Current Applied Physics 7 (2007) 597–604

www.elsevier.com/locate/cap
www.kps.or.kr

Anti-corrosive properties of polyaniline, poly(2-toluidine),

and poly(aniline-co-2-toluidine) coatings on stainless steel
Evrim Hür a, Gözen Bereket a,*
, Yücel S
ß ahin b

a
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Eskisßehir Osmangazi University, 26480, Eskisßehir, Turkey
b
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisßehir, Turkey

Received 4 August 2006; received in revised form 25 November 2006; accepted 22 December 2006
Available online 11 January 2007

Abstract

This study examines the use of polyaniline (PANi), poly(2-toluidine) (PT), and poly(aniline-co-2-toluidine) (co-PT) for corrosion pro-
tection of 304-stainless steel (SS) in 0.5 M HCl solution. The PANi, PT, and co-PT coatings were synthesized on SS substrates under
cyclic voltammetric (CV) conditions from acetonitrile solution using tetrabuthylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) as supporting electrolyte
and perchloric acid (HClO4) as acid. These coatings were characterized by CV, FTIR, and UV–vis spectroscopy. The ability of PANi,
PT, and co-PT to serve as corrosion protective coatings for SS was examined by open circuit potential-time (Eocp-time), potentiodynamic
polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The results of this study reveal that PANi, PT, and co-
PT acts as corrosion protective coatings on SS and every coating gives protection efficiency of greater than 80% after 48 h of immersion
in corrosive test solution.
Ó 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

PACS: 82.45.Bb; 72.80.Le; 84.37.+q; 82.45.Aa

Keywords: Polyaniline; Corrosion; Electropolymerization; Conducting polymer

1. Introduction functional groups such as alkoxy, amino alkyl, aryl and

Protective coatings have been widely used for metal cor-
rosion control. The use of conducting polymers for the
inhibition of corrosion is an area which is very recently
gaining increasing attention. Among the conducting poly-
mers, those derived from aniline and its derivatives have
been predicted to be futuristic materials because of their
greater environmental stability, cheapness of raw materials
used, easy synthesis and their unique conduction mecha-
nism. But these polymers are not found to be processible
due to the rigid backbone structure, because of the exten-
sive delocalization of p-electrons [1]. However, a more pro-
cessable form of PANi has been prepared by modification
of the polymer backbone through introduction of various
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 222 2393750; fax: +90 222 2393578.
E-mail address: gbereket@ogu.edu.tr (G. Bereket).
sulfonyl groups [2]. The use of ring substituted polyaniline
films as protective coatings for the corrosion of metals is
recorded in literature [3–7].
Alternative method for improving properties of con-
ducting polymers as corrosion inhibitor is use of composite
of polyaniline and poly-substituted aniline. Composite of
polyaniline and poly-o-toluidine was found to be effective
corrosion inhibitor for stainless steel in H2SO4 and NaCl
[3]. The use of conducting polymers for protection of met-
als against corrosion has been only recently investigated
[3,8–17]. Among the electrically conductive polymers poly-
aniline is considered as one of the most attractive materials
used as coating for corrosion control.
However, when dealing with the electrosynthesis of
polyaniline and ring substituted polyaniline films a prob-
lem arise which the relevant potential of polymerization
of monomers might correspond to the active dissolution

1567-1739/$ - see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.cap.2006.12.005
598 E. Hür et al. / Current Applied Physics 7 (2007) 597–604
potential of metal. This can be overcome by choosing
proper solvent or pretreatment conditions [18].
The aim of this work is to synthesize PANi, PT, and
co-PT films using cyclic voltammetry from acetonitrile
solution and examine the protection performance of these
films for corrosion of SS in HCl solution. There is no
report in literature dealing with electrodeposition of PT
and co-PT films from acetonitrile as well as there is no
report dealing with the corrosion performance of these
films for the corrosion of SS in HCl. The examination of
substituted polyanilines and composite of them opens up
the possibility of using conducting polymers having
improved properties.
2. Experimental
2.1. Electrochemical synthesis
Aniline (Aldrich) and 2-toluidine (Aldrich) were vac-
uum-distilled (67 °C) and maintained a nitrogen atmo-
sphere. Acetonitrile (Merck), perchloric acid, HClO4,
(70%, Aldrich), Tetrabutylammonium perchlorate, TBAP,
(Fluka) were used as a solvent, an acid, and a supporting
electrolyte, respectively.
The electrochemical cell used was of the three-electrode
type with separate compartments for the reference elec-
trode (Ag/AgCl, sat.) and the counter electrode (a SS
plate). The acetonitrile solution containing 0.1 M TBAP
in the reference electrode compartment was saturated with
AgCl. SS wire, was used for the cyclic voltammetric studies,
and SS plate (area: 1 cm2) was used as a working electrode
for corrosion tests. The electrodes were polished with 1000
and 1200-grit emery papers prior to each experiments.
Prior to coating, working electrodes were pre-treated in
ethyl alcohol and acetone solution to remove impurities
in an ultrasonic cleaner. Finally, the electrodes were rinsed
with acetonitrile and dried before use.
Electrodeposition was performed by cyclic potential
sweeping in the potential range between 0.30 V and
+1.90 V (vs. Ag/AgCl, sat.) at a scan rate of 50 mV/s using
CHI604A model electrochemical analyzer.
UV–vis spectra of the polymers and copolymer solutions
in dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO, were recorded by a UV-1601
Shimadzu spectrophotometer. The polymers and copoly-
mers structures were determined by FTIR spectrophoto-
meter using a Jasco 400E and KBr pellets of solid samples.
2.2. Corrosion tests
Corrosion tests were carried out to investigate the corro-
sion performance of polyaniline (PANi), poly(2-toluidine)
(PT), and poly(aniline-co-2-toluidine) (co-PT) films on
the SS. Corrosion tests were performed in a three electrode
type cell using the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl) in a luggin
capillary and the counter electrode (Pt wire). Electrochem-
ical corrosion measurements were investigated using poten-
tiodynamic polarization technique, open circuit potential
(Eocp)-time curves and electrochemical impedance spectro-
scopy (EIS). Potentiodynamic polarization measurements
were always started from the Eocp at the scan rate of
2 mV/s. Electrochemical impedance measurements were
obtained at measured Eocp values applying 5 mV of ampli-
tude, in frequency range from 105 to 102 Hz. Electrochem-
ical corrosion measurements were performed in 0.5 M HCl
solution at room temperature and in open air with a
CHI604A model electrochemical analyzer.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Electrochemical synthesis
The voltammograms recorded for uncoated SS electrode
and Pt electrode in 0.1 M TBAP/acetonitrile solution con-
taining 20 mM HClO4 are given in Fig. 1. It could be said
that there is no any significant electrochemical process on
Pt electrode at applied potentials. Dissolution of SS started
at potential around 1.350 V and the peak potential for that
oxidation process on corresponds to the Ep value of
1.650 V.
The anodic peak due to electro oxidation of aniline and
2-toluidine started around +0.90 V and +0.97 V (vs. Ag/
AgCl) in a 0.1 M TBAP/acetonitrile solution containing
20 mM HClO4, respectively. The peak potentials for the
electro oxidation of aniline and 2-toluidine corresponds
to the Ep values of 1.430 V and 1.800 V, respectively. These
results indicate that SS electrode was covered by PANi and
PT films before dissolution of the electrode. Furthermore
Fig. 1 shows that uncoated electrode is passive in the
potential range of 0.120 V and 1.350 V.
Fig. 2a shows the initial five cyclic voltammetric sweeps
taken during the oxidation of 100 mM aniline with 20 mM
HClO4 in a 0.1 M TBAP/acetonitrile solution. The poten-
tial was scanned from 0.30 V to +1.90 V (vs. Ag/AgCl)
at scan rate of 50 mV/s. The oxidation peak of the aniline
Fig. 1. The voltammograms recorded for Pt and SS electrodes in 0.1 M
TBAP/acetonitrile solution containing 20 mM HClO4. The scan rate was
50 mV/s.
 E. Hür et al. / Current Applied Physics 7 (2007) 597–604
Fig. 2. Cyclic voltammograms of an acetonitrile solution containing
100 mM aniline, and 20 mM HClO4/0.1 M TBAP: (a) the five initial cyclic
voltammograms, (b) the subsequent multisweep cyclic voltammograms,
and (c) the electrochemical behavior of the polymer film in a neutral blank
solution (0.1 M TBAP). The scan rate was 50 mV/s.
shifts to higher potentials and gradually disappears. The
peak shows the formation of a film on the electrode surface
and behaves differently from that of the bare SS working
electrode. Fig. 2b demonstrates the subsequent sweeps
obtained in the same solution. The formation and growth
of the polymer film can easily be seen in this figure. The
oxidation and reduction peaks of the film increase in inten-
sity as the film grows. There are two broad oxidation and
two reduction peaks observed during the growth of the
film. Details about the oxidation and reduction peaks are
given in our previous work [4,5]. Fig. 2c shows the voltam-
metric response of PANi film grown on stainless steel in
blank solution indicating the electroactive behavior of the
PANi film.
Fig. 3a illustrates the initial five cyclic voltammetric
sweeps taken during the oxidation of acetonitrile solution
599
Fig. 3. Cyclic voltammograms of an acetonitrile solution containing
100 mM 2-toluidine, and 20 mM HClO4/0.1 M TBAP: (a) the five initial
cyclic voltammograms, (b) the subsequent multisweep cyclic voltammo-
grams, and (c) the electrochemical behavior of the polymer film in a
neutral blank solution (0.1 M TBAP). The scan rate was 50 mV/s.
containing 100 mM 2-toluidine with 20 mM HClO4/0.1 M
TBAP and Fig. 3b demonstrates the film growth. The cyclic
voltammograms recorded in blank solution shows the
electroactive behavior of the PT film (Fig. 3c).
Fig. 4 shows the cyclic voltammetric sweeps taken during
the oxidation of 100 mM 2-toluidine with 175 mM aniline in
acetonitrile solution containing 0.1 M TBAP and 20 mM
HClO4. The films were grown in aniline solutions of concen-
tration 25 mM 225 mM by the cycling of the potential
between 0.30 V and 1.90 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for the same per-
iod of time (40 min) at a scan rate of 50 mV/s. There was a
considerable decrease in the yield of polymer formation
below and above this aniline concentration (see Fig. 5a).
Optimum acid concentration for the polymerization process
was done as our previous work [4,5]. Fig. 5b shows the that
600 E. Hür et al. / Current Applied Physics 7 (2007) 597–604

Current density (Ipx10-5A/cm2)

5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
0 50 100 150 200 250
Caniline (mM)

12

Current density (Ipx10+4A/cm2)

10
8

6
4

2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

CHClO 4(mM)

Fig. 5. The effect of (a) aniline concentration on the copolymer and (b)
HClO4 concenteration on the homopolymers.

Fig. 4. Cyclic voltammograms of an acetonitrile solution containing

100 mM 2-toluidine, 175 mM aniline, and 20 mM HClO4/0.1 M TBAP:
(a) the five initial cyclic voltammograms, (b) the subsequent multisweep
cyclic voltammograms, and (c) the electrochemical behaviour of the
polymer film in a neutral blank solution (0.1 M TBAP). The scan rate was
50 mV/s.

20 mM acid concentration is the optimum amount of acid

for obtaining polymer in best yield.
The structural characteristics of PANi film was investi-
gated by FTIR spectroscopy in the range of 2000–400
cm1 (Fig. 6). Comparison of the interpretation of the
characteristic peak of PANi film as given in our previous
work [4,5] with characteristic peak of PT and co-PT shows
that the vibration peak of the quinoid units shifted to lower
wavelengths in PT while the vibration peak of the quinoid
units shifted to higher wavelengths in co-PT. On the other Fig. 6. Baseline corrected FTIR spectra (2000–400 cm1 region) of (a)
PANi, (b) PT, (c) co-PT.
hand, there was almost no change the characteristic vibra-
tion peak of benzenoid units. Two new peaks at about
1108 cm1 and 1079 cm1 were observed at PT and co- mer structure. The synthesized polymer was a homopoly-
PT spectra, respectively. These peaks were associated with mer of 2-toluidine (Fig. 6b) and the other one was a
the presence of methyl groups in the polymer and copoly- copolymer of aniline with 2-toluidine (Fig. 6c).
 E. Hür et al. / Current Applied Physics 7 (2007) 597–604 601

PANi
PT
co-PT
Abs.

300 400 500 600 700 800

Wavelength (nm.)
Fig. 9. The polarization curves recorded for uncoated SS (–), SS/PANi
Fig. 7. UV–vis absorption spectra of PANi, PT, and co-PT in DMSO. (j), SS/PT ( ), and SS/co-PT (m) electrodes in 0.5 M HCl.

Examination of UV–vis spectra of the PANi, PT and co-

PT shown in Fig. 7 shows that peak that attributed to the
p–p* transition of the benzenoid moieties in the PANi lin-
ear structure or simply to the band gap of the polymer [19]
and pea that resembles to the benzenoid–quinoid transition
in the emeraldine form of PANi [19,20] are red shifted with
respect to PANi in PT due to presence of electron giving
character of methyl units.
3.2. Corrosion behaviour
Open circuit potential-time curves, potentiodynamic
polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
measurements were done to investigate corrosion perfor-
mance of coatings in 0.5 M HCl. Fig. 8 shows Eocp-time
curves obtained in corrosive medium. Initial Eocp value of
uncoated electrode was 0.196 V and remains almost con-
stant after 90 min of immersion time. The initial values
measured for SS/PANi, SS/PT, and SS/co-PT electrodes
were +0.299 V, 0.250 V and +0.230 V, respectively. The
low potential values obtained for SS/PT electrode imply
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
E (V)
the existence of more PT in reduced form and higher poten-
tial values of SS/PANi and SS/co-PT imply the existence of
more PANi co-PT in oxidized form. After 90 min of expo-
sure time except. Eocp value of SS/PT which was negative
(0.249) Eocp values of the SS/PANi and SS/co-PT elec-
trodes have noble Eocp values with respect to uncoated elec-
trodes. Fig. 9 shows the polarization curves for coated and
uncoted electrodes. The use of polarization curves has
some drawbacks like the corrosion currents obtained from
Tafel extrapolation may related with several processes like
oxidation of metal, doping of polymers, oxidation of film
and/or insertion of anions as counter ions in the polymer
structure. However, these plots are still thought to be use-
ful for compression of relative performances of various
types of polymer coatings being tested under the same con-
ditions. The examination of Fig. 9 shows that presence of
coatings on SS considerable reduces currents.
EIS is often used in corrosion studies to characterize the
complex reaction systems involved. It is possible to use the
polarization resistance, Rp, taken from the diameter of
semicircle in Nyquist plot as an indicator of the corrosion
rate. Generally larger Rp values point to slower rates of
corrosion [21]. The corrosion of SS/PANi, SS/PT, and
SS/co-PT electrodes has been investigated by EIS measure-
ments for different immersion times in aerated 0.5 M HCl
solution. Fig. 10 shows the Nyquist plot and corresponding
SS Bode plots of log Z–log Freq obtained in 0.5 M HCl for 2 h
SS/PANi exposure time for SS electrode. The feature of the curve

SS/PT
0 was slightly depressed semicircle with the diameter of
SS/co-PT
270 X. Since there was not any coating on the electrode sur-
-0.1 face and a passivation could not be expected under these
-0.2
conditions and the diameter of the curve must be equal
to charge transfer resistance (Rp) value of SS electrode
-0.3 [22,23].
0 20 40 60 80 100 Fig. 11 shows the Nyquist plot recorded for SS/PANi
t (min) electrode after various exposure times obtained in 0.5 M
Fig. 8. Eocp-time curves of uncoated SS, SS/PANi, SS/PT, SS/co-PT in HCl. The feature of Nyquist plot was depressed semicircle
0.5 M HCl. and the Rp values are equal the diameters of the semicircles.
602 E. Hür et al. / Current Applied Physics 7 (2007) 597–604

Fig. 10. (a) Nyquist plot, (b) phase angle-log Freq plot for SS electrode
0.5 M HCl.

The high Rp value was measured with respect to SS elec-

trode and after 24 h of exposure time this value started to
decrease but it was still much higher than that of SS
electrode. This can simply be explained with the forma-
Fig. 11. Nyquist plots for SS/PANi at different immersion time (a) (d)
tion of protective PANi films on the surface. Bode plots
2 h, (m) 4 h, (b) (d) 24 h, (m) 48 h in 0.5 M HCl.
of log Z–log Freq of SS/PANi electrode at various immer-
sion times given in Fig. 12 revealed rather high impedance
at low frequency for 2 and 4 h immersion time and reflected
capacitive behavior. However, for 24 and 48 h immersion
time drop in impedance reflected the starting of absorption
of electrolyte solution through the pores of polymer films
which results diminishing of protective effects. Dominant
resistive character is evidenced by the rather broad platue
in log Z–log Freq plots for 24 and 48 h immersion time
[24].
For the calculation of corrosion currents values Stearn-
Geary equation (Icorr = B/Rp) [23,25] can be used. In this
equation B value was equal to (ba Æ bc/(ba + bc)2.303) and
this value was used as 26 mV for uncoated SS electrode,
and 52 mV for coated electrodes [26]. The percent protec-
tion efficiency values were also calculated by using the fol-
lowing equation, and are given in Table 1.
R1 1
p ðuncoatedÞ  Rp ðcoatedÞ
E% ¼  100
R1
p ðuncoatedÞ
Fig. 12. Log Z–log Freq plot for SS/PANi electrode at different
immersion time (d) 2 h, (m) 4 h, ( ) 24 h, (j) 48 h in 0.5 M HCl.
Nyquist and log Z–log Freq plots of SS/PT electrode for
various immersion times in 0.5 M HCl solution are given in
Figs. 13 and 14, respectively. One capacitive loop at high is related with the charge transfer process and the diameter
frequency region and one inductive loop at low frequency of this loop is equal to charge transfer resistance (Rp) of
region were observed in Nyquist (Fig. 14). Capacitive loop SS/PT electrode. Inductive loop may be related with
 E. Hür et al. / Current Applied Physics 7 (2007) 597–604 603

Table 1
The Rp, Ecorr, IE% values for polyaniline and polyaniline derivatives
coated SS electrodes after various immersion times in 0.5 M HCl
Elektrotlar t (h) Rp (X) IE% Ecorr (V)
Uncoated SS 2 270 – 0.202
SS/PANi 2 15500 98.2 0.148
4 15000 98.2 0.046
24 1600 83.1 0.231
48 1550 82.5 0.232
SS/PT 2 1800 85 0.249
4 1750 84.5 0.250
24 1520 82.2 0.256
48 1400 80.7 0.266
SS/co-PT 2 3600 92.5 0.169
4 1950 86.2 0.249
24 1730 84.4 0.250
48 1680 83.9 0.250 Fig. 15. Nyquist plots for SS/co-PT at different immersion time (d) 2 h,
(m) 4 h, ( ) 24 h, (j) 48 h in 0.5 M HCl.

adsorption of the PT on stainless steel [27]. The existence of

Fig. 13. Nyquist plots for SS/PT electrode at different immersion time
(d) 2 h, (m) 4 h, ( ) 24 h, (j) 48 h in 0.5 M HCl.
delocalized p electrons in polymer backbone leads adsorp-
tion on stainless steel surface that perform corrosion
inhibition.
Fig. 15 shows the Nyquist plot of SS/co-PT electrode for
various immersion times. The feature of Nyquist plots were
depressed semicircle and Rp values are equal the diameters
of semicircles. However, linear part at lower frequencies
recorded for 2 and 4 h exposure time which was related to
diffusion resistance against corrosive species through co-
PT film. The Eocp measurements for PT, co-PT coated SS
electrodes in 0.5 M HCl shows negative Eocp values. Only
for 2 h immersion time for SS/co-PT electrode more noble
Eocp value (0.169 V) compare Eocp value (0.202 V) of
bare electrode is recorded. In the case of PANi coated SS
electrode positive Eocp value is recorded that shifts to
0.231 V after 24 h of immersion time was observed. Inhi-
bition mechanism of conducting polymers is related either
by their passivating behavior or from their barrier effect

Fig. 14. Log Z–log Freq plot for SS/PT electrode at different immersion Fig. 16. Log Z–log Freq plot for SS/co-PT electrode at different
time (d) 2 h, (m) 4 h, ( ) 24 h, (j) 48 h in 0.5 M HCl. immersion time (d) 2 h, (m) 4 h, ( ) 24 h, (j) 48 h in 0.5 M HCl.
604 E. Hür et al. / Current Applied Physics 7 (2007) 597–604
[16,28]. Recorded Eocp values given in Table 1 imply that
PANi films are active coating affecting the formation of pas-
sive oxide. However, it can act as barrier coating when the
amount of reduced form is more than oxidized form (e.g.
negative Eocp). Barrier property of coatings is related with
the prevented of cathodic reaction taking place across the
polymer coated metal/electrolyte interface (4H+ + O2 +
4e = 2H2O). However, negative Eocp values recorded for
all immersion periods for SS/PT, and SS/co-PT show that
PT and co-PT films are acting as barrier film for corrosion
of SS Fig. 16.
4. Conclusion
The electrochemical synthesis of PANi, PT, and co-PT
were acheived by using cycylic voltammetry on SS. FTIR
and UV–vis results showed that the PT and co-PT were dif-
ferent that of PANi. Electrochemical measurements,
including Eocp-time, potentiodynamic polarization, and
EIS were made on polymer coated SS in 0.5 M HCl. It
was found that PANi coatings are able to provide much
better protection than PT and co-PT coatings which the
inhibition properties of PANi were related with passivation
and barrier effect. However, corrosion performances of PT
and co-PT films were related with their barrier effect. EIS
measurements show that every coating gives protection effi-
ciency of greater than 80% after 48 h immersion time in test
solution.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Eskisßehir Osmangazi
University Scientific Research & Application Centre and
Anadolu University Research Found (Project No.: 031064).
The authors would like to thank to Dr. Deniz Hür and
Erdoğan Hür for their valuable helps.
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