response I-I((,,) = I. 011< I 0 0
0: It01> 100.
i ~ this lilrcr is a signal s(t) \\.ill1 T=rr/6 Kr I'.S. Coeflicieut C,,:
\\!hi.n the o u t p ~to i t is found
that s(t)+!,(~)-x(t). for \\,hat values o f '.II'' it is gual-anteed t h a ~C,,=O?

1'3.2.9. Coilsidcr !he r\\.o-sided signal spcctrum slio\\,n i n figurc Sol- signal x(t), find x(t)?

, l'lire (dig)

Convergence o f F.S:- (Dirichlet Conditions)

T
I) s(t) is absolulcly integrable i.e., Jx(t)ldt < oc
0
2) s(t) has only a linite number o f maxima & minima
3) The nurnbcr ofdiscotltinuities i n x(t) must be finite
These conditions are sullicient, but 1101necessary.
 [41 1 S & S -Fourier Series ACE ACADEMY

3.3 I'ROPEI~TIES OF F.S.

1. Linearity :- x(t)--L,,

y(t) - (11,
l'erintl =T

ii-
i:
I.
2. Time-shift :- x(t) -
Then as(t) + p y ( t w aC,, + ptl,,

C,, the11 \ ( t - t ~ ) - C, e -j 11 @fitu

\then we shift in the time-domaill, i l changes tlie iphase of each harmonic in proportion to its
5
frccli~c~icy
nWo
b.

1'3.3.1:- Tlie F.S. coefficient of the signal x([) shown in fig(a) are Cu=l/rr. C,= -j0.25,
~ , = l / n ( l - n ~(n) even) Find F.S. coefficients of y(t), f(t) and g(t)'?

-I ' 0 I 2 3
FIG (a)
ACE ACADEMY S & S -Fourier Series e4y.a I

P3.3.2:- Let x(t) be a periodic signal with period T and F.S coefficient Cn
Let y(t)=x(t - to)+x(t + to). The F.S. coefficient of y(t) is d,,.
If d,= 0 V odd n then to can be
a) TI8

-
b) Ti4

-
3) Frequency Shift :- s(t)

4) Time-Scaling:- s(t)
c)T/2

C , then

C,,
x(t)el
d) 2T

-ooMt
,
C -M

x(at) -C.

Time-Compressing by o: changes frequency from 0) 0 to a Oo

 .

-
[431 S & S -Fourier Series ACE ACADEMY
-

5) Differentiation in time:- x(t) C,, .

-
-

d/dtx(t)- (jti(:~,,)C,,

e.
i'
8'
1'3.3.3:- By sing derivative method, find IZ.S.coeflicient oTtlie signal shown in figure?
E
!;
I:
b!
s:
&
t

n(t) -
6) I'al-seval's Power theorem:.

C. then
j. +iC

1IT I ~ n ( t ) / ' t l t = ~ ~ ~ n / ~
1
I I]=-=

P3.3.4:- Find the power upto I1 harmonic For the periodic signal shown in figure?
. - ~(1)

P3.3.5:- A periodic signal has the F.S. representation x(t) %cC,=- n 2 -'I1' Without
finding x(i), find the F.S. representation [d, & 61a] if

(a) y(t)=x(3t) (b) Y ( ~ ) = x(t)

L
dl

(e) y(t) = cos4.rrt x(t)

ACE ACADEMY S & S - Fourier Series [MI

P3.3.6:- h4atcl1 tlie following

-- 1,ist - I (Periodic filctlon)

A ) Ilnpl~lsetwin

H) 1'11ll-\vnverectified sine wave I i 2 i C.;=-li2i

C - 2 C.I=112j

I 4) Only odd harmonics are presenr

f If \ve apply an Input of the form x(t)=ei"", then the oulput is y(t)=eiwl~(o)), where H(o)is
known as frequency response o f the system.

3 Knowing H(o), we can determinc \\lhe~ller tlie systeni amplifies or attenuates a given

sinusoidal coniponent of tlie l ~ i p u t& ho\v I~ILICII 01' a phase shift adds to that lpar[iculnr
component
+ 6,
3 The response y(t) o f a n L T I system to the pel.iodic input s(t) is y(t) = 1Cn H(nolo)e '""'"'
I,= - c,
I
I
I [451 S & S -Fourier Series ACE ACADEMY
!
i P3.4.I l'ind the Output voltage of the system show~iin figure, ifthe Input voltage is

1 ) 01ie pel-iotl (O.,T) each of 2 periodic \\:avcl'ol.ms B \s>Tor n>l. n odd are respectively

gL : hv
\4i:

jp~.nllo~.~i~nal
10 \v , GATE

a) ln-ji i? jn21 ~)I~-~I&II~.~I >

0 I

c) I<':B !1-'1 d) Jn (& ln-'l TI^

-1
-I
2) Choose the filnction f(t) ;-cc<t<cc for \vhich F.S. can't be defined GATE
a) 3sin(25t) b) 4cos(20t+3)+2sin(lOt) c) e "'Isin(25t) d) 1

3) For tlie signal x(t), E.F.S. coefficient is C,,. one of the coefficient is observed to be C, = 2 + j3,
tlicn C.j is GATE
a) -2-j; b) 2-j3 c) 3+.j2 d) 3,j2

4) Consider the signal x(t)=lOcos(lOnt+n/7) +4sin(30nt+s/S). It's power lying within the
frequellcy band 10Hz to 20Hz is DRDO
a)4W b)SW c) 50W d) 58\41
5 ) Consider the trigonometric series, which llolds true Vt, given by DRDO
s(l)=sino)ol+l/3~in3~ott115sin500t+1/7sin70)~t+- - - - - - - - - - At Oot = n/2 tlie series
converges to
a) 0.5 b) n/4 c) n/2 d) 2

6) The I I harmonic component of the periodic wavcfjrm given in the figure has an aliiplit~~de
of
(a) 0 (b) I I
( 4 47

+lhr
(c) 2n!
ACE ACADEMY S 81S -Fourier Series - [4Sl

7) .flir I'FS Tor tlie \\,aveforni t[t) slio\v~icontains GATE

I
(;I) only cosine Lerliis w i t h
ze1.o t1.c. cocliponccit
(h) o ~ l l !cosi~ieterms \vitli
posiiivc d.c. coniporielit
( c ) OIII!, c o ~ i l i ete~-liis\\'it11 negative
d.c. colnponellt
(d) only sine terms & 11cgaLivc
t1.c. Colllp"llC1lt

S! :\ li~nctioni s yivcn by f(t) =sill2( + cos 21. \\'liicli oTtlie S'llo\vi~ig is TRUE? GATE
(aj flias li-cquency conipoliclits at 0 and 1 1 2 ~117,
(b) Shas iieque~icyconiponents at 0 and Iln Hz
(c) rlias li-equency compolienls at 11271and l i x H z
(d) Tlias frequency coniponents at 0, 112n & 1\71Hz

9) The furidamental frequency o f the cornpasite signal

s(lj = 2 t 3cos(0.2t) + cos(0.2St+n/2) + 4cos(0.3t - I I ) is DRDO
(a) 0.05 radlsec (b) 0.1 radlsec (c) 0.2 radlsec (d) 0.25 radlsec

10) Tlie average valueofthe periodic signal s(t) sIio\vn in tigure is DRDO

-
I I ) f(0, slio\vn i n ligure i s represented by f(l) = a, + x a , , cosnt + b,, sin nt The value o f a, i s
,,=I
f
41) GATE 1;
t,.
(a) (b) n12
fc) x (d) 2 n
A A /I I
i
I.
[471 S & S - Fourier Series ACE ACADEMY

P3.6.1 .Obtain the F.S expression for the \ w e form sllo\\;n in t i ~i ?.

(I)
I

P3.6.2 Calculate the F.S expression for the filnction slio\vn in fi~ul.e(2), (3)?

Fig (2)

I Fig (3)
ACE ACADEMY -
S & S Fourier Series [481

3. The F.S representation of xl(t) showll in figure is given by

sI(~)=l12-4/n2jcosnt+119cos3nti-1125cos5nt+ - - - - - - - - ] obtain the F.S. of x2(t)?

x,(t)
x i (1) I

4 ) Determine whether the functions given can be represented by a Fourier series?

a) x(t)=cos6t + sin8t + d2'

b) x(t)=cost + sinnt
C) x,(t)=x,(t)+ x2(3t) where xl(t) = sin(ntl6) & x2(t) = sin(nt1Q)
+rC

5 ) Find the F.S. coefficients of x(t) = Cu(t-K)- u(t-1-K) j:

K=- c !:
Fp
r !
6) The magnitude & phase spectra of a periodic signal x(t) are shown in figure !r
!~:
I.
magnitude i
!.
tf-
i~
i
t

t
'

i -
.

I:,
.1
.1:
1'
I '

r.F;
II

c
I.

a) Find the TFS representation? -90" p.

1:
b) Dl-aw magnitude &phase spectrum of i~
1
i) f(t) = x(2t) ii) g(t) = x(t-116) iii)li(t )= ,,"" ' I..
1:
i'.
1..
,:E
,
k:
1.
1..
i.
[49 1 S & S - Fourier Series ACE ACADEMY -

7) Let X[K] be the E.F.S coefficicnl of a periodic signal s(t), find the F.S. coefficients of the -
rollo\\~ing? .

a) f(t) = s(2t) b) g(t) -- x(-t)

C) h(t) = x(-21) d) y(t) = 2-ksf.21)

S) Tlie periodic signal s(t)=lsin250nl) is applied to ;In idcal liller s s sha\vn.

Skclch the Output speclrum of llle filter if

a ) ldeal lilter blocks all frequencies posi 2001 lz I ( [ )

b) ldeal filter blocks all frequencies posl 1001 1z
c.) ldeal filter passes only r~-equellciesill tlie i-aiye 200-400FIz

9) [.st s ( \ ) C+ C,, \\:ill>period 1'. Fiiitl T.S.cocliicicn!~oifollo\ving signals in ternis of "C,"

a) S(I-t,) + s(ti-to) b) Ev(x(1); C ) il'idt' \ ( I ) d) s(3t-I) e) x(-t)

10) The power in the first 4 harmonics ofthe signal slio\\~ni n figure is 1.28 joules, what is the
]power in rest of the hamionics?
Z(I)

I I) Consider an L.T.I. system with impulse [response h(t)=e-"u(t). Find F.S. representation of
+L

output if Input is s(t) = C?j(t-n)

"=. ,.L
 -
ACE
- ACADEMY S & S - Fourier Series 1501
-

12) The F.W.R. sinusoidal voltage is fig(a) is applied to LPF oflig(b) oblain tlie output voltage
-
uo(1) of tlie filter? -
-
?I I

i
-i: 0 TC 2X

Fie (a)

13) Given the set of functions shown in fig(a) sho\v thal tliis is an orthogo~lalset kk that each
member ofthe set is normalized.
N
(i) If x(t) = cos(2at), o<t<l, find y(t) expressed as jl(t) = Xd,,Z,,(l)
K= l
(ii) Repeat part (i) for x(t)=sin(2nt), O<t<l

I Fig (a)

b
HINT:- Use d,,=lx(t) 0,,(t)dt
-
14) Consider basis h~nciionso the form yl(t)=d2 e-' ; PO & second one of tlie form
' A & B such thal yl(l)&yj(l) are orllio~onalover (0, cc)
y ~ ( t ) = ~ e ~ 2 ' ;+P ~O e. ~Find
cn

15) The E.F.S. representation of a signal x(t) over (0,T) is ~ ( t =) C Lp

n=m 4+(117i)~

a) Find T?
b) One of the components of x(t) is Acos(3irt). 17ind A?
 -
-
S & S Fourier Series ACE ACADEMY

!
E.F.S coefficients of several signals:
i) Half-rectified sine wave,

I
A
n(l - n2) , n=O, f 2 , !A,..

C,,= o : n odd & 11 + * I

0 TJ2 Tn
I , 4 :n=+i
I
ii! F~III-~.ectitied
sine wave
.A ,

2A
n(l-n2) , n even

iii) Pulse-train

"
To

iv) Square wave

I

I o ,II even
ACE ACADEMY S & S -Fourier Transform [521

3 Fourier T1-;uisfo1-111
(F.T.) provides a frequency domain descriptio~iof time domain signals
and is esrcnsion of I:.S to non-periodic siglials.
3 CTFT cz1)resses signals as linear combination orco~nplesSinusoids
3 I'ransTorma~ioimakes the analysis of signal n1ucll easier bccause certain features \vliicIi may
be ~ ~ S C I Iill~ Lone
' rot-111may be obvious in other Corm
3 Sl,cc~ri~m or ]-.I'. is continuous \\;liereas spectrum 01' I'.S is discrete.
+a

= 1 z ( t ) e " : " dt -------------- (

F . f (01.) spectl-uiii oTa signal x(t) = X (13)
- 3:

+YI

Inverse F.T. (1.F.T) is x(t) =

L jX(U) e j6" do, ...--------..- (2 )
- m

P4.1.1 If x(t) is a voltage waveform, then what are the units of X (f) ?

P4.1.2 For the signal x(t) shown in figure, find

a) X (0)
+m
b)
I X(0,) d w
-n
0 1 2 3 t

Consergence of F . T k
-

+m
I) F.T. is detined for all stable signals i.e., I I x(t) / dt < co
- e.
2) Pel-iodic signals. which are neither absolutely iniegl.able nor square integrable over an infinite
interval, can he considered to have F.T. irimpulse filrxl~onsale permitted in the transform.

3) s(t) lia\c a tinitc number of discontinuities arid hnite ntirnbcl.of maxima and minima within
an); linile interval.
 [531 -
S & S Fourier Transform ACE ACADEMY

F.T. Of Standat.tl S i o ~ ~ a l s :

I ) Decaying expollenrial
n l
s(l) = e ~(0,
a>0 t--, 1
a +j0)
I

2) Increasing exponential

eZ'u(-t) ' - 1
a-jo

3) C.T. icnpulse f u ~ ~ c t i o6n(t) 4- I

ACE ACADEMY S & S - Fourier Transform 1541
-

4) Rectangular (or) Gate function:-

x(L) = A rect.(tiT) (or) A ( i) A .I' SinC(oT i 2)

OFF.T.:
4 . 2 PROPERTIES

Linearity- xl(t)-
then a X I (t) + b rl (t)-
XI(W) and s~(t)- X2(0)
+ bX2 ((0)
a x , (0)

P4.2.1 rind the F.T of the signals (i) x (t) = e -"" [ Tivo sided exponenrisl]
(ii) x (t) - Sgn(t) [ Signum li~nclion]

Time - Scaling:- x (t) e,X ( 0 ) then s (at) t+ / X (a/a )

lal
Expalision 8 Compression

Linear scaling in time by a factor of "a" corresponds to linear scaling in frequency by a

factorof" l l a "

P4.2.2. Find the F.1'. ofthe signals

(i) xl (t) = A rect.( l / 2.r) (ii) x2 (t) = A ~.ccl.( 21 1 T)
 l551 S & S -Fourier Transform ACE ACADEMY

2 110)

P4.2.3. Find the F.T of th; signal

shoivn in figure? - I

t t

-2 -1 0 I 2

& uality (or) Symmetry:-

x(t)- S (a)then S ( t ) e t 2 T I(- O)

P1.2.J. Find F.T. oftlie follouring signals:

(I) x(t) = l (ii) x(t) = 1 1 (a + jt) (iii) x(t) = 2 a 1 (a2+ t') (iv) s(t) = l / xt

P4.2.5 Find the I:.'l'. ofx(1) = u(t)

M i m e - Shift:- x(t)- X(O) then x ( t - to)- Cim'% (O)

Time - delay in a signal causes a linear phase shift in its spectrum

P4.2.6 Find the F.T. of the signals

-2 11- 2 /
(i) x(t) = e "'u (t-I) (ii) z(t) = n. [(t - 1) / 21 (iii) y(t) = e

5 requency - shift (or) Modulation: -

If r (t)- X (o), then r (tj e joot ++ X ( O - 0 0 )
Modulation spreads the signal spectrum to higher frequencies

P4.2.7 Find the F.T. of the following signals ?

(i) Cos u o t (ii) Sin u o t (iii) e-al Sin ~ , t u ( t ) (iv) A rect.(t/T) Cos uot

P4.2.8. Find the F.T. of y(t) 4 Cos 2t

-
=
t2 + l

&ime - reversal: - (t) X(O) then L (-I) +-+ X(- O)

Only phase spectrum changes

P4.2.9. Let x(t) = rect. ( t - K ) { where rect.(x) = 1 for - K 5 x 5 K ) then

if Sinc(x) = w. F.T. of x(t) + x(4) will be given by
xX
ACE ACADEMY S & S -Fourier Transform [ 56 1

7) Dillerentiatio~iin ti111e:-
x(t) t , X ( o ) , tllen t c j o X(w) ,
dt
Diftel-c111iationaccentuates tht: I-IF compolients oftlie signal
Oificl-e~iliarion
tlestl.o),sany d.c. co~nponentof I([) i.e., F.T. of [lie differentiated signal at 13= 0 is zel-o

At
x(0
P4.2.10 Find tlic F.7'. ofthe signal x(t) sho\vn in fig?

-T 0 T

1'1.2.1 1 F~ndtlic F.'I'. of the signal y(t) = [u (t - 2) + u(- t - 2:1]

dt

P4.2.12. For the spectrum X(w) shown in figure,

-1
--*
find d x ( t ) at t = 0 ? 0
dt
- jdn

8) Frequency Differentiation:-

x(t)

P4.2.13.Find the F.T. oi"y(t)

-
=
X(O) thkn -jt x(t)

te'"u(t)
- do
X(O)

P4.2.15 Given x(t) -

P4.2.11 find the F.T. o f t e '''I, hence find the transform of&

(i) s l ( t ) = x (2 - t) + x ( -t - 2 )
(l.+ t2 )2
X(o), express the F.T. of the following signals in terms of X(0) ?

(ii) x,(t) = x(3t-6)

(iii)x, (t) = & x ( t - 3 ) (iv) X.I (t) =t

P1.2.16 Given x (1) =

dt

I ;( t 1 < 1
0 ;elsewhere
- 2 Sino
o
dt

Find the F. ?' of the following signals?

-[ 57 1
-
S & S Fourier Transform ACE ACADEMY

e)

fyd t,

t * -1 %t

9) Convolution in time:
x(t)+-+ X(o), h(t) et H(w), then x(t) * h(t) +-+X(O) H(o)

3 Convolution in one-domain corresponds to multiplication in frequency domain

3 F.T. of impulse response, h(t) is known as frequency response, H(o))
3 Since h(t) completely characterizes an LTI system, then so 1 1 ~ 1H(0)
~1
ACE ACADEMY S & S - Fourier Transform 1581

P4.2.17 Given y(t) :x(t) * h(t) and g(t) = x(3t) * h(3t) sucli that g(t) = A ~ ( B L find
) , A gi R?

P4.2.18 An L.T.1 system is I~ac-i~:;I." li(t) = Sin for which the input applied is
at
x(t) = CosZt + Sin 61;lind thc output?

P4.2.19. Consider a causal LTI systcln with frequency response

H(w) = 1 Find [lie input such that the output is y(t) = ~ - ~ ' u (-t c."u(t)
)
jo + 3

jw+4
P4.2.20. A c a ~ ~ sgi
a l stablc L1'1 sysrem has the frequency response H(co) =-
6-w2+5jo)
a. Find the impulse response')
b. What is the olp \\lien ihc lip applied is x(t) = e4' "(1) - t e-"' u(t)?

P4.2.21 Consider the system slio\vn in Gg(a). The F.T. ofthe input signal shown in lig (b)
Find F.T. of y(t) given w(t) = Cos (5 a)and h(t) = Sin (674
at
I X(W)

10) Frequency Convolution:-

rl(t) t* X,(o) and nz(t) e*X2(o) then xl(t) x2(t) *1[
XI(W) * X2(0)1
2n
P4.2.22 Find the F.T. of y(t) = x(t) CosWot ?

11) Integration in Time:-

I

If x(t) t* X(O), then I x(z) dz t* XJ@ if X(0) = 0

-m
j0
t* X(wl + n X (0) G(W) if X(0) ;e 0

jW
I

P4.2.23 Find the F.T. of 1 Sin (2at)dt

-03
at
 -
[ 59 1 S & S -Fourier Transfonn ACE ACADEMY

s" . Rayleigh's Energy theo~.eal(or) Parseual's Power theorem:-

It states thal the eners: (or) Ipo\ver ill the time domain representation of s sigrlal is equal
to the energy (or) po\ver in the frequency do~naill.
-
-
-

3 Tllc po\ver (or) e n c r g spectrum of a signal is defined as the square of magnitude spectrum
-m +m
If x(t)- x(w), t l ~ e l ~ 1 is(t) 1' d t = 1 1 X(O) 1' d m
-m
2n -m w
E.S.D. (or) P.S.D

P4.2.24 Find the eneryy in IIIC siyill \;(I) = m?

7[t
P1.2.25 Find the e n e q j , in the spccll-uln sho\\'n in fig.?
X(0)

P1.2.26 An input signal x(t) = e .'' u(i) is applied to an ideal L.P.F with frequency response
characteristics H (11') = I ; 1 ol < 0,
0; 101' 0,
Find o x , such that energy in the output is half that of Input energy?

P4.2.27 Consider x(t) - S((!)).

suppose we are given the following facts
i) x(t) is real and non negative

ii) F { ( I +j ) X ( I ) = ~ e - u(t),
" where 'A' is independent o f t
+m
iii)
.m
'
( X ( 0 ) ( do, = 2 K : find a closed-form expression for x(t),
im

P4.2.28 Find the value oCthe integral 8 do

- o?
(0' + q2
ACE ACADEMY
..
S
- & S - Fourier
- Transform [ 60 I

Fourier Transform Of Useful Sig~tals:

I Signal, x(t)
X(f) form

- - - 1

A, Constant A 6(f) 2nAS(o)

A rect(t1T) ATSinc(ff) ATSinc(oTl2)

Sinc(t) Rect.(O Rect.( w 12n)

Sgn(t) 21j0l
~p

I t 0.5 6(f) -
I 4- nfi(01)
4t) i(o
j2nf
S(f-f") +Sjf+ f")
Cosw,t 2 n[fi(o, -0, (I)+ S(o, t o , ")I
6(f-fo) -6(f+f0)
Sinw,t 4 nIj(6((,1-01 u)- 6(w t w .)I
 1 S & S -Fourier Transform ACE ACADEMY

Fourier Transform Properties :

PROPERTY X(f) - form X(O))- form

I
Linearity
ax1(t)+bxz(t) aXI((?,)+~bX?,~))

Time-Scaling
x(at)

Time-Shift ,-lzn(@ X(Q

x(t-to)

Frequency Shift
x(t)eirnO'
d
- x ( t ) H j2nfX(f) d
- x ( t ) e juX(01)
Differentiation in time dt dt

-j2ntx(t) e b X(f) -jtx(t) bX(o)

Frequency Differentiation df do,
I
Convolution in time
X(f)H(f) X(o)H(o)
x(t)*h(t)

Frequency convolutiol~ [Xi(Ol)* X~(01)]

Integration
1
Parseval's theorem
Xo
xl(t)dt
-m
ACE ACADEMY S & S - Fourier Transform [ 62 1

In several application such as signal amplification or message signal tralismission over

communication channel, we cequire that the output waveforln be a replica oftlie Input \vavefor~n
3 'l'ransmission is said to be distortionless if the input and output have identical waveshapes
within a multiplicative constant (or) a delayed output that retains tlie input \vavefol-lii is
considered to be distortionless.
3 For distortionless transmission, the input s(t) and outpl;t y(t) satisfies (lie contlition

W
Slope = -to

, W
3 For distortionless transmissioo, magnitude response must be a constant, phase response
must be a linear function of (0 with slope -to, where to is delay in output with respective to
input.

3 Ifthe gain is not constant over the required frequency range, we have amplitude distortion. If
the phase shift is not linear with frequency, we have phase distorlion as the signal undergoes
different delays for different frequencies.

3 Ideal filters a r e noncausal, unstable and physically unrealizable.

3 For a physically realizable system, h(t) must be causal i.e., h(t) = 0 fort < 0. In tlie frequency
domain, this condition is kno\vn as Paley -Wiener Criterion which states that [he necessary
and sufficient condition for the amplitude response 1 H ( a )I to be realizable is

3 Phase delay t,(o) is the delay occurring at a Single frequency. As th:: signal propagates from
source to is known as 1,Iiase delay.
-[ 63 1 S & S -Fourier Transform ACE ACADEMY

Phase delay is not necessarily the [rue signal delay. A steady Sinusoidal signal doesn't carry
information. Iiiformation can be transmitted only by applying some appropriate chailge to
b;.a Sinusoidal \vave so
Sinusoidal \\lave. Suppose that a slo\\~l!. varying signal is nl~~ltil~lied
that resulting modulaled \ \ w e consist, of a narl-ow group of frequencies. Whcn this
modulated wave is transmir~edthrough the channel, \I1e find that there is a delay bct\\ccn
e~lvelopeof Input and recei\:ed rig~ial.This is kno\vn as envelope (or) group delay (True
signal delay)
1 1
tx ((!I) = - d O ( ~ i ) l d ~ O

1'4.3.1 For a linear phase channel. \\-hai is l,,B t, :'

P4.3.2 The system under consideratioil is all RC LPF \\litli R = I k Q & C = I 11F
a) Let H (f) denote ll?c freq~icnc!, rzsponsc of RC LPF. LetJ be the highest 1.1-eq~~cncy
component such that 0 5 1.11 ' < / j : jH2.L t 0.95 then j, (in Hz) is
I 1-1 (0) I

b) Let tg V) denote the group delay of RC LPF a n d h = 100 HZ, then t, V:,)in msec, is

P4.3.3 Consider a distortionless transmission system H(w)with magnitude and phase response

as shown in figure. If an i11l)utsignal x(t) = 2Cos lOnt + Sin 26 n t is give11to the system

the output will be

a) 4 Cos 10 nt + Sin 26n t t' ,L

b) 8 Cos 10 nt + Sill 26n t

c) 4 Cos (10 nt - rr16) + Sin ( 26rr t - [I3 n/3O] )

IH(o)

d) 8 Cos (10 nt - x/2) + Sin ( 26rr t - rr12 )

P4.3.4 An RC LPF \vitIi a time constant of I6 insec is excited by a nlodulated signal

x(t) = Sill (7x1) Cos(7Orrt). Find the phase and group delays at 10 Hz?
Ans: 12.51 rnscc, 7.95 inscc
 ACE ACADEMY S & S -Fourier Transform [ 64 1

P4.3.5 Suppose a irarismissioti system !ias the frequency response as shown in ligu1.e. Fol- \vlial
range ol'li.eq~lency tl~crc.1s no clistot-lion ?

4.4. H ~ L B E R T T I ~ , ~ N (H.-I')
SFOH~I:
The H i l b e ~ transhl-111
l i s a l l ol~crntionthat shiiis the phase ol' s(t) by - nil. \vhile the
aniplitude spectrum o f t l i e signal I-elllains unaltered. An itleal M.T. is an all pass 90" phase sliiRer.
H.T. is used i n number ol' application such as represenlati011 o f band pass signals. p l m e shift
m o d ~ ~ l a t o generation
n, o f SSB.

Frequency respolise o f tlie H.7r.= -,jsgli(o))

I H(@) 1

Properties of KT:
1) H.T. doesn't change thc domain 01'2 signal
2) II.T. doesn't alter tlie aniplitude sl~ectru~ii
o f a signal

3) ~ f l ( t )i s IH.T. ofs(t), t1ie1114.1.. or:(t) is -s(t)

n
4) x(t) aud s(t) are ortliogo~ialto cacli o~lier.

P4.4.1 Find I-I.T.o r ( I ) s(t) - Cost!),, t

I
,
(2) s(l)= Sin@ ot

(3) x(t) =
11 -
C a,, Cos nolo t 4- b,, Sin n @ [ ~ t
I
) ( 2nl,t), \\~hel-cs(t) represents a signal band limitcd to B. fc >13
(1)~ ( i C'OS
 1651 S & S - Fourier Transform ACE ACADEMY

Y4.4.2 For ll!c \!,stclil sho\\iil it1 tigurc ii'x(t) = Cos t 2nd l i j t i ~ t is _
( I , irt). then ~ h oc u t p ~ y(t)

x(t) < i I
~ - + = ~ 7 G + p L A. + !,(

a) Cos ! b) --Cos t C) Sill I tl 1 S i ~1i

4.5 colll~l~l,:\1~lo\:
3 It lprovitlcs :I n:i-irsure o;tlie siinilarit!; bcl\\c.cn 2 \ \ a \ C/;~I-I:IS i!< LIIC liitlctioii o f search
parameler.
3 A i l al~plicalionofcorrel;~tionto signal dctcclion ill :I i-;iiI:ir. \\lic.v? 3 si211al I)UISC is transmitted
i n order to detect ;I auspec! target. If a t;Il.get is prcscni. ill? pilisc \ \ i l l be reflected by it. I f the
largct is not plrsi.111. tllcl-c. \\ill hc no rellectiori pulse.. ju;i ii<~i\c.lj! tletecting thc 111-esence or
absence o f thc rellectctl lplilse \\:e c o ~ l f i r l nthe presence or :!hcilcc o f rllc tat-get.
3 In digital c o i ~ ~ ~ i i i i ~ i i c ;the
i t i o im11orLant
~~~ thing i s ~ l i a ! I s 311~10 s in the data slrealil be
distinguishable liwm each ollier so the ~.eceiver.can rel~roduceillc bit paltern 1Iiat was transmitted.
3 Auto corrcln!ioii filnclion o f no cncrgj signal x(t) is

1__1 R, (T) = ! x(t) .\( t - T) d l = s ( l i - 7) x(t) dt

A C F o f po\vcr signills is

Properties of ACF:-
I) ACI' is all even ihnction o f T i.e., Rs(7) = Rx (-T)
2) ACI: at origin indicates either energy (or) power in [lie signal
i.e., IR,(T)l 5 ! R,(O) L T
3) Maxilnum \~;I~LIC o f A C F occurs at 01-igi~i
4) Rx(T) = x(T) * x( - T)
5 ) F.1'. o f AC:F is k11o\\11
as ESD (or) PSD
R,(KJ a--e S,(o) ESD 1 PSD
6) Pol an L'I'I sysicln ----
 ACE ACADEMY S & S -Fourier Transform [ 66 1

P4.5.1 Find the auto correlation and power in the signal

x(t) = 6 Cos ( 6 nt i- ~ 1 4 )
,
P4.5.2 Find the ACF of x(t) = e-ILu(t)

P4.5.3 Consider a filter with 1~1(0))= -1and input x(t) c" u(t)
1 +jo
a) Find the ESD oftlie output?
b) Show ihat total energy in the ou~putis one-third o r ~ l i ei1111t1t ~ I I C ' I - ~ ) ~ ' ?

P4.5.4 A power signal x(t) whose PSD is shown in fig. is applied

an ideal dirferentiator, find the mean square value ofthe
output orthe diffel-entiator.
10

r Sx(o)

P4.5.5 A power signal x(t) whose PSD is a constant K is applied to a RC low-pass filter. Find
the MSV of output?

P4.5.6 Find the C.C.F of x(t) = 6' u(t) and y(t) = e-'I u(t) ?

F.T. of Periodic sipnnls:

+m
~"(t=
) C C" ejnm"t
n=-m
1 F.T.

F.T. of a periodic signal consists of a sequence of equidisvant impi~lseslocated at harmonic

frequencies of the signal
[ 6 7 1-
- -
S & S Fourier Transform ACE ACADEMY

Digital transmission of gnalog signals is possible by virtue orsa~nplingtheorem and the

sa~nplinzoperation is performed in accordance with ihc sampling theorem.
(I) Ideal s a ~ ~ l p l i n gdescribes
:- a sampled signal as a weightcd sum of impulses, the weights
being equal to the values of the analog signal at the irnp~~lsc locations.

t
- 1; o 2.1. 3Ts -'I.< n -r<
i\naloe sinlial 6r its s~~ectruni Sampling function Br it's spectlllm s~enalBr it's snectru~n
Ideail\. sa~ii~iled

9 An analox signal band-limited to a frequency a,,

can be sampled without loss of
information if the sampling rate 2 20,"

3 To reconstruct the original signal, it is necessary that the U.W. orthe original continuous
signal being sampled is snialler than half the sampling frequency [ 'iYyquisi frequency']

3 Critical sampling rate is known as Nyquist rate 'N.R = ,20),,1

3 If 0,< 20,,, (under sampling) causes spectral overlap, aliasing & irreversible loss of
information

P4.6.1 Find the N y q ~ ~ irate

s t QL Nyquist interval for each of the followi~igsiglials?
< \

(c) x j (t) = ~ C O S I O O cos4000rrt

O ~ ~ (d) u(t) * s l a t
(t) = e '"

rct
P4.6.2. Let x(t) be a signal with Nyquist rate w, Determine the Nyquist rate for cach of the
followillg signals.
fa) x(t) t s(t-I) ( b ) d XU]
dt
(d) s(t) Cos o),,t
ACE ACADEMY -
S & S Fourier Transform [681

PJ.6.3. Two signals st([) & s: (I) are band limited lo 2 klHz & 3 kHz rcspectively find the
Nyquist I:le o f t h ~follo\\,ing
. signals?
(a) x! (71) (b) sz ((-3) .
(r.\ , (1) + ~ ~ ( 1 )
((1) s~(i;s:(l) (e)xl (I) li x?(t) !I! sl (1) Cos(1000nt)

-
P4.6.J. A Signai :i( I ! 100 Cos (24%x 10'l) is ideally saml~led\\,it11 a sampling period of
50 ki set> ct ~Ilcnpassed t h r o ~ ~ ganh ideal LPF with a cul-off licquency o f 15 kHz.
\\/I~~c/I
li.c'~l~lc~icics
arc present a! !he filler output?
I

PJ.6.5 The fieque~lu~, ill figure

S~L'C'~I.LIIIIo f a sig~lalis sIin\\~11
i f this signal is itleall!) sam~)letlat !
ir~ler'valsul' I Inset, :/>enllle 1.1-equerlcy
spectl.l!m ol'thc s:~!npledsignal \bill be - -

L
d\
- 1 +
, 0lillz
-1 I

P4.6.6 A sigllal \\.it11 2 licquellcy components at 6 K1-lz Pc 12 K t l z is sumpicd at the'rate o f

I 6 KI lr ant1 ihen \passed though a LPF having a Cut-off licqucilcy o f 16 KI Iz. Thc olp
sig~lalof tllc filtel- i s
(a) i s ;In ilntlicto~.redversion ororiginal signal
(h) co~l!airls 6 Kl-lz 61 spurio~~s component or4 KHz
(c) contains only 6 KHz colnponents
(d) colitairls holll conlponents oforiginal signal and 2 spllrioc~scoml,oliell1s
o r 4 K I Iz R: 6 KIHz

PJ.6.7 A s i g ~ ~sit)
nl -6 CosIOnt is sampled at a rate o f 1 4 IIz to rccovcr the original signal,
orthe LPF should be
cu[-ot'fIl-etl~!c~lc~r
(a) 5 < fr <(I (b) 9 (C) 10 (4 14
--~-9.. 1 S 81S - Fourier Transform ACE ACADEMY

2) I.et x(t) bc ilic i ~ i l l u i to 3 LTI 'i).stc~ii.l'lic reqllired O L I ~ I I Li I ~41 i!-7). l l ~ il-ansrcr

e
lilnction of thc slc.111zlio~~ltl bc GATE
a ) 4 1:x ' 1 1 1 2e ,ST i c) 4 - '
l""
d)

3) 1,ct s(t) and !(t) [\\.it!:I:T'\ S(I) and Y(f) rcspccii\,el!,] hc velnrc~lns sIlo\\n in ligurc. .i'licn
u(fl is ~~ I (;ATE
I :#,I
I I

4) The output y(t) ofL.'r.I. system is relatcd to its input by tlic rollo\uiny equation
Y(I) = 0.5s (1 - - r,,+ 1')i - x (I - td) 4- 0 . 5 (t~ - l d - - T ) GATE
Tlle filter tl-a~isfe!.l'l~nctiontl(o) of sucll a system is yi\cn b!;
a) (l+Coso'l')c~'""" b) (11-0.5 C~swT)e""'~~'
c) (l+Cosw'l')e ""'6 d) (1.10.5Co~wT)e'""~

5) For a signal s(l),!lit L.I'. is X(1). Then I.F.T. of X(3Ft2) is GATE

a) 112 x ( ~ 1 2j'") ~ b) 113 x (ti?) e.i4n1/3
.
C) jX( 3 0 ~:i-ln' d) x(3t + 2)

6) h4atcIi the Pollo\\ ing :- IES

List I (CT function) r~istii i C 7 F . i ~
ACE -
- ACADEMY
--- --S & S Fourier Transform
-- - -- - - -- [TO1
- --

7) In tlie ti gurc shown m(t) = 2SinZ.nr, S(t) = Cos200nl and n(t)

will be __ - t
-&IIC/~I.
t
Tlic output y(t)
GA'1.E

+m
8) Consider a sampled signal y(t) - 5 s 1w6x(t) 1 fi( t -
1, = Y
11.1.~) GAIT

-
where x(t) I OCos (8n x I 0'1) and 1's = 100pscc. When !,(I) is passed tIii.ougli an ideal LI'I;
with a Cuboff frequency o r 5 kllz. the output oftlie lilter is

9) Let x(t) = 2Cos(800nt) i Cos(1400nt) and x(t) is sampled \vitli the iccklngular pulse train
shown in fig. The only spectral components (in kHz) prescnt in thc sampled signal in thc
frequency range 2.5kHz to 3.5kHz. GATE

10) Which of tlic following is /are not a propertylproperties olPSD? GATE

(a) S, ( 0 ) is real function of o b) S, ( a ) is an cven function of o
c) S, (a)is non +ve i-e., S , ( o ) 2 0 d) All the ahove

11) Match the follo\ving IES

List I (Application ofsignals) List I1 (Dcfinitio~~)
(a) Reconstruction (1) A sampling rate is chosen
significantly > tlie Nyquist rate
(b) Oversanipling (2) A m i s r ~ ~of
r e continuous & discrete
Signals
(c) Interpolation (3) To convert discretc sequence back to
continue signal & then resample
(d) Decimation (4) .Assign valrres hetween samples &
signals.
-[71 1 -
S & S Fourier Transform ACE ACADEMY .

.
-
12) F.T oTs(l) is 2 Sinnw then F.T of x(t) ej5'is
- IES -

,
0)
? IES
13) What is [he 1.F.T. o f LI((I))

14) Match the k>llo\ving

IES
List 1 ( I ~ I I Ifunction
C List I1 (Foclrier spec1rum1F.T)
(a) periodic ;i~nc(ion ( I ) Continuous spectrum at all frequencies
(b) aperiodic r~inction (2) 6 ( ( 0 )
(c) 8 (t) (3) Liue discre~espectrum
(d) Sin 211 (4) 1

15) A Signal repl-esented by x(t) = 5 Cos (400nt ) is sampled at a rate of 300 salnplcs / sec. -

The ~.esulringsamples are passed thro~lglian ideal LPF \vitli cut-orrfreq~~cncy of 150 HZ. -

Which or the follo\ving will be contained in the output of LPI' ? IES -

-

(a) I00 liz (B) 100 Hz, 150 Hz (c) 50 Hz. IOOHz (d) 20,100,150 Hz

16) 1.F.T of X(o)) = 2n6(o) + n6(w - 4a) + n6(o + 4n) is ISKO

(a) I+cos4nt (b) n(l - cos4xt) (c) 2n(l - cos4nt) (d) 2n(1 + cos4nt)

-
17) Ifa C.T. signal x(t) 2 + cos (50at) is sampled wit11 a periodic pulse fi~nction;aliasing
occurs wlien the sampling period is DRDO
(a) 0.01 sec (b) 0.0 15 sec (c) 0.019 sec (d) 0.025 sec

18) If a CT signal x(t) = 2 + cos50nt is sampled with a period pulse runclion of period
0.025 sec 8r then it is passed through an ideal LPF with a response o r 1 within the range
-m WS
of - I o 2 - ( a s is the angular frequency) & 0 otherwise, rhe reconstructed
2 2
signal the o/p of ilie LPF will be DRDO

(a) 2 + cos3Ont (b) 2+cos40xt (c) 2+cosSOnt (d) 2+cos80at

ACE ACADEMY S & S -Fourier Transform 1721

4.8 1'1.ncticc Problem Set:-

4.8.1) Let );((!)) = rect Find the F.T. ofthe followiiig signals?

a) x(-I) b) t x(t) C ) \. (-2t i -4)

4.8.2) Give11n ( ~ l T ) t > TSinc(fT). Obtain F.T. oftlie following signals.

4.8.3) The F.T. of 2 signals x(t) & y(t), are defined as

X(t) = Cos(rrf)n(f) and Y(f)=X(f - fo) + X(f + f ~ )
a) Find closed-form expression for x(t) and y(t)?
b) Design the systenl shown in the block diagram in terms of choosing the
paramete1.s A: fi and fi so that the output is y(t)

4.8.4) Find the 1.F.Tof the following :

 -
1731 S & S - Fourier Transform ACE ACADEMY

4.8.5) A signal s(t) = S - s c o s 2(6rrt) is passed through an ideal LI'F. The liller blocks
frequellcies above jliz. Fi~idthe output?

4.8.6) Thc transk? fi~nclioliof n system is H(o)= 2+2jO)

Find the ou!pur i ;'input is \;(I) - c! u(t)

4+4.,O) - O)?

-
4.8.7) The signal xi:) Sinc(0.5t) + Sine (0.23 t) is applied to n lilrer \\.linsc impulse response is
li(t)=A Sinc(u.1). For \vIial values of A & v \\'ill the filtei ou~puteilual x(t)?

4.8. 8) Find the f'reql~sncyresponse & i~llpulserespol1se of a tilter \\;hose input - output
I
relati011 is descl.ibed by the folio\\-in: cquntio~iy(t) = s(t! - 7 j y[i,.)e~"~i"u (I-h)dh
-I

4.8.9) Find the our!~u:~ ( ttor

j each cascadetl systeni. Do the 2 5Jstsrns yield the same output?

4.8.10) The input to the system shown in figure has the spectrum shown.
Let P(t) = Cosoot, oo>>o
Find tlic spectrum Y(@) of the output if h2(t)= Sir1oLlt-.
rrt
Consider the cases o,,,>ou and a,, 2
ACE ACADEMY -
S & S Fourier Transform [741

4.8.1 I ) The input signal x(t)

figure.
- SinWlt 4- mi,Q I < O 2 is applied to the system shown in
t 1
ll(o)
! I
find ),(I)i f a ) O<(I)~<O),
I

4.8.12) Find x(t) if X(,,)=j d

4.8.13) For the V.T. X(w) sho\vn in figure, evaluate the lollo\\ing quantities \vitlioi~t
calculating x(1)'l
, Wo1)

4.8.14). Find [lie 1.F.T oCX(0) = /x(0)(&lm, where

IX(o))l = 2[u(o+3)- u(w-3)] and = &i~rr
2
4.8.15). l ' h e output & input of a causal LTI syste~iiare related by the
D.E &+ 6dvo +
dl2 dt
(a) Find the i.R.? (b) Find tile response ifx(t)= t e-*' u (t)

4.8.16) A casual LTI filter has the frequency response H(o) sho\\:n in figure. For each ofthe
input signals given below, find output?
11IC1,

(a, ~ ( t =) Sin mot u(t)

(b) X(o1) = 1
~ O(6tj0)
I
I
 .
[ 75 1 S & S -Fourier Transform ACE ACADEMY
-

4.8.17) The F.T o l a triangular pulse f (1) shown in figure is F(o) = eJ6'-joei"-1 using this find .
-
the F.1' oTt11e signals shown in figure? o2 -

-
4.8.18) What percentage of the total energy in the signalf(1) e -'u(t) is contained in the
frequency band / o I 5 7 rad./sec ? Hint: Rayleigh's theorem.

4.8.19) If the input to a system is Cos Ion t + 2 Cos 2071 t, tell what kinds ~Tdistortion,if any, a
system introduces if its output is
(a) Cos (Ion t - n14) + 5 Cos (20 n t - n 12)
(b) C o s ( l O n t - n l 4 ) + 2 C o s ( 2 0 n - t - n i 4 )
(c) Cos (I On t - d l ) + 2 Cos (2071 t - d 4 )
(d) 2 Cos (lOxt - ni4) + 4 Cos (20nt - d 8 )

4.8.20) Consider a lixed, liner system ivith amplitude and phase responses as shoAm.
Obtain the output Tor the following input & tell what type of distortion, if Any results.
(a) x(t) = Cos 20nt + Cos 6Ont
(b) x(t) = Cos 130n1 + Cos 220x1

4.8.21) Find the average auto Correlation of x(t) = Cos2nt + 2Cos4nt

ACE ACADEMY -
S & S Fourier Transform [76]

4.8.22) A signal x(t) = e - " ~ ~ ( ist ) passed through an ideal LPF witll cut-off frequency
to,, = I ~ i d i s e c Find ilic ratio o f o u t p ~energy
~t to input energy')

4.8.21j Find rllc nver;tfc lpo\\,er at the output of the circui~sl~o\i.nill figure: if x(t) is a finite
po\\,er sign:ll \\ it11 PSD I Sl
(i) S,((o) = k oLv\h
(ii) Sx ( ? I ) :7 n 16 ((9 + ?it) 4 &(o) - zit)]
x(1)

48.24)'lhc I'.S.D ol'a sigilal is slio\\'tl figure

(a) Fintl tlie :io1-ninli7.cdaverage powe~-of the signal.
(b) Finti tlle a~ilountof l~o\vcl.contained in tlie freqlie~lc)I.ruiye 5-10 K H z

4.8.25) The input to RC N.W sho\vn in figure is x(t) = I + 2 Cos mot + 0.5 Sin mot
Assume that the 3-dB frequency of the N.W. is fc = 2f0. R
(a) Find the input 8( o u ~ p spectral
~ ~ t densities
(b) Find tlie iloriiialized average power content of y(t).

4.8.26) Find tile F.T of tlie periodic signal shown in figure?

4.8. 27) 2 signnis s = I0 Cos 1000nt and x2(t) = I0 Cos 50itt are botli sampled with
1;= 7 5 I-IL. Sllow Illat the 2 sequences of samples so obtained are identical?
[ 77 1 -
S & S Fourier Transform ACE ACADEMY -

.
4.8.28) A signal x ( ~ )= Cos 200at + 2 Cos 320rrt is ideally sampled ar,f,=300IHz of the sampled -
-

signals is passed through all ideal LPF with a cut-off frequelicy of 250Hz, What .,

frequency components \vill appear in the output?

Ans :- 100, 140,160 & 200 Hz components.

4.8.29) A signal x(I) =Sin (IjOxt) is ideally sampled at SO H7. Dcsc~.ibethe signal y(t) that is
recovered iftliu sa11il)ledsignal is passed through
(a) An ideal 1.PF \\-it11cut-offj; = IOOHz.
(b) An ideal UI'I: with PB between 60IHZ & SO HZ.

4.8.30) Deierminc whether (or) not the C.T. syste~aswith the followiny frequency response are
causal '?
-
(a) II(Q Sinc(1) (h) H(f) = Ae ""' (c) I f I) = S ~ I I C (e~.jn')

REVIEW NOTES:
 ACE ACADEMY -
S & S LAPLACE TRANSFORM [ 78 1

Chapter 5. LAPLACE TRANSFORM

+ L.T expresses signals as linear combination of coniplex esponcntials, \\;liich are eigen
functions of D.E wllicli describe continuous -time L.T.1 s)-srcms.
kb; The primary role of t l ~ eL.T in engineering is the tmnsient E;r stability analysis of Causal
L.T.l systems.
+ L.T provides a broader characterization of systems & their intcracticln \\,it11 signals than
is possible with F.T.
+ In addition to its simplicity, many design techniques in circuits. liltcrs 8; Co~ltrols);stcms
have been developed in L.T. domain.
+ -
Consider applying an INPUT of thc form x(t)=esl (\\iherc s r i 4jc') then the output is
y(t)=esll-l(s)\\,here l-l(s) is transfer function of the system.
+a
+ L.T. of a general signal x(t)=~(s)=Ix(t)e."dt+ (I)
-03

= F{x(t)e'" '}
+ e-"' may be decaying (or) growing depending on whether ' 0 ' is t v e (or) -ve.

~ ( t )-X(s)
+ Region of Convergence (R.0.C) of L.T:-
-Cm

The range o f values of 'S' for which eq(l) is satisfied i.e.. / x(l) C"'I dt < .n is known as
R.O&,of L.T. -m
+ L.T.calculated on the jo-axis (o = 0) is F.T.

M.L. NARASIMIIAM
 -
LAC E TRANSFORM ACEACADEMY

4) r ( t ) = - e ' " ~ ( - t ) t--,

1
-
s-a

f
5) unit irnpulse 8(t)

6) unit step function u(t)

- I

+--,
1; ROC: e
1
-
S

Note: If the L.T. X(s) of x(t) is ati ion. ti if :i(t) is right sided the ROC is the region in the
s-plane to the right orthe rightinosl p i i if ( t ) is lefi sided, ROC is leii of theleft inost
pole.

PS.l.l Given X(S) = 2+:5 ,find - tinlc-domain signals? .

S +5s+6
P5.1.2. Find the L.T. of the follo\ving
 ACE ACADEMY S & S - LAPLACE TRANSFORM [ 80 1

LPL its L.1, is X(s).\\/hat are the constraints placcd

P5.1.3 Consider the signal x(t)=e.SL+e-PLn(:)
on the real & imaginary palls of P ii'the R . 0 C of X(s) is Re (5) > -3 7

P51.4 How many possible ROCs are l11el.c for (lie ipolz-zero plol shown in iig(l)?
j 01

ime-shiftinc: - x(t) t+X(sj , ROC=R

Then x (t-to)- e " ' O X(s) , with ROC=R

P5.1.5 Find the L.T. of the following signals?

a) unit ramp starting at t=a b) x(l) = 4 - 5 ) C)y(t) = eS1u(- t +3 )
-3s
P5.1.6 Find the I.L.T. of Y(s) = , o>-I
(s+ l )(s+2)
P5.1.7 Consider the signal x(t)=e'"u(t-1) with L.T. X(s)
a) Find X(s) with R.O.C.?
b) Find the values of 'A' &'lo' S U C ~ that
I the L.T. G(s) of
g(t) = ~e."u(-t-to) has same algebraic form as X(s).
What is the R.0.C corresponding to G(s)?

hift in S-domain:-r(t)- X(s) wit11 ROC = R

then esot..( 1 ( - s o with ROC = R + Re{Sa)

P5.1.8. Find the L.T. of I) xl(t) = Coswotu(l) 2) s#) = te4'u(t) 3) x3 (1) = e-aLSipNbtu(t)
w.< . ,~ .- -. .
P5.1.9 Let x(t) be a signal that has a rational L.T. with exactly 2 poles locatedat >--I and
s = - 3 If g(t)=e21x(t)& G(o) converges, determine whether g (~3-1s
.-. a) Left-sided (b) righhided (G) l\ve.sided (d) finite-du.r+tibn.

\
/'4) Time-reversa1:- x ( t ) t c X(s) t h q I(-t)a+ S(-s) , ROC = -R
..- S- - I < Re{s) 51,
Pj.l.10 Let g(t) = x (t) + a x'(-t) whefe x(tT5 (3c -'u(t) &G(s) = ,
S -1
Find a & P?
 -
S & S LAPLACE TRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY

dx(t)
Differentiation in time:- x(t) ++X(s) with ROC = R then --t,SX(S) with ROC = R
dt

P5.1.1 1. Consider 2 right-sided signals s(t) & yjt) related l!u.ough the equation
dx(t) a)'(t)
---- =-2y(t)+6(t) &---- = 2x(t)Find X(s) & Y(s) with ROCs?
dt dt

1'5.1.12. Find the LT of following signa!s \\.it11 ROC?

1
d
(a) x,(t)=-[e- -3(,-2,
u(t-2)]
dt
d
(b) x,(t)=c-' -[e-'"I' u(t + 1)]
dt
-
Differentiation in S-domain:- . -
-2

x(t)e-+ X(s) RoC=R, then tx(t) t-b 4 X(S) ROC=?.

ds

P5.1.13. Find the L.T.,of (I) y(x) = t2u(t-1) (2) y(t) = te%(t)

P5.I.11. Find the 1.l.T of X(s) = log&] ?

P5.1.15. Find the ILT of

/ Convolution in time:-

If x(t)a--+ X(s)~vitllROC = RI & h(t)++ H(s) with ROC=R2

Thcn x(t) * h ( t ) e t X(s) II(s) ROC=RlnR2
.&->xi .,.
L.T. of impulse response is known as i ~ s t e m(or) transfer function

CO
P5.1.16. Solve the following D.E. y(t) + hr(r)x(t-r)dr = x (t)+6(t)?
0
P5.1.17. Consider a signal y(t) = xl(t-2) * x l (-1 + 3) where ~~(t)=e-~h(t)&x2(t)=e"'u(t).
Find Y(s) with ROC? :r*,
eEz:
p,.;,
P5.1.18. Find the illlpulse response of a linear causal syste~ndescribe by the equation.

m+
dt
4y(t) + 3 jy(i)di = x(t) Also dotelline r c s ~ o ~ ito
s ean excitation x(t)=u(t)+6(t)? -
-m
ACE ACADEMY S & S - LAPLACE TRANSFORM [a21

P5.1.19. Find the transfer function Bc impulse I-esponseof a filter whose input -output

[
1.elatioi1is described by y(t) = k(r)+ ?(IL)
e""-'.)u(t-h)dh
-03

1'5.1 20. Find the L.T. of sincl),,l u(t)?

7

5.2 UNILATERAL L.T.:- ~ ( s =) Ix(t)e"'dt

0
P5.2.1 Find the U.L.T. of the following signals & find the Roc?
(a) x (t) = e4'u(t+2) (b) x(t) = 6(t+2)

Differentiation in time:- d
-x(t) -Sx(s)-r(0)
dx

1'5.2.2 Solve the differential equation

s -2
P5.2.3 Consider a system with transfer function Il(s) = Find the steady-state
4-s
response when the input applied is 8cos2t?

10) Initial & final value theorem:-

x(0) = Lt SX(s) x(m) = L t SX(s)

a* s-0.
P5.2.4 Find the initial & final values for the following L.T.?

1'5.2.5 A LTI, Causal continuous time systenl has a rational transfer funciioll with simple
poles,at S = - 2 and S i= - 4 and one ofthe simple ,zero at S = -1. A unit step u(t)-is applied
as ihe input of the syttern. At steady state, the output has a constant value of 1. Find ihe
inlpulse response?

P5.2.6 Find the final value of the output a system whose transfer function is H(s) =
s+3
when system is excited by unit ste11 input? .. 5-s
I
[ 83 1 S & S - LAPLACE TRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY

1
P5.2.7 Find the S.S.II of a system Y(s) - - \\;hen unit step input is appjierl?
X(s) s' +?I+ 2
-4)0.5 B) 1 C) 1.5 D) 0
2s + 3
1'5.2.8 Considel- a system described by the transrel- li~nction. G(s) = when it is
s2+2s+5
subjected to an input of IOu(t), the initial 8( linal \,slues of the response are given by

5.3. CAUSALITY 61 STABILITY:-

+ For a Causal system h(t)=O;t<O and thus is rizlit-sided & the ROC associated with the
system function for a Causal system is a right-halrplane.
+ An I,TI system is stable if and only 1TrIlc ROC of the system function Il(s) includes jw
axis.

P5.3.1Given H(s) = - . Find h(t) for each of the following Cases

(s+ l)(s-2)
(i) stable (ii) Causal (iii) neither Causal nor stable.

P5.3.2 Given X(s) = & F.T. of the signal is defined then x(t) is
s2-S-6
P5.3.3 Consider an LTI system for which we are given the following information

X(s) = - S+2 and x(t) = O,t>O and output is y(t)= 12_ e2'u(-t) + 1_ e-'u(t)
S-2 3 3
a) Find T.F & R.O.C.?
b) Find the output if the input is x(t) = e" V t ?

P5.3.4 Consider an LTI system with input x(t) and output y(t) related as

Find the T.F, of inverse system. Does a stable & Causal inverse system exist?

L.T. of periodic sipnals:-

x,(s)

Eg. Find the L.T. of the periodic

signal shown in fig.?
=
T
jx(tje-"dt
0
1- e-sT
. -.--, ..:.

.
-.

, I i . ,

t
-
 ACE ACADEMY S & S - LAPLACE TRANSFORM C841

5.4 PREVIOUS QUESTIONS:-

1) L{f(t)I = 7
s+2
s- + l , L{g(t)I= (s+2Xs+3)
s2+I
then C
!:
( ( t -T
1 is
GATE

1
2) T.F. of a system is H(s) = then 1 . I i . oi'the systcm is GATE
s'(s -2)

3) What does the T.F. of a system describe for Ihc s!'stem'? IES
A) Only Z.1.R B) Only Z.S.li
C) Both Z.1.R & Z.S.R D) neither Z.I.I<nor Z.S.R.

I ) What is the L.T.

of the wavefor~nshown in Fi:.'? IES
I e-' 2 .2s
A) F(s)=-+---e
S S S
1 e-I 2 -2s
B) F(s)=---+-e
S S S
1 es 2
C) F(s)=-+-+-e2'
s s s
t
1 e-2' 2 _,
D) F(s)=-----e
S S S

5) For the signal shown

p
elu(t)
A) Only F.T. exists
B) Only L.T. exists
C) Both F.T. & L.T. exists
D) Neither L.T. nor F.T. exists IES t

s2+l
6) An LTI system is having transfer function & input x(t)=sin(t+l) is in steady
s'+2s+l
state. The output is sampled at o, radlsec to obtain final output {y(k)) which of the follo\ving
is true? GATE
A) )I(.) = 0 for all a, (B) y(*) ;t 0 for all o,
C) y e ) ;t 0 fo; 0, > 2 but zero for o, < 2 (D) ) y(*) = 0 for 0,>2 but nonzero for a, < 2
L
7) What is the output as t -+ m for a system thal has 'r.F.F(s)= \vhen
- subjected to a step input? s'-s-2 IES
A)-1 B) 1 C) 2 D) unbounded

8) L.T. of 6(t-1) is IES

9 ) L.T. of x(t)=-e21u(t)*tu(t)
... is IES
1851 s & s - LAPLACETRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY

-
-
10) L.T. of the \vaveform shown in fig10 is -

1
-(1 + ~ e - " ~ e - "+ ~ e - +~~ 'e - ' ' )
s2 t
then D is IES

A) -0.5 B ) C) 0.5 D) 2

17) Give11 X(s) = then initial Rc linal values of x(t) are respectively

A)O&1 B)O&-I C)l&l D)-1&0 IES

1 - c-sT
13) The L.T. X(s) of a signal is X(s) = -- , thcn waveshape of x(t) is

14) What is ths impulse res onse h(t) for a system specified by differential equation
P
jr I1(t)+jy'(t)+6y(t)=x (t)+x(t) IAS

tu(t) 1 1 -4,
15) The response of a system to a unit ramp input is - - u(t) + - e u(t) . The11the
2 8 8
unit ilnpulse response of the systenl is IES

16) Let a signal alsin(wlt+$l)be applied to a stable 1,TI system. Let the corresponding s.s
output be represented as a2 F(w2t + $2). Then \vhich of the following statement is TRUE?
A) F is not necessarily a "sine" or "Cosine" fi~nctionbut must be peroidic & wl=w2 ..
B) F must be "Sine" or "Cosine" with al=al GATE
C) F must be "Sine", w1=w2,a1 ;t a1
D) F nus st be "Sine" (or) "Cosine" fu~lctio~lswith 01=02. -.

17) In what range should Re{s) remain so that the L.T. of the function e(at2)'t5 u(t) exits?
A)Re{s)>a+2 B)Re{s}>a+7 C)Re{s)<2 D)Re(s}>a+S GATE
 ACE ACADEMY S & S - LAPLACE TRANSFORM f861

5.5 I'RACTICE PROBLEM SET:-

1'5.5.1 Find the L.T. & associated R.0.C of the follo~vingsignals?

a) s(l)= e-"u(t)+e4'u(t)
b) \(I) = e2'u(-t)+e3'u(-t)
C) S(t) = e-21'l
d) x(t) = e-'u(t)+e"u(-1)

"
115..5.2Find the corresponding signal for each of the following L.T &their associated ROC?
s
--,Re(s}
s 2+ 9
<0
(b) - + I)? ,Re(s) > -I
(s-
s2-s+l 2

P5.5.3 Given the transform pair Cos2tu(t) t---tX(s), find the time signals corresponding to
the following L.T.
a) (s+I)X(S) (b) X(3s) (c) X(s+2)

P5.5.4 Consider an LTI system for which the system function H(s) has the pole -zero pattern
shown in fig.(5.5.4)?
Ir"(s)
1
a) Indicate all possible RoCs
I
b) For each ROCof part (a), specify
whether the system is stable and/or Causai
Fig5.5.4
P5.5.5 Find the I.L.T. of ~ ( s =) s 2 + 2 s + 5 ,RejsJ>-3
(s+~XS+~)~

P5.5.6 Solve the differential equatioli

d2yo+ 5-
dy(t) + 6y(t) = -4x(t) - 3 --
ds(t)
dt' dt dl

P5.5.7 A non Causal signalx(t) = e4'u(t) + e-'u(-t) is the excitation of a filter whose
iinpulse response is h(t) = 6(t) -e-"" .Find the response?
.'. .... >,
P5.5.8 The step1,esponse of C.T. LTI system is given by (I-e")u(t). For a certain unknown
input x(t), the output y(t) is observed to be (2-3e-'+e4')u(t). Find the input x(t)?

P5.5.9 Determine the initial &final values offrtj, if they exist, given that
187 I
-
-
S & S LAPLACE TRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY

-
-
1'5.5.10 Find tl~e[J.L.T. of tlle periodic signals shown in iig(5.5.10)? -

1'5.5.11 Co~~sidel-
a C.'S.L.T.I,s ~ s t e mfol- \vl~icli!Ilr ~ I I ~ Jx!t~! I I c t ot~tpl~t
y(t) are related by the 0.1;:
d
-
l .
dy(t)
--
. .
-- - 2y(l) = x(t) I'intl irnpl~lscrsslx~nsc.hi;) under the follo\\:ing conditions
dl dt
a) Stable (b) Causal (c) nei~hers~ablenor Causal

P5.512 The signal )~(t)=e."u(t) is thc o u t p ~of

~ ta Causal all-pass system for which the system
s-1
function is . H(s) = --

s+l
a) Find atleast 2 possible input's x(t) that could produce y(t)?

b) What is the input x(t) if it is a stablc signal?

P5.5.13 The ~ ~ l a t i obetween

n the input x(t) & output y(t) of a system is described by D.E.

a) Does this system have a stable & Causal inverse?

b) Find D.E. of the inverse system?

1'5.5.1.1 A Causal LTI systeln has the B.D. shown in fig.5.5.14. Find the D.E. relating input
x(t) & output y(t) of the system, is the system stable?
- -- .
ACE ACADEMY -
S & S LAPLACE TRANSFORM

P5.5.15 A Causal LTI system \vitli I.R. h(t) has the l'ollo\\-ing properties.
,.
1 ,I
i) \Vhen thc input is s(t)=e2'vt: the outpur is !'(I)= e - i7.l
-
6
i i ) The 1.R. li(t) satisfies the diffe~.entialcquation . -dh(0
4 2h(t) = e-"u(t)+ bu(t) where b is
dt
unknown constant. Find the transfer li~nctiol~'? [conslant b should not appear iu the ans\\:e~}

Itevreiv No'res:
[ 89 1 S&S-DTFT ACE ACADEMY

Chapter 6. DTFT

- p--pp-ppppp ~

The DTFT describes the spectrum of discretc signals & foriiializes that discrete
-

signals have periodic spectra. l'he frcqr~cnc!; range for a discrete signal is unique ovel-
( -n, +rc) (or) (0,2n)

03

X (e'") = 1 s (11) e.j""'

,I=-bi

1 X (e j"') (or) X ((!I)

x(n)= - x ( ~ ~ ~ ) ~ J " ' " ~ ~'i (n)
,
7n .?.>

X (el"') is decolnposition of x(n) into its frequency components.

Convergence of DTFT

A sufficient condition for existence of DTFT is

+ bi
1
,I =.m
Ix(n)/ m-
Some sequences are not absolutely summable, but they are square summable.

There are signals that are neither absolutely suminable nor have finite energy, but still
have DTFT.
I
an u(n), la1 < l t--,

S (n)

Periodicity property:- X (e j(0+2n))

- =
1-ae -jol

X (ei"')

P6.1.1 Find the F.T. of the signal shown in figure? I

.j -7 -I 0 I 2 3

1'6.1.2 Let x(n) = (112)" u(n), y(n) = x2(n) R. Y (c "") be the F.T of y(n). Then Y(el")is
 [ 90 1 S&S-DTFT ACE ACADEMY

Tilne -Shift: x(n)- X (cJw)then x(n-no)- (c -jW"") X (cia)

P6.1.3 Find the F.T of (i) yl(n) = (114)" u(n-3)

(ii) yz (n) - S (n - no)

1'6.1.1 Find the signal col.res11onding to the spectrum sho\vn in figure?

4 -nl4 I n14 3n14

rn

1'6.1.5Given x(ei") = cos ' (3w),then find the sum S = C (-1)" x (n)
I,=-m

1'6.1.7 If the DTFT oSx(n) = (115)" u(n+2) is X(el'") . find the sequence that has a DTFT
Given Y (e'") = X (eI2O)
d
Frcquencv Differcntiation :- -jn x(n)*- ~ ( e ' ")
dW

P6.1.8 Find the F.T. of y(n) = iia" u (n) ?

w

P6.1.9 Find the value of L n (112)" -

n=O
&
1'6.1.10 Find the F.T of x(n) = n

Convolution in timc : - s (n)

h(n)
-
- X (cia)
H (cJa)
e

F.T. of impulse response is kncwn as fieqiiencyresponse

v. "" 411-3)

tlicn r (n) " h(n) e+ X (cJw)ll(cjo')

. ,

P6.1.11 Consider x(n) = sin 2

i8 I
sinfn 1116)
- 2cos
[It
2 1 lind the output if the impulse

response is 11 (n) =
nII
ACE ACADEMY S&S-DTFT r911 -

li(n) - 1- ii 6 2 n-2.-2
,

I -262. nzl,-i
0 : elsewlie~~e
!-ii~dilic I I L I I ~ L I\~,licn
I inl~utapplied is ~ ( 1 ; ) c
-
illr,.,,

I !. 3 ! t I c~.0.11) Rc the ~ilagiii~~iilc'

+ I.C~II[;I?SC biocks the frequency f -.I I3 Rc
pnsscs thc li.etlucncy f - 118 \\,it11 unit!. rigail). What is the D.C gain of the lilter?

1'6.1.14 ?\'hat iypc ofiilier the ibllo\\-ing tiiSUcl-cnce cqua~ionindicates?

I I =( x i ) (2) y ( n ) = \;(;I) s!n-I )

!'6.1.15 Consider the s).slcm dcscribsd by 111cccliiaiion y(n) = a)i(n-1)-1bx(n) + x(n-1): \vIicrc
'a' Rc '11' arc ~.eal;find a and 11 such that (Il(e"")/ - 'do
1 ?

P(i. 1.10 An input x(n) \villi length 3 is apl~licdlo a LTI system having an impulse response
i~(n)of length 5, and Y(o)is tlic DTFI of the output y(n) of the system. If il~(n)(<L
& ix(n)J< B'dn. the nlaximunl value of Y(0j can be . ...
(a) I5 LR (b) 12 1.n (c) 8 LB (d) 7 LB

1'6.1 . I ? Consider a'filter \+lit111. I i sho\\:n in liyilrc. Find the group delay of the iiller?

.i : ,
I'a~.seval'srelation ;- r(n) t---,S (cJw)

Pal.scval's relation is kno\vn as conscr\;ation of energy theorem, because DTFT operator

~ ~ C S when going from t i ~ n edomaii~to frequency domain.
I ~ ~ V S W energy

Sill o,11
P6.1.17 1:ind the energy in the signal x(n) = ?
7Cll

1'6.1.19 The centre of gravity oTa scque~icex(n) is d c h e d as C = ""--

x(.) 2
r921 -
-
S&S-DTFT ACE ACADEMY
--

And it used to measure time delay of the scquence iind (hc value of ' C ' for the spectrum
in figure ?
slio~~iii

t - i

P6.1.20 For tlie signal slion~nin iig,6.1.20, linil tlie following quantities a~itl~out
calculatillg
DTFT?
ACE ACADEMY S&S-DTFT [ 93 1

P6.1.21 Find the autocorrelation ol'x(i1) =~( 1.2,3.1 ) '!

1*0.1.22 A continuous tiine signal x(t) is to be liltered to remove fi-equency co~iiponen~

in the
I-anze SkktIz 2 f 2 10 kHz. 'l'lle maimurn l'requency present in x(t) is 2OKF1Z. Find
h e minim~imsalnpling frequency k lind iYeqt~encyI-csponse of ideal digital Iiller
Illat will reillove the desil-cd li.equencics ii.cvn x (I)?
1'6.1.23 :\ signal x(n) = sin (won - 1 4)) is (lie inlw rc! a I. f l systcm having ficq~~eni!~rcipoil~c
Ilje"'). If the output the syslem is A s(n-no), [hen [lie ]nost gencral torn1 of~!lH~<~~
will be
(a) - n,cr)a t p f o any
~ arbitrary real p
(0) - n,oo + 2nk any arbitrary intcr k
(c) 11~(:)(, + 2nk for any arbitrary integcr I<
id) - 11"o)o 4

1'6.1.21 A 5 point sequence x(n) is given by

x (-3) =I, x(-2) =I, 4 - 1 ) = 0, x(0) = 5 , x(1) = 1

n
Let x(n) -+-3 X (eio), than the value of .[ X(eiio ) dm is
-n

P6.1.25 An LTI system is having Impulse Rcsponse h(n)=(1/3)"u(n). Find the response
when the input applied is x(n)-2i-cos(nn+nI3).

P6.1.26 y(n) = x(n) - 2x(n-1) t-x(n-2) is a good approximation lo

(A) HI'F (B) BPF passing n18 2 lo/2 x14 , %

(C) LPF (D) BSF passing XIS L lo/2 n/4

6.2. PRACTICEPROBILM SET:-

P6.2.1 Compute F.T of the following sigiials ?

(a) x(n) . u (11-2)- u (n-6) (b) x(n) = (112) -I1 u(-11-1)

Sin(n1il5)
(c) x(n)= --- COS(7nnl2) (d) x(n) = ', -2,-1 ,0,1,2 )
(e) x(n) -
nn
2 " u (-n)
t
P6.2.2 Determine tile signal corresponding to follo\\,ing traiislbriiis ?

(a) X (ei'" = cos2w

(c) X(e jo') = e "''!' for -n 2

1-11: e ?'*
(c) x(ei") =.
 [941 S&S-DTFT ACE ACADEMY

1'6.2.3 I'ind % sketch the magnitude B pliasc: rcsponscs US h e following systclns ?

P0.2.1 !\ signal s(n) has the F.T X (el"'j - --

1 +,e:ll"
Find the I:.T of thc foliowing signals ?
(a) ~(211-!-I) (b) e .in"" s jn-12) (c) s(1i)cos(0.~-irn) (d) x(n) " s (n-I)
1'6.2.5 Considel- thc filter y(n) = O.Oy(n- I ) i bx(n)

(:I! -
Filid 'b' so that Jll(o)J I -
( h i Find the fiequenc~.at which lIl(o))J = !ill?

1'6.2.6 For thc s!'stem shown in ligure. let htnl hc thc unit s a l n ~ ~rcsl~onse
le o f a n ideal LIJl:
\~:ithcut-orrfrequeilcy a,- 1~14,lind the o\,craII rrequency responsc ?

P6.2.7 Find the group delay of the systenl that has a Crequency rcsponsc

P6.2.8 What type of iilter has a unit samplc rcsponse

P6.2.9 Consider a D.T ideal I-IPF wllosc fl-equency I-esponseis specilicd as

If h(11) is the irnp~ilseresponse ofthis Liltcr. de~crminea fii~ictio~i

g(n) soc11 [hat
r -l

P6.2.10 Find the 1.F.T of X (e"")= IX(e''')l ej

f

1'6.2.11 An LTI system with impulse resl~onscIll(n) = (113)" u(n) is conncctcd in parallel
with another calisal I.TI system ~ i t I.K.
-
h Il2(n). The resulting parallel
ACE ACADEMY S&S-DTFT [ 95 1

intcrconnccLioci has the lkeqi~ency !-cs1,o;lsc

-12 ; it',
j
11 (,c I ? ' ) --
T
1 1 ~ ., ' , ?~ ' j I-inti 11, (n l ? ./
i? - 7
L'6.L. ! Z i:i!itl the 1.R corrcspondins lo ihc i!cq~:i.~~c!rcslloiise

r I
I S : I j = i
7 Zlox ; odd n
/ 0 ; cx-en n
i t.

P6.2.14 For the DTFT spcctrum s h o n ~in

i ligurc. find the value of centre of gravity of the
riglint x (n)
, Xlel

P6.i.15 Calculate the output o f n system lhr ~vliichinput is x(11) = (-1)" V n &the impulse
respoilse is h(n) = (112)" u(n)

!'6.2.16 Find the autocorrclation cf ihc sequences

( i ) x ( n ) = { 1.2.1,l) (.ii) ~(11)= { 1,1,2,1}
Is there exists any relation between auto co1.1-elations?

I'h.2.18. Find the lDFT of spectrum slio\vn in. lig 0.7.18?

2 I x(eicm')
 . . .

1961 S&S-DTFT ACE ACADEMY

-

.
.
-

.=-
?

IJ6.2.19'l'he WFI' of a sequcnce is X (el'") ' -

i -
( 1 . 0.8 -'1,)1 s

I,=._
n ,, It :

I
<

1'6.2.20 l<valuate (lie integral - cl o) ?'

I .(1.3 c.""
-n
I
Ph.2.21 Given that the li.equenc!. 1,esponsc o i a s!:sicn? is g i \ m by H ir -""I=
1-3 c-lv~,

Find Pc ske~cl;
( 1) Re {Il(elL"): (11) ! 1-1[eic')! (iii) 1111[11(ei1")) (iv) U
Im
P6.2.22 Determine whcther or rii~tthc D T systems \vith these f~equencyresponse a!-e causal?

~in(fo,/2\ Sin (3012)

4"'
(a) Il(o) = (b) I3 (a)=
Sin(o0) Sio(wR)
ACE ACADEMY S&S-DTFT 1971

REVIEWNOT-ES:
 [ 98 I - s & s-Z TRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY
-
Chapter 7.Z - TRANSFORM
-
.- -- -
-
-
( I !o\''l'o % - T ~ , i h s r f ) ~ \ l
I L\ i !~of)t
, I

3 ! u r ;I i).'P.L..I'.I system ~ x ~ i li~iil,ulse

li rcsl~onsc!i(n). :he rcsponsc y(11) ol'the systeni I(> :i
ii~li~i?icxcxl~oncnlinlInl~utoltlie forin %" is !.(ni%"I I(%)11:1ierc II(%)is known as trans1c.i-
I'~~nc!ic~noftlie system.

o f a general D.T. signal r(n) is N(Z)=, !Z~- ,r(n)%-"A

X ( L ) = F{X(II)~~"}

Z.T. calculated on the unit circle is D.T.F.T. L-plane

3 The range of values of 'Z' for lvliich eq 1 is defined

0
N T F P is defilled only for stable signals ~ \ ; h e as
r ~Z.T. is deiincd for ulistable signals also.
I
3 The primary role of Z.T. in engineering arc the study olsystcm characteristics & the
dc~.ii,ationof computational structures ibr irnplcm~ntingdiscrete systems 011 compiite~-s.
I
[99I S & S - Z TRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY

I : ROC : entire %-plane

c / i i ( n j H I I I - Z ~:~!Zl>l
f i e :
..
!!io!-a liliile lei~grhsignal. TiOC is cnl1i.c Z--~i;:!ie.excel>\ l~erhapsfor %=0 and lor Z=cc
,. >
-j I-or n rislit-sideti signal IiOC is outsiilc a cii-clr \\ilose 1.adius is largest pole in magnituile.
3) Foi- ;I lcii sided signal, ROC is inside a circle \vilosc radius is smallest pole in magnitude.
4)fnr a t\\,o-sidccl signal. ROC is ann~ilushounded h!, largest & sliiallest pole radius.
I P7.1.1 Deteminc all possible signals x(n) associated with the Z.T.?
I
X(Z) =-
( I - ! + I L/ ~ I ) ~ I - ~ z ~ ' ,
1'7.1.2 Find the Z.T. of tlic Sollo\ving signals !vitii ROC?
(a) s ~ ( n =
) (i/2)"u(n)-!~(l/3)"u(n) (b) xz(n) == (I/2)"u(ii)i-(2i3)"u(-n- 1j
(c) x(n) = (1/3)"~u(-n-1)+(2)"u[n)
on "a? & "1iO1', g i ~ cthat
1'7.1.3 Lct s(n)-( -l)"~u(n)i~a"u(-n-no). Determine (he cons~rai~its ~i
tlic ROC of X(%) is 1</2(<2
P7.1.4 Find the ROC of the folIowing siglials wilhout finding Z.T.
(a) xl(n) = (1 J,3, - 1 ) (b) xL(nj= (ll2)"[u(ii) - u(n-lo)]
4

7.2 PROPERTIES O F TfIE Z.T. :-

:- sl(n) < d XI(%). ROC=HI

xZ(n) t-+ X?(%), IIOC=RI
then axl(n)+bs2(~l) rlXl (%)+bXl(Z), ROC=RlnRZ

P7.2.1 Find the Z.T. of y(n) - a.'", 10.1 < 1

P7.2.2 The ZT X(z) of a real Rc riglii-siclcd sciloence x(n) has exactly 2 poles and one oS
them is at Z = e1x12 and there are 2 zcros ;II the origin. If >;(I) = I , \vliich onc of thc
Ibllowing is TRUE ?
22-' 1
(a) X(z) = < z I< 1
(L-1)'+2 2
2z2
(c) X(2) =
(z-[)?-I 2
1 %I>1
 ACE ACADEMY S & S - Z TRANSFORM [loo]

Jrirne-shift :-x(n) o X(Z), ROC = R

Tlleli s(n-no) Z-'I" X(Z). ROC = 1: cxcept for the possible addition (or) ,
dclctiol~of 0 (or) w

1'7.2.3 Find the Z.T. of);(n) = (li4)" ri(il+2 )

i
Let g(n)=x(n)--s(n--l), Find G ( % )nit11 R(.!C'?

z(n) % X(Z) with ROC = R the11 al'x(n) H X(Z/a) with ROC = la1 R

P7.2.6:- Find the Z.T: of y(n) = Coso,nu(n)

. . . .~
:...%el,
. .
P7.2.7:-'The pole-ze?o plot sho~vnin fig. for a signal x(n). Re (z}
Find the Z.T. of y(n) = (l/2)"x(n)?

3 i n 1 e - r e v e r s a l :-x(n) U X(Z), then xi-11) Cf X(Z-'), ROC = l/R

P7.2.8:- Find the Z.T. of ~ ( n ) = u(-n)'?

2~
d
3 i f f e r e n t i a t i o n in Zdomain :- ns(n) H - z - - ~ ( ~ ) ~ ROC = R
dZ
P7.2.9:- Find the I.Z.T. of X(Z) = l o g ( l + a z i ) . IZ>lal '?

-
P7.2.10:- Find the Z.T. of ~ ( n ) na" n(n-I) ?

6 Convolution in time. :-
s(n) Cf X(Z) with R O C z R ~ 111d L(II) +-+
H(Z) with ROC=R2
then x(n)"ll(n) Cf X(Z)Ii(Z) with ROC=RlnR2

Z.T. of inlpulse response is kno\vli as systcm (or) transfer function

1'7.2.1 1 A sequence ~ ( 1 1 ) X(
s%) = %' -;-%' - 27. + 2 - 3 ~ is -applied
~ as an I~lputto a L;r1
system with ilnpulse response !i(n)-26(:i-3). The Output at n = 4 is
 [lo1 1 S & S - Z TRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY
-
*
-
P7.2.12 Consider a signal y(n) = xl(n + 3) sz( - n .+ I)
Where xl(r2' (112)"u(n) Rr xl(n) = (l!3)"u(n) Find Y(Z) with ROC?

-
P7.2.13 Find the response of the system ~ ( n ) 516 ~ ( n - I )-116 y(n-2) + x(n) to the Input
signal, x(n) = S(n) -l136(11-1)

1'7.2.i4 Find the impulse response & slcp resllonsc oi'ihe system described by thc D.E
( I ) + 4 y(n-I) - 118 y(n-2) = x j n ) -x(n-I).

1'7.2.15 G(Z) = ~ z - ' + P2-j represents n digital !.I1!' \\itl; linear phase if and only if
A)a=p ~ ) c r = p " ~ C) cr=--(I D)V.=-[~'"

1'7.2.16 The follo~vingis kno\\n about a D.'I.l..T.isystcm \\lit11 Input x(n) & outpu[ y(n)
! . if x(n) = (-2)" V11: then y(n)-0Vn
2. Ifx(n) = (ll2)"u(n) tin, then y(n)-6(n)-l-a(ii?)"~1(n)'Vn Whcre '3' is a constant.
a) Find the \lalue of 'a' b) Find he response y(n) if the Input is x(n)=l tin.

P7.2.17 A system with T.F. H(Z) has I.R. h(n) delined as h(2) = I , h(3) = -1 and h(k) = 0
otherwise, consider the following statements
S I : H(Z) is a L P F
S2: H(Z) is a FIR lilter
a) only S2 is true
b) both are false
c) both are true and S2 is the reason for S 1
d) both are true but S2 is not a reason iol S 1
&ccumulation :-x(n)+ X(Z), ROC = R

Then X z , ROC = RnlZI>1

4
k=-oc x(k) 1-2-

1'7.2.18 Find the U.2.T of the followi~lgsignals?

(a) xl(n)=2"u(-n) (b) x~(n)=(ll4)"u(n+5)
(c) xj(n)=3"u(-n- 1)

A ~ e f t - s l l i f :-
t x(n+l)- ZX(Z) -ZX(O)

f l ~ r ~ i t i a lValue Theorem: s(0) = l,t X(z)

7. jm

d ~ i n a Value
l theorcnl. r(m) = L t ( 1 - 2.') X(Z) (or) L t (L- 1) K(Z)
Z jI Z jI
P7.2.19 Find initial & final values of the trans1'01.m
 S & S - Z TRANSFORM
ACE ACADEMY

0.5
1102 1
I -

P.7.2.20. Given X(Z) = . It is given that the ROC ofX(Z) includes thc unit
1-2 z-I
circle, Then s(0) is
,
I : n even
1'7.2.21 j\pl~lyI'.V.T. for s(n) = . :\ssu~!lc tlic signal is rieht-sided?
0 : n odd

Pi.2.22 Considcr a systcln \\;hose Input s(n) L9: Ouil~u[y(n) are related by
)~;2y(n)=x(n).Find the Outpui oi'the s! stcm if s~n)=(l/4)"u(n)
!,(I-] & y(- 1)-2

3; II1.f. L1'I system \\lith rational system Cunclion H(%j is causal if and only if (a) ROC' is
cxtcrior of a circle outside the outermost pole (h) \\-ith i-I(2) esl~rsssec!as a ratio ol' I

pniynomials in Z,order ofNr. Can't be greater Ihan or-der of Dr.

!
-

3 .\n :.TI system is stable ifand only if the RQC of l-i(Z) includes thc unit circle. -
-

-3 t -

P7.3.1 Find the corresponding inlpulse response for the given Z.T. II(Z) =
1-1013 Z-'+-Z-'
if the svstem is i
i) Causal ii) Stablc
P7.3.2 The step response of an LTI system is ~(n)=(1/3)"~~u(ni-2)
a) Find the system function & impulse response?
b) Check if the system is causal & stable?
I
P7.3.3 Consider an LTI system \vhose pole-zero pattern is shown in figure I
a) Find the ROC of system function, if it is kno\vn
to be stable?
h) Is it possible for the given pole-zero plot to a causal
& stable system?
c) How illally possible ROC'S are there?

P7.3.4 The iillpulse response h(n) of a LTI system is real. The transfer function H(z) of the
system has onIy one pole and it is at z = 413. The zeros of I-I(z) are non-real and
located at /z1=3/4. The systenl is
(a) stable & causal (b) ~~nstable& anticausal
(c) unstable & causal (d) stable & anticausal

1
1'7.3.5 Find the first 3 sanlples of X(Z) = 1-1 .jz-'+0.5z-~

for (a) IZI > 1 (b) IZ/ < 0.5 u s i ~ ~ g~ o \ \sel-ies

c r expansion method?
z-l
P7.3.6 Given I-I(z)=--, if the Z-I' con\ti-gs on the unit circle lind impulsc
~ - ~ - l - ~ - -

resoonse?
[ 103 I S & S - Z TRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY

& Z-~'I,,\NI:.:-
BETWEEN S-PL:\NE
7.4 RT.I>:\.IION

I-hc j (2 axis in the S-plane should map into the unit circle in the Z-plane & the left-half plane
ofthe S-plane should map into the inside of the unit circle in Ihe Z-plane. Thus a stable
analog filter will be converted lo a stable digital filter.
. .. , , . Z = e
S'r a w = Q ' r
. .. .
.. ~.

Table : Mapping of frequencies fro111the S-pla~~e

lo Z-pla11e

of a LTI system in the S-planc

Esample : Tile pole-zero plot of the transfer function [Ha(~)]
is shown in fig. The corresponding impulse response h,(t) is sampled at 2 I-iz lo
gel the discrete impulse response lh(n). Find lhe equivalent pole-zero plot in ihe
z-plane.
ACE ACADEMY S & S - Z TRANSFORM [lo41

Realization srructures foi- lIR dicital mg.i.s:

Realization invol\,es co111-crti~ig;i gi::~? ri.nl?sie! i'unction H(z) into a suitablc lilicr
struct~~l-e.Block tiiagraills are uscd 10 depicr iii1c.l- srriicunres & they show the con~putatiollal
i)~-~.)ccdurefor implementing the digital illrei. !-iii. basic clements of i.ealization structures arc
( I ) Multii~lier (2) Adde~.iAcc~.~u~~ilatur(3) Delay
\ [ I I ~! ~ \1111
\
s[!I] I< K s [n] s[n]
+-
-9-- II
*
\\,/llj

Genera: form of IIR filter is

Direct form realization of IIR filter

b, -1b,z-l + b,z-!
Suppose I-@) =
l+a1z-'+a2z-'
[I053 S & S - Z TRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY

Caoollic I1 order section:-

Canonic seclion is the 1110st pop~llarbecause it has a good round off noisc property & requires
m i n i n ~ u number
l~~ of storage elements but it is susceptible to internal overflow.

Cascade & parallel realization structures:

To ilnplement higher order filters we are using cascade & parallel structures. In cascade
N I1 order factors.
realization the transfer function is factored into -
L

~(z=
, fi [
k.1
b,, + b,,z-' + b2,z-2
I + a,,z-I
-2
+ a?,z - -1
N is assumed to be even

Three difficulties arise with cascade realizatio~~s:

(1) I-low to pair the numerator factors with denominator lhclors
(2) Order in which indiyidual sections should be connected
(1) Need to scale the signal levels at various points within the filter to avoid the le\iels
becoming too large or too small.
ACE ACADEMY S 81S -ZTRANSFORM [lo61

I n [1;1rallel realization an Nth order transfer H(z) is cxpandctl using partial fractions as I :

- -7
111 jpxailcl realization, Numerator coefticie~~i SCII.L 1s zero and order in \vhich the secticlli is
'.

oonnccted is not important. Scaling is easier Kc call he carried out tor each blocl; 1
indel~endentlyzeros of parallel struct~~res are more sensiti\,e to coefficient quantizi~tionerror.;. i
!;]us: a\:ailable software packages produce coefficients for cascade realizalion but no1 Ihr
ixirallel structure.
I
kroni a practical viewpoint, 1x11-allclcCc c:lscade forills using low order tillers minin~ize
7

the effects of tiilite word lcngth. I

> In (he canoilic direzt form structure with l a r y N; a small change in a filter cocflicicnt ;

due to parameter quantizaiion results in a large change in location of poles & zeros of
the system.
> Tn a parallel realization, a change in coel'iicicn1 will effect only a localized segment.
1
In cascadc realization, higher - order filters are designed using string of I1 order filters i
.!
because these lower order filters are easier to design, are less susceptible to coefficient I
quantization errors & stability ~~roblems & their i~nplementationsallo\+, easier data I
\+lordscaling to reduce potential overflo\v effects of data word size. I
[I071 S & S -2TRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY

Example: - Obtain DF 1, DF 11. cascaded 6 11al.allel structures for the syste~ll

y[n] = - O.ly [n -11 4- 0.2yrn 21 -I-?s[n] -1- 3.6~[11- I ] + 0.6s [n - 2]?
-
 ACE ACADEMY S & S - Z TRANSFORM [I081

7.6 PREVIOUS 0UESTIONS:-

z-'(i - z - ~ )
(1) Z T of a signal is C(z) = 1 2 '
Its final value is GATE
4(1- 2- ) i
(a) 114 (b) 0 (e) 1

(2) If I.R. of a D.T. systeln is h(n)=

(a) K

- 5."u[-11-11, ihen [lie system Cullction H(z) is equal to-

I -
-z GATE -
z .
(4 - & is stabIe (b) - & is stable ..
z-5 z -5 .,
- .:,.

(c) -- Z & is unstable

2-5
(d)-
L

z -5
& is unstable
I
(3) A casual L'r1 system is described by the D.E 2y(n)=uy[n-21 -2x[11] + Px[n-1]
The system is stable olily if GATE
(a) la1 = 2,ID1 < 2 ib) la1 > 2:IPI > 2
(c) 10.1 < 2, any p (d) IP1 < 2, ally u.

(4) The R.0.C 0lZ.T. of the sequence [i(-n - 1) must be

GATE
(a) 121 < 516 (b) lzl> 516 '
(c) 516 < lz1 615 (d) 615 < )z)< 03 ;I
z+%-'
(5) 11' X(z) = 7
z+z
.
then s(n) series has

(a) alternate 0's (b) allcmate 1's (c) al:t.inale 2's (d) alternate -1's
[log] S & S - Z TRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY
-
1
(6) For [he system shown: x(n)=KG(n). and y(nj is relaled to s(11) as y(n) -- y(n - I j = s(n).
What is y(n)? IAS 2 -
-

(7) H's(n) tt X(z) then Z.T. ofs(n-2) & r/~i!?I \ \ i l l be

(a) z-'~(z),2X(2z) (b) z - ' ~ ( z )X(2z)
_ DKDO
(c) x(z-21, X(d2) (d) z-'~(1). ~ (z')

(8) Given Se) = 42" + 32.' + 2 -- 6 2 4- 22 11 is ai~pliedto a system, with a transfer iilnciio~l
H(z)-~z-'-~. GATE
Let the output be y(n). Which of the follo\\;ing is TRUE'?
(a) y(n) is non Causal with finite su11po1.t
(b) y(11) is Causal with infinite suppol.t
(c) y(11) = 0; 1111 > 3
(d) Re{Y(z)} z = i = - Re[Y(z)], =; -10
Im{Y(z))z=eiG 11m(Y(z)),=,-ill .:-fl_<l)_<n

(9) The K.0.C of Z.T. of x(n) = (113)" u(n) -(ID)" u (-n-I) is - GATE
1 1 1 1
(a) 5 4 ~ 1 < - ( b ) I ~ l > ~ (c) I z l < _ (d: 2<1zl<3
2 2

(10) The unit impulse response of the system described by y(n) - y( n - 1) = x(11) - x(n - 1) is
(a) 6(n) (b) u(n) (c) 1 (d) 0 IAS
(11) Pole-zero plot of a DF is sho\vn below. What is the type of the filter? ISRO

(A) LPF
(B) HPF
(C) BPF
(D) APF

(12) II(z) is a discrete rational TF. To ensure that both II(z) and its inverse are stable its
(A) Poles must be inside Lhe unit circle and zeros lllust be outside the unit circ:e.
(B) Poles must be outside the i~nitcil-cleand ze!.os must be inside the unit circle.
(C) Poles and zeros [nust be inside the unit circle.
(D) Poles and zeros must be outside the unit circle. GATE

Po + P,z-l + r,z-'
(14) A DF having T.F. H(z) = -- uslng DFI and DFII realizations oFI1K the
l+d.z-'
, .
number of delay units required in DFI ant1 DFII are; respectively ... .... GATE
(A) 6 & 6 (B) 6 BL 3 (C) 3 & 3 (D) 3 & 2

(14) Consider X(z) = 5z2 + 42.' + 3; 0 < 1 ~ <1 m. The I.Z.T,s(n) is G.4TE
(A) 56(iit2) + 36(n) + 46(n- 1) (B) 56(ii-2) + 36(n) + 46(11+1) .
(C) 5u(n+2) + 3411)+ 4u(n-1) (D) ju(n-2) + 3u(n) + 4u(n+l)
ACE ACADEMY -
S & S Z TRANSFORM [ 110 1

(15) An analog signal is sampled at 9 KHz. The scquence so obtained is filtered by an FIR
l i eI F .1 = 1 .- z-'. C)ne of the analog rrequencies for ~vhichthc magnilude
response oPthe fill?> i: zero is . .. . .... GATE
( A ) 0.75 KHz (B) I KHz (C) I .5 KtIz (D) 2 KIiz

.
(16) C'onsider a DTS shown in fig. where 1.R. ol'H(z) is li(0)=0 I]())- h(2)=1,
!i(i)z-li(1)=...........=O. Thc system is stnblc lbr range of values of k is GATE

( I ) Find the Z.T. R.O.C, and the location of poles & zcros of the following signals?

(a) x(n) = [i)' +

u(ll) (f)'u(n) (d) x(n) =
[:I
- {u(n) - u(n - 5))

u(-n -1) (e) s(n) =

(c) x(n) = (213)'"'

(2) Using properties of Z.T., find the Z.T. of the follo\ving signals?

(a) x(n) =
(J
- u(n) * 2" u(-n - I )

(b) y(n) =
[;J
-
[:In
u(n)* - u(-n)

(3) Find the time 4on1ain signals corresponding to following Z.T.?

7
 1
[Ill S & S - Z TRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY
-

-
1 -
.
(A) 11- ll(x)= . .."u(n).tind (he \~aluesof Al, A?, w.1 and u2?
8i11jn) = A,a,\~((n)i-A.rl
l - ~ I ~ . 1x- ,..

. I
1-7' .
( 5 ) I h c system iiltlction of causal LTI syskem is il(z) = A - - lithe input to the system is
. 1
i + z

(.a; Find iml~ulseRcsl~cnsc (11) Find out if input is x[n] =e ioni2?.

( 7 ) Ii'the inlput c f a n LTI system is s[n]=u[n], out1)ut is y[n]= ( 3 " u [ n + l i

(a) Find H(z) & h[n], (b) Is the system causal & stable?

(8) \\'hen the input to an LTI system is s[n] = u[n] + (2)" u[-n - l] the output is

= 6(:)' - 6(q]

(a) Find H(z) & indicate ROC (b) find impulse Response
(c) Write the difference equation that characterizes the system
(d) Is the system stable & causal?

(9) Compute the response of the system y[n] = 0.7y [n-I] - 0 . 1 2 ~[I]-21 +x [n-I] +x [n-21 to
the input x[n] = n u[n]. Is the system stable?

(10) Determine the impulse & step response of the following causal systems & determine
\\;hick1 of the systems are stable.
3 I
(aly[n]=-y[n-I]--y[n-2]+s[n] (b)y[n] = 0.6y[n-I]-0.08y[n-2]+x[n]
4 8
. ~

( 1 1 ) The step response of an LTI system is s[n] =

(a) Find system function 1-1 (z) & h[n]? Check if the system is causal & stable'?

(12) The input to a causal LTI system is x(n) = LI[-n - I] +

-I
- - Z
,
(3 - u(n)

Y(z) = ----- 7
'fhe Z.T. of the output is
I - (,+z I)
1 2I ! I -
(a) Find system function with R.O.C? (h) What is R.0.C of Y ( z )& find y(n)?
ACE ACADEMY S & S -2 TRANSFORM [Id21

3
(13) Find the signal x(n) with Z.T. X ( z ) = i r X(Z) con\rerges on the unit
1 0 ; ,
circle? 1- ,z tz -

.I

(14) A causal I,.'T.I system is described b!- Ihc i).l:. !ln) = y[n -11 + y[n - 21 + s [ n -I 1
(a) Find the T.F. with R.O.C'?
(b) Find tlie unit sample response'?
( c ) You should have found the systcln to he 111:ir:ihle.Find a slable (noncausal) unit
sample response ihal satisfies the ilit'l'cl-enccr.quatioi~'?
(15) Consider (lie Z . T X(z) whose pole /.cw ploi is slio\\n in lig. 15
-

(a) Dcterm~nethe R.0.C of S(z) il.it is i;r!o\cn

that thc 12.T.exists. Unit cil-cle
(b) llow many possible two -sided scqucnccs
have the pole -zero plot shown in ligure. - $1&YTK
. 4
-
1
(c) Is it possible for tlie pole - zero plot to be
associated with a sequence that is both stable
&causal? Fig 15 I I
-

(16) Explain the.condition of BIB0 stability in z - ciomain. A LTI system is characterized by

3 - 42.' specify the ROC and determine h(n),
the syste~nfunction H(z) = -----
1-3.5~-I + 1.52.'
when (i) system is stable (ii) system is causal i
!
1
(17) Consider the digital filter structi11.eshown in fig.17

(a) Find transfer function for this causal filtcr

(b) For w!lat values of 'k' the system is stable'?

(c) Find y(n) if k=l & x(11)=(2/3)"Vn. Fig. 17

i
(18) Show that the follo\ving systems are cqui\,alcnt?
(a) y(11)=0.2~[n-l]+s(n)-0.3x[n-l]+O.O2s in-21 (b) y(n)=x(n)-O.lx[n-l]

(19) Determine the 1 Z . T _qf the follo\ving?

1--z
(a) X(Z) = x ( ) i s r i g l t sidcd 3 IongDivisioll
1+;z-1
J
3
(b) X(z) = -,s(n)isstables 1 f. e\pansion
1 I .,

1 1
(c) X(Z) = In(l - 4z),Jz J<- 3 I'o\\.c~.se~-its (d) X(Z) = -- ,, -!,.I

4 I
L--=
[ 113 1 -
S & S Z TRANSFORM ACE ACADEMY
-
.--

(20) Find yln], n 2 0 for the following difference equation?

(2 1 ) Coi~sidera causal L.T.1. system \ ~ ~ h o ilijlul

sc ~ ( n YL
) O L I ~ I I Ly(n)
I ~ are ].elated through the
block diagram shown in figure?

T~rq
(a) Uetenuinc a difference equation
~(11)
relating y(11) & x(11)
(b) Is this system stable?

-119
(22) Determine the system function 8( the illlpillse res]?onse of the system shown in ligure?
3

113 1I4
(23) Consider a sequence x[n] for which X(z) = ---
1-;z I
+ --
'
1-22.
L
I and for which the R.O.C

includes the unit circle. Find s[O] using initial value theorem?

(24) Determine a sequence x[n] whose Z.T. is X(z) = e" + e"' ,z # 0

(25) Find the R.O.Cof Z.T. of output Y(z), given X(z) & H(z)?

I
(26) Find the I.Z.T. of X(z) =
(I+ 0.2z-~X1-0.22-~)~
42
(27) Given x[n] ++ , lzI>O.j. I'ind Z.'T, oTthe follo\ving signals & specify ROC'
:
(z+ 0.5)-
a) yl(n) = x(n-2) b) y 2 (11)= 2" s(n) c) 113 (11)= nx(11)
d) )14 (n) = n2 x(n) e) (n) = (n-2) s(n) f ) y6 (11) = s(-11)
ACE ACADEMY S & S - Z TRANSFORM [ 114 I

2' + 0.25
(18) .I'lie tl-ansfer filnction of 2 cascaded sysre~nsI{I(Z)6r Hdz) is known to be H(z) = z2 -0.25

l + z -I
(29) Apply I.V.1' & F.V.T for (i) ?;,(z) = --77
jl - 0 . 2 3 2 - )

REVIEW NOTES
 G[i2[;ter $. BFT & %F'$
m\-...* --
_U_j._ I _a___

8.1 Introduction To DFT

-9 The Fourier series describes 11eriodic signals by discrete spectra, whereas the DTFT
describes discrete signals by periodic spectra. As a result, signals that are both discrete. and
periodic in one domain are also periodic R: discrete in the other. This is the basis for the
fonllulation of the DFT.

1 + Sampled version of D.T.F.T. spectrum is D.F.T.

-
The DFT & its IDFT are also periodic with period N, and it is sufficient to compute the
results for only one period (0 to N-I).
N-I 1 N-I -j2W
~ [ k ] = x(n)WNm
z )x(n) = -~ ~ [ k ] W , - ' b h e rW,
e =e is the phase factor
n=O N K=O
N
Periodicity: - w ~ = w,"
~ ( ' Symmetry:-
~ =- wNK
wNK+i
P8.1.1 Analog data to be spectrum analyzed are sampled at 10 kHz & DFT of 1024 samples
are computed. Find the frequency spacing between spectral samples?

P8.1.2 Find the 4 point DFT of x (n) = (0, l , 2 , 3}?

Note: - For direct calculation of N point, we require N' complex multiplications and
N (N-1) additions.

P8.1.3 Let x(n)d%X[k], then prove the following statements.

-- ' i) If x(n) = - x [N - 1 - n], then X(O)=O
i
ii) If x(n) = x [ N - 1 - n], with N even, X

P8.1.4 Fig.8.1.4 shows a finite IengtIi sequence x (n), Sketch the signals
(a) x ([n - 21)4
11 1
6
x(n),

(b) x ([n + 1114 n

0 1 2 3
(c) X (1- nl)4
FIG (8.1.4)
P8.1.5 The first five points of a1 8 point DFT of a real -valued sequence are
{0.25,0.125 -j0.3018,0,0.125 -j0.0518,0}. Find other 3 points?
.
h1.L. NARASIMHAM
 ') PROPERTIES OF DFT:- 1 .

-
-jln
) Circular shift:- x[n -nu]), ~e " ~[k]

(3) Circular ~anvolution:x(n@)h(n)tt~(k)~(k)

(4) Central ordinates:-

(5) Parseval's relation:-

P8.2.1 Given x (n) = (1, -2, 3, -4,5, -6), without calculating DFT, find the follo~vii?;
quantities.

P8.2.2 The two 8-point sequences x,(n) & x2(n) shown in fig(8.2.2) have DFTs X , , ,
Xz(k) respectively.

Find the relation between Xl(k) & X2(k)?

P8.2.3 Consider the sequence x(n) shown in fig 8.2.3. Find y(n) whose six -point DF'L 1-

Y(k) = w,~'x(~),where X(k) is the six-point DFT of x(n).

A
.', 1 ; !

Fig. 8.2.3
 ACE ACADEMY
-S&S-DFT&FFT -
[I171

~ ) dcIillc<l;IS z l ( n ) 1 . 3. 1 . 1. 7 . 1. I. 1;and
1'8.2.4 7'\\.0 li~iilc.lenglh siyals z l ( n )& \ ; l ( l ale
s.(n)=(O. I . 2 . 2). [.el r;(n) be cigllr poil][ circ~~lar cuil\ol~~lioll 01- S I I I I ) & Ss.(ll) I.c..

0
x : ( I ~ ) = x I (sI ~ z:) (11). Find z;(?y?

P8.2.5 Fisure 8.2.5 slio\\-s rwo [inilc - Ic.llgrI1 (;c.qucliics.Sl;c~chIllc.ir N point cil.culilr

xz
co~ivolutionibr N=6 and h r N-10.
6 I

liiliil
O I 2 : 4 5 11 FIG 6.2.5 )A.
0

P8.2.6 Z sequcllces sl[n] & s?Ln] are shown in liyure and lllei~resulianl4 point cil-cula~
convol~~rio~iis )-[n]. Tlic valao OTX~[II]
a[ n = 3 is unknown. tind 'a"!
I ? _ ; 4 j
s2(nj

11
.

8.3 LINEAR CONVOLUTION USING DFT I 1.1

The circular convolution of 2 sequences, of lengths N I & h'?,respectively, can be

made equal to the linear cdnvolution of the 2 sequences by zero padding both sequences so
that they both consist of (N, + Nz - 1) samples.

N,sanlplrr
Zero padding,..
. . ~ , . . . . .
(Nz - I) samples -
e, (n) : .

DFT
. . ,.. ~
..

:
..
..
- ~201)
-
Zero padd~ng
(NI - 1) samples
x,? (n)
--
DFT

Let us consider the computational efficiency of calculating a .convolution s i n g the

I DPT

DFT rather than the direct method. In calculating the convolution of two No - element
sequences using DFT method, we required 3 ~ 1 0 +~21\'~ 'Complex
' ~ ~nultiplicationswhere as
direct convolution of 2 sequences requires N' complex multiplication. .;.DFT nlethod is more
efficient for N 2 32.
P8.3.1 Find the linear convolution of x (n) = {I, 2) & h (n) = {I, 2,3} using DFT method?

8.4) CONVOLUTION OF LONG SEQUENCES:-

2) Overlap -Save method C
Some times we have to process a long stream of illcoming data by a filter
1) Overlap -Add method
v

whose impulse response is much shorter than that of incoming daiz. The convolution of a
short sequence h(n) of length N with a very long sequence x(n) of length L > > N can involve
large amoulit of computation & memory.
 [ 1181 S & S - D F T & FFT ACE ACADEMY

(I) O\,crla[~- Add 1nctl1od:-

Suppose h(n) is of length N. and the length of x(n) is L = n1N (if not. ,A- can
always zero pad it to this length). Cfrc parlilion sin] inlo ni segmenrs xci(n). sl(n) ... x::,,!in).
each of lcngtli N.\ire tilid the regular convolution of each section \\,it11 h(n) to give l>al-ti:ll
results ).o(~i).yl(n), . . . y,,.l(n).
y(n) =yo[nl + yl[n-N1 + y,,,.~[n-(m-I)Nj ,

Since each regular convolution contains (IN - I ) samples. lie zero - pad h(n) ant1 cach
section xk[n] \vitIi [N - I 1 zcros beforc finding yk[n] using tlie 1:l:T. Splir~ings(n) into
equal -length segments is no1 a strict requirement. i
Esample: - Let s(n) = ( I . 2, 3. 3.4. 5 ) and h(n) = ( 1 . I . I I using O\:erlap - add methoti lint1
y(n)?
Solution:- L=6 & N=3. so(n)= ( 1 : 2, 2 ) h(n) = { I : I 1 }
:

xl(n)= (3,4, i}
yo(n) = xo(n) * h(n) = ( I , 3, 6. 5, 3 )
yl(n) = xl(n)* h(n) = {3,7, 12,'): 5)
Shiliing & superposition results in the required . .
con\,olu[ion I
.. . ,.. ..
,

~ ( n =) yo(n) + Y ~[n-31 1: -
.
4
. . .... . . . :
Y,[n-3]i . . 3. 7
:~ 12 9 5

y(n)={l,3,6,8,10,12,9,5)

(2) O y - ~l a .p .-Save method:. . .

If L > N and we zero - pad the secondsequence to length L, their periodic
~.
. . .. . convolution has (2L - 1) samples. Its first (N -1) samples are/comaminated by wraparound,
. . and the rest correspond to.the regular convolutio'n. eg. Let L=16 & N=7. If we pad N by 9
. .
zeros, their regular convolution has 31(or 2L-1) s'amples with 9 t r a i ~ i n ~ i e r o(L-N=9).
s For
periodic convolution 15 samples (L -1=15) are wrapped around. Since the last nine . ..

[or L - N] are zeros, only the first 6 samples of the periodic convolution are contaminated by -
wraparound, which is the basis idea of this' method.
>
First, we add (N-I) leading zeros to the longer sequence x(n) & section it into k -

overlapping {by N - 1) segments of length M. Typically, we choose M 2N. =

- i
.. ,
. Next, we zero-pad h(n) { with trailing zeros) to length M, and find the periodic
. convolution of h(n) with each section of x(n). Finally, we discard the first (N-1)
[contaminated] samples from each convolution & glue(concatenate) the results to give the
required convolution.
4
.

method? .
Example: - Find convolution of x(n) = {1,2,3,4,5) & h(n) = {I, I, 1) using Overlap Save

Solution: - First add(N - I) = 2 zeros to x(n) = {0, 0, 1 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 5 )

Take M = 2N - 1 = 5, section into K overlapping segments of length M(5)
xo(n) = {O, 0, 1, 2,31 Zero pad hjn) to length M = 5 samples
xdn) = {2,3,3,4,51 h(n)= {I, 1, I, 0,O)
I
ACE ACADEMY S&S-DFT&FFT [1191
--

srl(n)@ h ( n ) = ( 5 . 3. 1 . 3.61

We discard the first !. sa~uplesfrom each convolutiol~6r give the results to

obtain y(n) = (1, 3, 6, 8. 10. 12,9. 5 - 0 1

8.5 I;FT:- Fasl algorilhm reduce the proble~nof calculating an N-point DI'T to t h a ~of
calculating many smaller-sizc DlT'Ts. 'l'lie compuklliun is carried 0111separately on even - .,

indexed and odd-indexed sa~nplesto reduce the computational effort. All algorithnis allocate
for computed results. Thc less the storage required, the more eflicient is the algorithm. Many
!
FFT algorithms reduce storage requirements by perfol-ming computations in place by storing
results in the same memory locations t h a ~previously licld h e data.
i
I
3 stages in a n 8-point DIT-FFT :- I!
Combine
2 point
2 point
DFT
DFTs
Combine 1i
PET-

Combine

- -
x[71+ DFT )
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Typical butterfly for DIT - FFT algorithm:- . . . . . . . .. . .
~

DI'I' algorithms for N = 2.4,s:-

 [I201 S&S-DFT&FFT ACE ACADEMY
-

DIF algorilhn~for N = 2 , 4,8:-

. .
equations in N
%.
~ ~ n k n o wcn,.mrJ&J,
' . .-- *.@.;inIstages
butterflies=$@@
...
,
:.
. . .~..-
. .. i,..:
- .
~
,:. f&.: ..8ia-

Multiplication ' N per equation --

NAddition
- l t t e r f l y
.. Total multiplication NL N/2 logNl
Total additions. : . N(N-1) N log N7 L

..
. .~ ' . . ;.:. . . . .,. , . , .

Bit - reversal using Bruneman's algorithm:- ' '

(I) Start with (0, I} multiply by 2 to get {0,2)

(2) Add 1 to the list of numbers obtained above. Now it is {l, 3 ) .
(3) Append the list in step2 to that in stepl to get {0,2,1,3}
. .. .. . (4) The list obtained in step3 how becomes the starting list in stepl. The steps are rcpeated
until the desired length of list is obtained.
ACE ACADEMY S&S-DFT &FFT 1121 1

I ] a real 8 poin~sequence &: let S ( k ) be iis S imi111DF1-

1'8.5.1 L.t.1 X ~ ISe
I
( A j l I v ~ l ~ .n. xt ~
x(k)cl':' "Lit ( 11 = 0 in ter~nsot's(nl
8 k=,!

(B) I.er I\-(n) be a 4 point s.er1~1enccfor 0 I n < 3 R: \V(k) be its 4 point DFT
[f\V(.k) = X ( k ) + S(k-4). erpress\v(n) in terms of r(nj

(C! 1.ct y(n) be an 8 ipoini sequence for 0 2 n 5 7 and Y(k) be S point DFT
2.Y(k) k = 0,2,.1,6
Ii' ) . ( k ) = .express y!n) ill terms of x(n)
0 I&. k = 1,3,5.7

PS.S.2 Consider [he bu~~erllv

a n FII'algo~~itl~m.

- -L:.,.,.
sho\\:~iin fig. which was estraelcd from a SFC; implementing
Choose ihc mosl accurate slatemen1 from [he rollowing

(A) The bullerlly \vas ex11-actedfrom DI'T-FFT

(B) 'The butlerfly was
- , [ ~Itj is not possible .. .. . . , . . .
-
- kind of FFT algorithm the 6;tterflycame from. W: 'I
. .

..

P8.1.3..The butterfly was taken from DIF-FFT with N=16, where the input sequende was
arranged in normal order. A 16 point FFT will have:4:itages (rn=1,2,3,4): ~ h i c h o I * '
the stages have butterflies ofthis form. Justify your answer.

P8.5.4 The butterfly was taken from DIT-FFT with N=16. Assume that 4 stages ofthe SFG
are indexed by rn=1,2,3,4. Which of the 4 stages have butterflies of this fonn?
 [ 122 1 S&S-DFT&FFT ACE ACADEMY

I'ItE\'IOUS QUESl'lOi\lS
0 I . Ho!v many adders are required lo realize a 256 point radis-2 FFT using DI'I"?
(a)256 (b) 1024 ( c ) 4096 (d) 2045

02.4 point DFT of real D.T. signal ~ ( 1 : ) of length 4 is XLk].

k = 0 , 1.2,3. IfX[O] = 5. X[I] = 1cjI. X[2] = 0.5, Then X[3] and s[Oj respectively are
(a) I-j. 1.575 [b) I-.i. 1.5 (c) 14-j. 1.875 (d) 0.1-j 0. I , I .5

03. For an N poin~FFT algorithm wit11 N = 2"'. which one of the following statements is
'TRUE?
(a) It is not possible lo construct a SFG with both lip & olp in normal orde~
(b) The no. of butterflies in the m'l' stage is Nlni
(c) In-place computation requires storage of only 7N node data
(d) Computalion of a butterfly requil-csonly one comples multiplication

04. The 4 point DFT of a DT sequence ( 1,0,2,1) is

(a) [O. -2+2j, 2, -2-2j] (b) [2.2+2j, 6. -2-2jJ
(c) [6, I-3j, 2, 1+3j ] (d) [6:- I + ~ J0,, -1-3j]

05. x[n] is areaI-valued.periodic sequence with 'peiiodNand its DI:T is X[k]. Tlle DFT Y[k]
I N-l
of the sequence y(n) = - Ex(:) x(n + r) is
N r=O
1 N-I I N-l
(a) I X(k) l 2 (b) - ~ ( r ~) ' ( kt r) (c) - EX(^) X(k + r) (40
N r=o
N r=O
0 6 . x[n] is a real - valued sequence given by {x[O], x[l], x[?], x[3], x[4], x[5], x[6]}. If first
.
. . . . ~ . D F d6&fficikbt&i[i]
T
~

.. are x[o], X[l], X[2] & X[3] the coefficient X[4] is equal to
(a) X[21 (b) x ' [ ~ I (c) x9[3] (4 X[31
07. Suppose N = 32 FFT algorithm has a "twiddle" factor of ~ 3 2 for
' one of the butterflies in
its fifth (last) stage. Is the FFT a DIT (or)DIF algorithm

8.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SET:-

. .
(1) Calculate the DFT of the following sequences?
(3) an)= 6(n) (b) x(n)=6[n-no], 0 l no 5 N-l
1 nevenOlnOlN-1
(c) x(n) = (d) x(n)=an, 0 Ol n < N-1
0 nodd

(e) x(n) =

Ir
0 -5nlN-1
L

' ~.

(2) Let x(@)denote the DTFT of x(n)=(1/2)"u(n). Let y (n) denote a finite - duration
sequence of length 10 i.e., y ( ~ y =for
t

~ n < 0 & n 2 10. The 10 point DFT of y(n) is Y(k).

Which is ~ ( k ) = ~ [ e ' ~ find
" ~ ' y(n)?
~]
 ACE ACADEMY S&S-DFT&FFT [I231

(;) Sketch 6 poult circular co~i\,oluti~n

of [he follo\ring sequences'?

(4)Find lhc circular convolution ofxl(n)={l,2. 3. 1) & sr(n)-(4. 3, 2. 2 )

(5) Consider the sequence s(n)={;, 1, 1,2). The five point DFT of x(n) is X(k). Find the

sequence y(n) whose DFI' is Y(k) = ' A ~ ~ ' j ! ~ ~ [ k j ?

( 6 ) Let x(n) be an N - point real sequence with N - point DFT X(k) (N even) and x[n]
. ...

jatisfies the symmetry

N
x[n+-] = -x(n) n = 0,i, ....+ -1 property i.e., upper half of the
2
sequence is the negative of the lowerhalf show thatX[k] =O for even k.
.. .. . . ~

(7) Figure shows a sequence x(n) for which the value of x(3) is an unknown constant C.
~ , ( k ) = & where ~ ~is ~5 point DFT of x(n). Find !he value of 'C'?
~ ~X(k)

(8) Given x(n)={2,3,2, I}. Find the 12-point signal described by y(n)={x(n), x(n), x(n)} and
. . ., . 12-point zero - interpolated signal h(n)=x[n/3]?

-
HINT:. Repikation in one domain corresponds'to zero interpolation in other. If a signal
is replicated.by M, its DFT is zero interpolated & scaled by M.

+-
{x(n), x(n),.. . .....x(n)} tt M X [ M ]

M-fold replication
x[nlM] e {X(k),X(k), ........X(k)}
J ?
Y
M-fold replication
[f241 S & S - D F T & FFT ACE ACADEMY

(9) Given two [our -.point sequences x[n] = [ I . 0.75.0.5. 0351 and y ( n j - [O75.(!.5.0-25. ! 1
express DFT Y(L) ill tel-111sofDI:T X(L)

(10) For each DFT pair she\\ boxed q u a n ~ i ~ i cus:ng

s . !?rollerties
{m . 3,-4, 0, 2) t, [j
(1 1) Let s(n)=(l. 2. I ) & l1(11)=!1. 2. I . 3. 2. 2. 3. 0. I . 0.1. 2 ) find illclr C D I I ~ O ~ I I I ILI I~SI~~I I S
(a) Ocerlap-add method
(b) overlap-save mcthod

REVIEW NOTES
 ---
ACE ACADEMY S & S -ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS [ 125 I

CHAPTER9. A D D I T I O N A L QUESTIONS

31. Which ul'the i'ollo\ving could no( be the ro~lricrscries expansion of a periodic signal?
(a) 2 cclsl 3 cos 31 jb) 2 cos 0.51 + 3 cos 3.5 I
(c) 2 cos 0 . 2 3 + 3 cos 0.00054t (d) 2 cosn L + 3 C O S I~ ~

(a) si11.31 (11) (sin3t)lt (c) sill3 (40

**
03. The value of [lie in~cgral 6(, - [)(,' +4)dt is --.
5 ---- --------
-7-

(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 3 (d) nor defined

04. Given ihc signal a(() = 1_ cost 4-3 cosjt + 4 cos41. Then power in x(t) is......... watts
(a) 10 (b) 14.5 .(c) ,I% (d) none . . . . . . . . .

05. Thc signal x(t) =~e"u(l)is...........

(a) Energy Signal ..-=. @)- Power Signal. . (c).neither energy nor power (d) none
;
;I
.
-=7sE
.. - ~
..
. . .. . . . . . .

06. The integral value l[ij(r + 2) - 6(r - 2)br is_...........

.
-m

(a) rect(tl4) (b) rect(tl2) (c) redtit) (d) 4

07: consider an energy signal x(t), over:the range -3 5 I 5 3, with energy E = 12 J. Then the
signalenergy in2x(t)is - I - - - . - - -
. .
. . . . . (a) 24. J.. .... (b) 12 J (c)48 J . (46J
. .. . . ... ...

08. The fundamental period of x(n) =ejo-e-Jo3nn is - - - - - - - - - -

(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) non periodic (d) none

09.
.. The siglal x(n) = ( j ).nn is._..
, . .
-.i.-. .--..
(a) ~ e r i i d i with
c fundamental period N = 8 (b) Periodic with fimdamental period N=4
(c) Non periodic id) None

10. The differential equation y'(t) - 4y(t)y(2t) = x(t) is

(a) linear & time -invariant (b) linear &time - variant
(c) nonlinear & time -invariant (d) nonlinear & time - variant

11. Consider the sinusoidal signa'l x(n) = . Then fundamei~talperiod of x(n) is

(a) 31 (b) 3112 (c) 4 ~ 1 I3 (d) none

12. The system.y(n)'= 2x(2") is . . . .

. .
I
(a j Time - invariant & causal (b) Time - variin~&causal
(c) Time - invariant & causal (d) Time - vaiiani & non causal
--
--
M.L. NARASIMHAM
 ACE ACADEMY S & S - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS [.I261

13. The value of b(t) * 2S(t-1) * 35(1-2)'is

(a) 2&(t-2) (b) 6S(t-2) (c) S(t-3) (d) 66(t-3)

I?. Co~ivolutionof e-'I u(t-2) with S(tt2) is

t'I 1 c-?cL+zr~ ( t ) (b) e-"n(t) (c) e~"'+''u(t+2) ( c ~ )e-"n(tt2)

15. An LTI systeni with impulse response h(n) = jnu(3-n) is

(a) Causal & stable (b) non causal & stable
(c) Causal & unstable (d) non causal 6:unstable

16. The itnpulse response of a system is h(11) = al'u(n).The condition for the systel:: iv !)i:
B I B 0 stable is
(a) 'a' is real & positive (b) 'a' is real & negative !
(c) lal> I ((I) la[<]

17. When i~iipulseresponse of an LTl system is integrated over whole time - domain, it gives
(a) Steady - stable response of system (b) d.c response of systcnl -
-
(c) transient response of system (d) steady - stable error of system -
-

18. A periodic signal which can be expanded in Fourier series .. , -

(a) is po\ver signal, . . . . . .

(b) is neither signal
(c) is neither a power nor an energy signal . ,

(d) can be either a power or an energy signal.depending on the ~ ~ a t u r e

1 -

19. The convolution of u(n) with u(n-4) at n = 5 is

(a) 5 (b)z
.., .
.
...
. . . - . ( c ) . I - ., ...,..,. ( 40

20. Given x(n) = xl(n) + x2(n) where xl(n) = xl(n+l 8) & x2(n) = x2(n+54), then x(n) is
(a) periodic with periodic of 54 (b) periodic with periodic of 27

.
(c) periodic with periodic of 18 (d) non periodic with periodic of 18

21. The ideal L ~ isFnot realizable because it is

(a) nonsca~r&l (b) non linear (c) unstable (d) time-varying

22. The inverse L.T. ~ T e - ~is/ s

(a) e-' (b) u(t-1) (c) 6(t-1) (d) (1-1) u(t-I)
23. An analog ECG signal contains frequency upto'100 I-k.This signal is sampled at a rate
250 sampleslsec.
. . The highest frequencythat can be represented uniquelyat this sampling
rate is
(a) 125'Hz. @) 200 Hz (c) 100 Hz (d) 250 Hz
24. If the result of convolution of 2 infinite duration signals is causal signal, then
(a) both the signals are anticausal @) one signal is causal & other is anticausal
(c) both the signals a r e causal (d) one signal is causal & other is non-ca~lsal
i=

25. Assume z(t) = [x(-.c+ a) h(t + .c)d.c. Given y(t) = x(t) * h(t) then z(t) in terms of y(l; is
 [I271 S & S - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS ACE ACADEMY
-
26. For an Ll'1 systcln: [lie response ofthc syslem to an inpui s l ( t )=u(O-u(~- I ) is !.I((). f h u n
rsspollse of the system to the input xL(t) ~ho\\:nin lig. in lut.ms of !:((t) is
I.-
(a) 2!1(1)+!.1(t+2) (b) yl(t 1-1 )+?!\(I)

(c) yI(L-3_)+!;I(t) (d) 2!.,(ttl)+!-l(t)

27. If )(t) =x(O * h(t) then \xhich ol'the follo\\;ing stalcmelit is corl-ecr
(a) y(3t) = 3x(3t) ': h(3t) (b) ~ ( 3 1=) x(>l) ' h(.?t)
(c) ).(;I) = 112 ~ ( ; t )* li(jt) (d) ~ ( 3 1z) I @ ~ ( ? t*) \I(?\)

28. Given an LTI system with impulse response h(t) - wc-"' u(t) > 0, and signal is s(t)
=sin"t. The11the output signal has d.c. \,nlur as

(;I) 112 (b) 0 (c) 1 (li) u

+n

29. Given the periodic signal "(t) = z ~ (-.;ll)-ult

t -3n-I 1. Tlien d.c, componenl oi'(his , . -
-
signal is (;Z?~en) . -
-
(a) 116 (b) 113 (c) %- (d) NOIK
30. Given n(t1T) tt T sinc(ff). Then F.T. of tl15 signal shown i n h g i s . :,. ..
(a) Zsincf cos(3nf)' (b)sinc2f cos(3nf)
(c) sinc3f cos(nf) (d) None
rn
i
3 1. The value of the igtegral J[cos(t - T) 6 ( ~ 3+ ) d ~ ] ' ~
i I
!
(a)cos(t-3) (b) cos(t+3) 6) 0 (d) None
. . .. ., ..
.. .. . , . . . . .. . .. . . .
32. The system y(t)'= Jx(t)
with input x(t) & output y(t) is
(a) nonlinear, time-invariant (b) nonlinear, time-variant
(c) linear, time-invariant (d) linear, time-variant
I

33. The system described by the equation y(t) = J m ( ~ ( r )+ y(t,) is---- - - - - - (to < 1)
. .. ,
. ;. ..
..
10

(a) memory & causal (b) memory &.noncausal

(c) static & causal (d) static &noncausal .

34. Consider a CTs whose input & output are related by y(t) t i b for a fixed b. This
system is with O,t> b

(a) memoryless & time-invariant (b) memoryless & time-variant

(c) memory & time-variant (d) memory & time-variant
35. Consider a DTs described by the advanced form difference equation 4

2y(n+3)-y(n+2)+3y(n+1-x(n+3)+2x(n+~)! 1f we simplify the equation then its order is ,

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) None

36. The difference equation y(n)+2y(n-l)rx(n-l)t3x(n-2)-x(n-3) is ----

(a) FIR filter (b) IIR filter (c) either FIR or IIR (d) None
 ACE ACADEMY S & S - ADDfTIONAL QUESTIONS [I281
-
37. 'The D.E.
describing the Nelwork sho\\.n in Fig. is
-
-
(a) 4!." ( t ) + !.' + 2y(t) = sl(t)
(I),!.I1(,t) + 4!'(t) + ?).(t) = sl(l)

( y I I (t) + 2y(t) = ~ ( t ) -

(d) None
Z

38:C;iven a periodic signal ~ ( 1=) 1 + sin61 - Zcos6t ?- nsin9lcos12t. Thc aml>litudeui'l[

harmonic of positive exponent term is i

I
(a) 1.57 (b) 1.12 (c)O.j (d)3 !

s-2
39. Consider (lie irausfer i i ~ n c t i oH(s)
~~ = Then zero frcquenc); response o r t l ~ e
system is s' + s + 100.25

(a) 0.02~'" (b) 0.01e-'"" (e) 0.07e"'" (d) None

40. Given the signal x(t)=16cos(20rrt+rr/4)+6cos(3Ont+rr/6)+4cos(40rrt+nl3) the power

-. contained in the frequency interval 12Hz to 22Hz is

(a) 22W (b) 26W (c) l o w (d)20W :

..
41. Given x(t)=2si1?(2500rrt) cos(2xl0~nt), then the average power is
..
(a) 0.75 watts (b) 0.5 watts (c) I watt ( d ) 2 watts.. .. , .. . . ., . . . . . '

. , . . ' , ....

42. If the input to a system is coslOnt + 2cos20nt, then the type of distortion (if any)
introduced by the system if output is y(t)= cos(L0nt-n/4)+2cos(20rrt-n/4).is

(a) Amplitude (b) Phase . (4 Both (a) and (b) , ., !d).None.,

s2i5s+7 .
43. The initial value of X(s) = 1s
s2+3s+2

44. Consider an LTI system with input & output related through the equation

y(t) = le-('-')x(~- 2)dz. Thtimpulse response of the system is

-m

(a) e-'I u(t) (b) e%(t-2)

. . (c) e-'("') u(t-2) (d) e-2('-2)u(t)

45. Define the area under a continuous time signal v(t) is

+m

A, = [ ~ ( t ) d tif y(t) = x(t)* h(t), thenAy =

-m

(a) &+Ah (b) Ax& (c) (4(A,+A~)~

 [ 129 I - S S - ADDITIONAL
-
QUESTIONS ACE ACADEMY

46. Given input of system is ~ ( t )= 6(1)

- 26((-l)+d(t-2) and impulse response h(l) is sho\\.n
in tig(1). Then output of tile system is

(d) None

47. The impulse response h(t) = e' u(-1-1) is

(a) Causal & stable (b) Non Causal & Stable
(c) Causal & Unstable (d) Non Causal & Stable
.. ~ . . , ..
48. For the system shown in figu&::: ' . ~ ', '

System stability is guaranteed

when a is
(a) a > 1 (b)a<O Delay
...
(c) 0 < a < 1 (d) None . . ~. ~ , . .

figure
, ..

49. ~ i v e n y ( t =
) (x(t)(where x(t) = cost. Then amplitude of d.c. component of y(t) is
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 112 (d) None

50. consider an LTI system with impulse response h(t) = e4' u(t). Then output y(t) for input

(a) 1/(4+jnx) (b) ll(4-jnx) (c) 11(4+jn(x)12) (d) 11(2+jnx)

51. The Fourier transform of ~ ( t=) - kT),l a l<l is

(a) 111+ae"~~ (b) e-JWTll (c) ~ l l - a e - ' ~ ~ (d) 1 / 1 + a e . ~ ~ ~

52. The Fourier transform of x(t) = ul(t) + 2S(3-2t) is

{where ul(t) is the differentiation of an impulse )
(a) 1 + e-jwn G,) 2 + 3e'" (c) jw+ e
-j3u:R
(d) jw + 2e-~2\v!3
 ACE ACADEMY S & S -ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS j q3Cr ]

(a) s(t) = c-'"' ; It1 < 3 (b) x(,t) = 1 ; 11) < 3

(c) s(t) = eizn' ; It/ 1 3 (d) Data is not sufficient

54. A real, co.ntinuous time li~nctionX ( I ) has a F.T. X(w) \4:11ose magniltide obeys the relation
In I X(i4:) I = - I\ , I. Then the signal s(1)is an e\-en funclion of lime is
(a) t/ I t t ' (13) -s/l+t2' (c) 1/x(l+t2) (d) -l/rc(l+tZ)

55. Let X(w) denotes F.T. of (lie signal >;(I)slio\\:n in fig.

The phase o i X(\v] is 1x(w) =
(a) -11. (b) +\\. (c) e'l'v (dj.0 (or) i 2
5 6 In the above proble~n(jj),the value ol'
-
IX(\!)~\\.
J.
is
4 1

(a) 2~ (b) 11271 (c) 4n ((1) Ii4n

57. Tlie output y(t) of a causal L1'1systeni is related is the input x(t) by D.E. dyldt + 2y(t) =
~(1).If x(t) = e-' u(t) then output of the system is . .. .
(a) e-' ~ ( t+) 112 e-" u(t) (b) e-' u(t) -112 e-2'
u(t)
(c) -e" u(t) - 112 e-2Lu(t) (d) 2e.I u(t) - e-2'u(t)

58. The Hilbert transform of x(t) = cos 3t is

(a) -cos3t (b) sin3t (c) -sin3t (d) none
..... , ~ , , ... . . .. .
59. Consider the Differential Equation of an LTI system is d2 y(t) / dt2 +Gdy(t)+-9y(t) = d2
x(t)/dt2 + 3dx(t) / dt + 2x(t). Then impulse response is
(a) 6(t) - 36" u(t) + 2e-31u(t) (b) 6(t) + 3e-l' u(t) - 2e-l' u(t)
(c) 6(t) + 3e-" u(t) - 2e-l' u(t)
.
(d) none of these

60. A signal x(t) of finite energy is applied to a square flaw device whose output is y(t). The
, . . . .. . .
...
..

spectrum of x(t) is limited in frequency interval -w-5 f 5 w. Then limits of spectrum of

~ ( t is)
(a)-2wIfI2w (b)-w<_fIw (c)-\v<fs2w (d)-2wIfIw

61. The Fourier Transform of a signal g(t)t, G(f) = signal g(t) is

-1 1
(c) -+-6(t) (d) None of these
j2nt 2
 1737 I
-- S&
- S -ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS ACE ACADEMY

61. The fi-cqilency1-esponseof the linear syslecn sho\\.n in I'ig(4) is

3L7yFi-q--~q- ~m
\;(I)

Delay
Delay

Fig

(a) T' ~ i n ~ ( f l ' ) e - ' " ' ~ (b) '1" S~IIC'(~T)~."""

(c) T' ~ i n ~ ' ( t T ) e - ' " ~ jd) T' ~ i n ~ ( f ~ ) e - ' " ~

6.3 'Phe avcrage value of [lie signal sl10\\,11i T Fiy. is s(t)

(a) -1.75
+3
(b) 0
(c) I 3
(d) None

64. A harmonic signal x(t) = 3sin(4t+20°) -4 cos(l2t+40~)~'~hen

theamplitude of I1
harmonic is . .

(4 0 (b) 3 (c) 4
..... .
( 4 -1 ..
.. .. . ~ . .. . . . ,,. . ..,...,.,.,, .

65. The exponential fourier series coefficientfoithe signal shown in Fig, is

66. If energy of first 4 harmonics of the signal

shown in fig. is equal to 1.28 Joules. What is
the energy contamed in the rest of harmonics? n 2 p ,
(a) 2.725 (b) 4.J
(c) 1.28 J (d)l J

L l - 2 . CJ
67. Consider a filter with frequency response H(o) = ll(l+jo) & input IS x(t) =e-2L~ ( t )Then
.
Energy in output is
(a) 1/3 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) Data is not sufficient
 ACE ACADEMY S & S -ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS [132] -

.
6s. For thc system sIio\v~lill fig., the elation bct\veen input 8r outp~~t
is described by U b . --

3dy(1)
(a) + 2y(t) = x(t)
- --
qt2 dt
d-y(t) 3dy(t)
(b) -+ --- + 2y(t) = I(()
dt2 dt
(c) ;dy(t)
+--+ 2y(t) = x(t)
dl
d-y(t) +--3dy(t) + 2y(t) = s(t)
(4 -
dt' dt
69. A discrete --time system is described by the I1 order differential equation
y[k+Z]-l.jy[k+ I I+y[k] = 2x[k]. Given y [ - I \ = 1. !(-21 - 7. I r a unitstep sequence is
applied as input then y[k] a1 k = 2 is
(a) -0. I25 (b) 0.125 (c) -1.75 (d) 1.25 -
. . . ., -

70. For an LTI system the input signal x(t) & irnpi~lscresponse h(t) are shown in Fig. the
output observed at t = 3 sec is
(a) 0
(b) 1
( 4 -1
(d) -32

71. The im~ulseresoonse of the system shown in Fie. is

72. The Iaplace transform of sin2 o t u(t) is

..-.
(a) o/[s2 + m2] (b) 02/[s(s2+ 02)2] (c) 202/[(s2+ 402)] (d) 202/[s(s24- 202)]

73. If X(s) = (-3s' + 2) / (s3 + s2 + 3s + 2). Then the initial value is

(a) -3 (b) 3 (c) 0 (4 1
74. Given X(s) = (5s - 1) I (s3 - 3s - 2). Then inverse Laplace transform is
(a) (e-"+ 2te4 +e33 u(t) (b) (-e-' + 2te-' +e-lL)u(t)
(c) (-e-' + 2te-' +e2') u(t) (d) (3e-' + 2te2') u(t)

75. A LTI continuous - time system has the impulse response cos2t + 4 sin 2t. Then the

response to the input

(a) (-cos2t+eSt) u(t) (b) (-cos2t-e-') u(t) (c) (sin2t-e-') u(t) (d) (-sin2t+e-') u(t)
 I
[I331 S & S -ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS ACE ACADEMY I -

76. A LTI contin~~ous

- litlie systetll \ins tile transl'er form [j(s)=[s(s+-~)
I (s' +?s -I- 4). !I'h(,t)" -

\'(t) = 6(t). Then \,(I) is

(a) (.-6(t)-4-3e-l) u(t) (b) ( - 3 ) I ) (c) (6(t) + -I-3c") u(t) (d) None of these -
-
-

77. A discrete rime signal s(n) has Z - translbrm X(z) = ( z + I ) I (,z;z-l)l. The \.aluc o l
~ ( 1 0 ~ 0 0is0 )
(a) I (b) -I (4 2 id) 0

n ) x(n) * h(n) \vill be

78. If x(n) = LI(II)& h(n) = n ~ ~ (then
(a) 11' u(n) (b) (n+ 1) u(n) (C) n(n+l) u(n) id) (n'!?) (u(n))
2
79. The sigiial s(n) = sin' [itn 1121 is
(a) Periodic with period = I!6 (b) Periodic wit11 period = 12
(c) A periodic (d) None oT thcse

80. The Fourier transform of 6[t-tl,] I a1 is

(a) la( eio'o (b) (I 11 a/ elc'Lo (c) 6(w-wo) e-'"'o1o (d) e-'""o

8 I. The Fourier transform of f ( ~ b)

+ is
la I ..
(a) (l~lal@~"
F(aw) (b) la\ ejaboF(ao) ' (b)'la(e-Jabo
F(aw) (d) la1 eeiab"F(awj

then the response if theinput is u(t) + 6(t-3)

82. If frequency response of the system is -3e-jZW,
..
is
(a) 3u(t-2) + 3S(t-5) (b) -3u(t-2) -36(t-5)
(c) -3u(t-5) + 3S(t-2) (d) -3u(t-2) + 36(t-5). . , . . . . . . . ~ ... .~. . .. . .. . . . , ,

,.. , . , . .. ,..

83. The output of the system shown

If the input is te-2' u(t) is
(a) fZ e-*' u(t)
6) t e;2' u(t) . ..
. . . ~.

..
,
(c) (t2/2) e-2tu(t)
(d) (t12) e-It u(t)

84. The Z - transform of e'" is

(a) It/ Z @)il (z-c-'~); IZ1> 1 (e) z / ( k j e ) ; IZ1> 1 (d) Zl(Z+e' ' e),. 1 Z 1 > ]

85. The Z - Transform of the system shovhin figure is

(a)1/1+2ik
@) 1 1 1 -22-'
(c) 2-I 1 1 - 22-I
(d) 2'' 1 1 + 22"

86. A LTI continuous -times stem has transfer function. H(s) = 1 / (s + 1). The output when
g
input applied is cos(t + 45 ) u(t) n .
@)(cost - e-' )(t)
- - e-I )(t)
( c ) ( ~ / J i l cost
 ACE ACADEMY S & S -ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS [ 434 'I

87. :\ 1.1'1 continuous - time syste~iihas fistl~~encyresponse I<(o)). it is k n o \ \ n rhai llie i ~ i p u l

0
s(t)= I + 4 cos(2nt) + 8 sin(3irr-90 )produces tile response y(t) = 1 ?sin(2nt'1.L'i:c:l -

I{((,)) ai 0)= 3n is
-,st>
(a) 0 . (b) l (c) (I!?) e (d) None of ihese

88. A conti~itloustime signal s(t) has F.T. S(tu)=l/(io+b) where 'b' is Constant. Tlisn F.1'. of
I l h t b ) is
(a) 2nz he, u(-(0) ( 3 ) i r e h6 (c) - ~ n eU(O)
- ~ ~ id) None of these

89. Thc Nyquist rate for the signal z(t) = Sa(4t) + 2sa2(3t)is
(a) 6 radlsec (b) 8 radlsec (c) 12 radlsee (d) 24 radlsec

90. Given h(n) = (1. 2, 1. O,?] Then system is

(a) Causal & stablef (b)Non -Causal 6; stable
(c) Causal & Uns~ilble (d) Non - causal & listab able
-
.. ..
91. A signal x(t) with band width B is p ~ on ~ at carrier cosco,t with o), >> 13. The modulited -

. .
signal x(t)coso,,t is then applied to thc system shown in figure. The. frequenfy response 01' !
-

the filter in the system is given by

. .. .

(a) x(t)
(b) (112) x(t)
(c) 2x(t) 'I
1

..
. .
f
Cos(oct+e)
Filter
. . , .
I
(4
92; Arecursive filter is &scribed
. , . . . . . , . . .. . . . . .
,, .. . . . . by y(p) -0.7~[n-l] - 0.3 .y(n-2) - 6x[n-11. The static gain '
..,
. . . . o f the filter is - - HINT: Static gain is H(z) at z = 1 .. .

(a) 10 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these

. .

93. The difference equation is described by y(n) = (114) x(n+2) +(1/2) x(n+l) + (112) x(nj
+(112) x(n-1)+(1/4) x(n-2) where input is x(n) & output y(n) is
(a) Causal & siabli :'. ( b ) Causal & unstable
(e) Non causal &'Stable (d) Nbn causal & Unstable
~.

94. The power contained in the first 2 -harmonics of periodic signal shown if Fig. are.
(a) 0.3083 watts 4 x(t)
(b) 0.'33 watts
(c) 0.67 watts
(d) 0.0308 watts

9
95. For the system shown in Fig. if inputis e-' u(t), then fourier transform of output is
(a) 1-e-i2w/(l+jo)
I (b) l+e-i2m/(l+jo)'
(c) 11 ( l + j ~ ) ~
(d) 1+e-20 / ( 1+j0)'
 [I351 S & S -ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS ACE ACADEMY -
-5,

1. /(>);<I
) X(o) =
96. Lei ~ ( t tt - u eJI yil) 12dt is
Consider ~ ( t =) d k t ) l'l~en~ - ~ lof
,

0. I w I > I . d t2 .?
(a) ;In (b) 213 (c) 1/3n (d) 1/6n'

97. Considcr a discrete - time 1.1.1 s!.stcm \\hose system l\lncrion is H(z) = z ijz-112)
Iz~>112. I'hen step response clCsystem is
(a) [2 +(I /2)"] ~ ( I I ! (b) 12 -(112)"1 10)
(c) ) [I-(li2)" ] ii(n-1) i d ) [1+(1/2)"-' ] u!n)

98. The ir~itial& final values ot'.;(z) = [2z(z-5/12)] ![(z-112) (2-ll3)] ; lzl (112) is
respectively
(a) 2 6; 0 (b) 0 & 2 (c) 0 & 1 (d) 1 &: 0

99. The Z.T. of n(n-1) a".' u(n) is

(a) 2z I (z+a)j ; /zJ> la\ (b) z I (z+a)' ;Izl> a
. . (c) 27 1(2-a)' ; 12)> la1 (d) zI (z-a)' : ~ z l >n

100. Consider a continuous - time signal x(t) = e-" , t 2 0. Let the sequence x(n) be obtained
by uniform sarnpling of x(t) such that x(n) = x(nTs). Then Z.T. of x(n) is
aTs -1
(a)ll(l-e z j (b) 1 1 ( l -z ) (c) z I (I - e z ) (d) Nonc of these

ASSERTION AND REASON

In questions, two statements A(Assertion) & R(Reason) are given mark the answer. .as
~. .,
. . . . . . . . .. . , .
(a) If A & R both are true & R is the correct explanation of A. ..
.. .
...
. ... ,

.., . . , ,
(b) If A & R both are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
- (c) If A is true & R is false.
(d) If A is false & R is true.

1. Assertion (A): The L.T of e-a' sinot is o / ( ~ + a+) .a2

~ •
. , . . . . . . . .. . . .
Reason (R): If the L.T of f(t) is F(s), then L.T of f(t) e-a'-is~{s+a) [Bl
.-
2. Assertion (A): All memory less systems are causal
Reason (R): All causal systems are memory less [cl
3. Assertion (A): An LTI discrete system represented by the difference equation
y(nt2) -5y(n+l) + 6y(n) = x(n) is unstable
Reason(R) : A system is unstable if the roots of the characteristic equation lie outside the
unit Circle. [Bl

4. Assertion (A): The value of 4t2 6(2t-4) is 8 6(t-2)

Reason(R) :Area under impulse function is one.

5. Assertion (A): The average power in the signalx(n) = 6 eiZnd4is 36 W

N
Reason@) :The average power in the signal x(n) is P,, = Lt
N+w 2 N t l R=-N
x(n)12
 ACE ACADEMY S 81S -ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS [138!

6. Assertion ( t i ) :f h e dil'rerential equatio~iy'(t)+2y2(t)=2s(ti-x(t) is nonlinear but time

in\xiant. . ,

Reason(R) : An LTI system is causal il h(t) = 0: t<O

7. Assertion (A) : The'periodic signal sit) = 214 sin(6nt) is having exponential F.S.
coefficients {j2,2. -12).
Reason(R) : An odd periodic signal contains only sine ternls

8. Assertiocl(A):'l'runcalion in time- do~ilai~l

causes ripples in frequency domain.
Iieason(R) : For a periodic signal lo havc F.S. il should satisfy Dirichcr condition [A]

9. Asse~lion(A):In the exponenlial Fourier representation of a real-valued periodic function

.?n,, l,,l &
, e..i2z,, 1.01
[(t) of frequency fo. t h coefficients
~ of the lerms e'- are
negatives of each other.
Reason(R) : The discrete magnilucle speclrum or f(l) is e\;e!l& the phase speclrum is odd
[Dl - -

...,..
10. Asseilion(A): The.tability
,. .
of the system is assured if the ROC includes the unit circle in
-
-
thez-plane.. ~ . . ....
,

Reason(R): For a causal stable system all the poles shbuld be_ okside t$ unit circle in z:,. .
plane [C]
.
.
_ _ I
~ ~ ,
1
:
>
!.
. .,,
I I. Assertion(A): The Laplace & n s f o m s . ~ fthe signale-'' u(t) and -e-" u(-t) is 1/(S+2)
Reason(R) : The ROC for e-'i u(t) ROC is (T > -2 and for -e-I1 u(-t). . is o < -2. [B]
,

. . .. .. ,
12. Assertion (A):
. . . For
. . aperiodic
.. . signal x(t) = 3..sin(4t'+20~)-4cos(12t+40~),the an~pliludeof
,,

I1 harmonic is 3. . .

Reason(R) : For signal x(t), fundamental period is n/2 [Dl

13. Assertion(A): F.T. of unit step function is l/jw +n6(o).

- .. : Reason@) : L.T. evaluated.along'the.imaginaryaxis becomes F.T. [B]
.-
14. Assertion(A): For an LTI system to be stable I ih(r)dr <a,. .
Reason(R) : For an LTI system with system function H(s),ROC must include the
imaginary axis. [A]

. I 15. Assertion(A): F.T. of l/~ctis -jsgn(w)

, Reason@) : If x(t) ct X(w) then X(t)'ct 2m(-w) . [Bl
I
116. Assertion(A): Ideal filters are non causal
( Reason(R) : The condition for distortionless transmission is magnitude spectrum must be
linear function of frequency [c]
 [I371 -
S & S ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS ACE ACADEMY

for FIR lilter.

17. .Assertio!l(A):Lineal phase cliaractc~.isticsis nuisi co~ldi~io~l
ReasoNR) : IIR filters are generall!. stable l
klatcl~tile following

l i Listl (F(s)) List I1 (f(t))

1. I.OS(1)

C, S t lo 3. sinI0L LI(I)
( s t lo)! + 100

A B C D
a ) 3 4 1 2
b ) 4 3 1 2
c ) 3 4 2 1 Id1
I d ) 4 3 2 1

2) List 1 (Input- output relation) List I1 (property of system)

A) ~ ( n=) x(n) I. Nonlinear, noncausal
B) yn) = x(n2) 2. Linear, nonlcausal .
C) y(n) = x2 (-n) 3. Linear, causal
D) ~ ( n =) x2(n) 4. Nonlinear, causal

A B C D
a) 1 4 3 2
b) 3 2 1 4
c) 1 2 3 4 [bl
d) 3 4 1 2

3) List1 (function in time - domain) List I1 (F.T. of the function)

A) Delta function 1) Delta function
B) Gate function 2) Gaussian function
C) Normalised Qaussian function 3) Constant function
D) Sinusoidal function 4) Sampling function
 ACE ACADEMY S & S - ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS [438 j

4) The following table gives some ti~ue[unctions and L.T.

f(t) Us)
I . s(t) S

2. u(t) 11s
3. tu(t) 21s'
4. t2 u(t) 21s'

Of the correctly matched pair is [a]

(a) 2 & 4 (b) 1 & 4 (c) 3 & 4 (d) 1 & 2

5 ) List 1 (s(n)) List 11 (Z.T) X(z)

-- -
az
1)
(z - a)'

z-'
9)-z-a , ~. .
, ... , .., . . , . , .. . . . : . . . ...
..... . , , , . , ,

A B C D
a) 3 2 4 1
b) 2 3 4 1
c) 3 4 2 1
d) 2 4 2 3

6) List 1 (properties) List I1 (characteristic of trigonometric form)

A) f(t) + f(-t) = 0 1: even haimoiiics exist
B) f(t) - f(-t) = 0 2 . 0 4 hani~onicscan exist
C) f(t) + f(t-t/2) = 0 3. dc & cosine teems canexist.
D) f(t) :f(t-t/2) = 0 4. sine terms can exist
. . .
5. cosine terms of even harmonics can exist

A B C D
a) 4 5 3 1
3 4 1 2
5 4 2 3
d ) 4 3 2 1
 .

[I391
-

7 ) List I (signals) List I1 (transform)

-
A) g(t-2) I ) jd ldw G(o) .
-
B) t g(t) 2) I13 G((1113)etJc' '
C) !@I 3) e-'2L'G(w)
D) g(3t + I ) 4) G(-a)
A B C D
a) 1 4 3 2
b) 3 1 4 2

8) List I (Z.T) List I1 (ROC)

A) I I) JzJ< 2 '
2
B) -- right sided
2-2 2) 121 > 2
C) log (l+az-'), right sided . . 3) 121' I/a
2
D3 ~-1/4-1/8'-' , stable

5) lzl> !h ' .
6) entire Z ~.
A B C D ..
a) 6 1 3 5 .
b) 6 3 + .5. . . . 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .
c) 6 - 2 2 . 5 . [c]
d ) 6 5 4 2

9) List I (signal transform)

... A)
S
. .. .. . . .
..
List I1 (characteristic)

1. causal, unstable
.- ( s t 1)(s + 2)

2. noncausal, stable

3. causal, marginally stable

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