STATISTIC Page | 1

and
PROBABILITY
(Constructed Module)

In partial fulfillment of Maria Montessa A. Estrellado

Grade 11- Diligence for Statistic and Probability under supervision of

Mr. Darrel P. Resipeda

___________________
Mr. Darrel Resipeda
Instructor
 Table of Contents

I. Module Contents Page | 2

Lesson 1: General Terminologies

Lesson 2: Discrete and Continuous Variables
Lesson 3: Random Variables
Lesson 4: Probability Distribution for Random Variables
Lesson 5: Mean of Discrete Probability Distribution
Lesson 6: Variance and Standard Deviation of Discrete Probability
Distribution
Lesson 7: Introduction to Normal Probability Distribution
Lesson 8: Standard Scores of Continuous Probability Distribution
Lesson 9: Deviation of Formula
Lesson 10: Percentile
  GENERAL TERMINOLOGIES

Statistics - study of data collection and interpretation of such.

Page | 3
Probability - study of chances.
Event - occurrence of something.
Outcome - result of the occurrence.
Variables - numerical quantity/values of letter.
Random Variables - numerical quantity of an assigned outcome of experiment.
Possible Outcomes - results that may occur by performing some task.
Discrete - a variable that may assume only a countable, and usually finite, number ofvalues.
Continuous - is one which can take on infinitely many, uncountable values.
Probability Distribution - frequency distribution and probability of a value to occur.
Probability Mass Function – probability distribution of discrete random variable.
Mean - is the "average" you're used to, where you add up all the numbers and then divide by
the number of numbers.
Median - is the "middle" value in the list of numbers.
Mode - is the value that occurs most often.
Variance – amount of change ; trend of data.
Standard Deviation – central point/values.
Probability Density Function –continuous random variable.
Percentage - is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.
Percentile Rank - is the percentage of scores in its frequency distribution that are equal to
or lower than it.
Percentile Value - number that represents a percentage position on a range or list of data.
  DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS VARIABLES

Discrete - a variable that may assume only a countable, and usually finite, number ofvalues. Page | 4

1) The number of typographical errors in rough draft of a book.

2) The Saturday night attendance at a cinema.
3) The number of heads when flipping a coins.
4) The volume of milk bought at a store.
5) The number of Shih Tzu babies.

Continuous - is one which can take on infinitely many, uncountable values.

1) The time it takes for pupils to go to work.

2) The proportion of defective parts.
3) The amount of water in a 16-ounce bottle.
4) The volume of milk produce by a cow.
5) The age of person.
  RANDOM VARIABLES

- A Random Variable is defined as the value of the given variable which represents
the outcome of a statistical experiment.
Page | 5
Example:
7 ladies and 4 mans are invited to the birthday party. Given 4 chairs, find all the
possible arrangement of their seats then present it a distribution table.

{ LLLL, LLLM, LLML, LMLL, LMLM, LLMM, MMMM, MMML,

MMLM, MLMM, MLML, MMLL}

OUTCOMES L M
LLLL 4 0
LLLM 3 1
LLML 3 1
LMLL 3 1
LMLM 2 2
LLMM 2 2
LMMM 1 3
MMMM 0 4
MMML 1 3
MMLM 1 3
MLMM 1 3
MLML 2 2
MMLL 2 2
MLLL 3 1

R.V.= 4, 3, 2, 1, 0
= 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
  PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION FOR RANDOM
VARIABLES
Probability Distribution- frequency distribution and probability of a value to
occur.
Probability Mass Function- probability distribution of discrete random Page | 6
variable.

Example:
7 ladies and 4 mans are invited to the birthday party. The birthday girl
arrange the seat of the ladies and mans, given 4 chairs then construct a
probability distribution and probability histogram of the ladies.

STEP 1: List all the possible outcomes.

{ LLLL, LLLM, LLML, LMLL, LMLM, LLMM,

MMMM, MMML, MMLM, MLMM, MLML, MMLL}

STEP 2: Find the random variable.

OUTCOMES VALUES OF L
LLLL 4
LLLM 3
LLML 3
LMLL 3
LMLM 2
LLMM 2
LMMM 1
MMMM 0
MMML 1
MMLM 1
MLMM 1
MLML 2
MMLL 2
MLLL 3

R.V.= 4, 3, 2, 1, 0
STEP 3: Find the frequency of L.

L FREQUENCY
4 1
3 4
2 4
1 4
Page | 7
0 1
TOTAL: =14

STEP 4: Find the probability.

L FREQUENCY P(L)
4 1 1/14
3 4 4/14
2 4 4/14
1 4 4/14
0 1 1/14
TOTAL: =14 =1

STEP 5: Organize.

L 4 3 2 1 0
P(L) 1/14 4/14 4/14 4/14 1/14

Probability Histogram.

14/14
13/14
12/14
11/14
10/14
9/14
8/14
7/14
6/14
5/14
4/14
3/14
2/14
1/14
0/14
4 3 2 1 0
 MEAN OF DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Mean (µ)
- Expected value E(x)

E(x) = ∑ ( X ∙ P(X) ) Page | 8

where: X- values
P(X)- probability of values

Example:

7 ladies and 4 mans are invited to the birthday party. The birthday girl arrange the
seat of the ladies and mans, given 4 chairs then construct a probability distribution and
probability histogram of the ladies.

STEP 1: List all the possible outcomes.

{ LLLL, LLLM, LLML, LMLL, LMLM, LLMM,

MMMM, MMML, MMLM, MLMM, MLML, MMLL}

STEP 2: Find the random variable.

OUTCOMES VALUES OF L
LLLL 4
LLLM 3
LLML 3
LMLL 3
LMLM 2
LLMM 2
LMMM 1
MMMM 0
MMML 1
MMLM 1
MLMM 1
MLML 2
MMLL 2
MLLL 3
STEP 3: Find the frequency of L.

L FREQUENCY
4 1
3 4
2 4
1 4
Page | 9
0 1
TOTAL: =14

STEP 4: Find the probability.

L FREQUENCY P(L)
4 1 1/14
3 4 4/14
2 4 4/14
1 4 4/14
0 1 1/14
TOTAL: =14 =1

STEP 5: Organize.

L 4 3 2 1 0
P(L) 1/14 4/14 4/14 4/14 1/14

MEAN.

L P(L) L ∙ P(L)
4 1/14 .29

3 4/14 .86

2 4/14 .57

1 4/14 .29

0 1/14 0

µ = ∑ ( L ∙ P(L) )

µ = .29+.86+.57+.29+0

𝜇 = 2.01
  VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Variance - amount of change ; trend of data.
Standard Deviation - central point/values.
Page | 10
2
where: 𝜎 - variance
𝜎- standard deviation

𝜎 2 = ∑( 𝑥 2 - p(x)) -𝜇 2

𝜎 = √∑( 𝑥 2 - p(x)) -𝜇 2

Ex.
1.) 8 ponkan and 4 grapes are bought by the market, but 3 fruits are to be chosen in
random. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of probability distribution
of G representing grapes.

{ PPP, PPG, PGP, PGG, GGG, GGP, GPG, GPP }

OUTCOMES VALUES OF G
PPP 0
PPG 1
PGP 1
PGG 2
GGG 3
GGP 2
GPG 2
GPP 1

R.V.= 0, 1, 2, 3

G FREQUENCY

0 1

1 3
2 3
3 1
TOTAL: 8
 G FREQUENCY P(G)
0 1 1/8
1 3 3/8
2 3 3/8 Page | 11
3 1 1/8
TOTAL: 8 1

G 0 1 2 3
P(G) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8

MEAN.

G P(G) G ∙ P(G)
0 1/8 0
1 3/8 .38
2 3/8 .75
3 1/8 .38

µ = ∑ (G ∙ P(G))

µ = 0+.38+.75+.38

µ = 1.51

VARIANCE & STANDARD DEVIATION.

G 𝑮𝟐 P(G) 𝑮𝟐 ∙ P(G)
0 0 1/8 0
1 1 3/8 .38
2 4 3/8 1.5
3 9 1/8 1.13
𝜎 2 = ∑(G ∙ P(G)) -𝜇 2

𝜎 2 = 0+.38+1.5+1.13

𝜎 2 = 3.01 Page | 12

𝜎= √∑ (𝐺 2 ∙ P(G)) - 𝜇 2

𝜎= √3.01

𝜎= 1.73

C P (C) C ∙ P(C)
0 1/17 0
1 3/17 .18
2 3/17 .35
3 1/17 .53

µ = ∑ ( C ∙ P(C))

µ = 0+.18+.35+.53

µ = 1.06

C 𝑪𝟐 P(C) 𝑪𝟐 ∙ P(C)
0 0 1/17 0
1 1 3/17 .18
2 4 3/17 .71
3 9 1/17 1.59
𝜎 2 = ∑(C ∙ P(C)) -𝜇 2

𝜎 2 = 0+.18+.71+1.59

𝜎 2 = 2.48

𝜎= √∑ (𝐶 2 ∙ P(C)) - 𝜇 2

𝜎= √2.48

𝜎= 1.57
 INTRODUCTION TO NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

- Normal Curve
Probability Density Function- continuous random variable
Page | 13

“Properties of Normal Probability Distribution”

1.The curve of NPD is in bell-shaped.

2. The curve of the NPD is symmetric to the mean.
3. The 𝑥̅ =𝑥̃=𝑥̂
4. The spread of the curve depends on the 𝜎 of the distribution.
5. The tail of the curve flattens along the x-axis but never touches it.
6. The area of the curve is equal to 1.

Measure of central tendency:

∑𝑥
Mean (𝑥̅ )- computation ; 𝑛

Median (𝑥̃)- arrangement/sequence

Mode (𝑥̂)- repetitions

Ex.

a. 4, 1, 5, 1, 7

4+1+5+1+7
𝑥̅ = = 3.6 ̃
𝑥 = 1, 1, 4, 5, 7 𝑥̂ = 1
5

b. 4, 2, 8, 8, 6

4+2+8+8+6
̅𝑥 = = 5.6 ̃
𝑥 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 8 𝑥̂ = 8
5
c. 17, 14, 2, 2

17+14+2+2 2+14
̅𝑥 = = 8.75 ̃
𝑥 = 2, 2, 14, 17 = =8 𝑥̂ = 2
4 2
Page | 14

d. 41, 15, 5

41+15+5
̅𝑥 = = 20.33 ̃
𝑥 = 5, 15, 41
3

e. 2, 2, 5, 1, 7, 9, 8

2+2+5+1+7+9+8
̅𝑥 = = 4.86 ̃
𝑥 = 1, 2, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9 𝑥̂ = 2
7
  STANDARD SCORES OF CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
(z) values
- Standard Normal Curve
Page | 15
𝑥−𝑥̅
Z=
𝜎

Ex.
Find the z-scores that corresponds to raw scores with standard deviation of 9.
{ 95, 79, 90, 82, 99 }
∑𝑥
𝑥̅ = 𝑛

95+79+90+82+99
= 5
445
= 5
= 89

𝑥−𝑥̅
Z= 𝜎

x=95 x=79 x=90 x=82 x=99

95−89 79−89 90−89 82−89 99−89
= = = = =
9 9 9 9 9
6 −10 1 −7 10
=9 = =9 = =
9 9 9
= .67 = 1.11 = .11 = .78 =1.11

Thus, raw scores of 95, 79, 90, 82, 99 corresponds to the z-scores of .67, 1.11, .11, .78,
1.11.
  DERIVATION OF FORMULA

𝑥−𝑥̅
Z= 𝜎
(𝑧)(𝜎) = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅
Page | 16

(𝑧)(𝜎) = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅
𝑧
𝑥−𝑥̅
Standard Deviation -> 𝜎= 𝑧

(𝑧)(𝜎) = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅
(𝑧)(𝜎) + 𝑥̅ = 𝑥
Mean -> 𝑥 = (𝑧)(𝜎) + 𝑥̅

(𝑧)(𝜎) = 𝑥 − 𝑥̅
(𝑧)(𝜎) − 𝑥 = 𝑥̅
Raw Scores -> 𝑥̅ = (𝑧)(𝜎) − 𝑥

Z - z-scores
x - raw scores
𝑥̅ - mean
𝜎 - sd

X 𝑋̅ Z 𝜎
1.) 97 -82 5 3

2.) 40 15 2 12.5

3.) 44 11 6.11 5.4

4.) .79 10 .77 12

5.) 115 -45 .14 5

ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS:

1.) 𝑥̅ = (𝑧)(𝜎) − 𝑥
= (5) (3) - 97
= 15-97 Page | 17
= -82

𝑥−𝑥̅
2.) 𝜎 = 𝑧
40−15
=
2
25
=2

= 12.5

𝑥−𝑥̅
3.) Z = 𝜎
44−11
= 5.4
33
= 5.4

= 6.11
Thus, raw score of 44 correspond to the z-scores of 6.11.

𝑥−𝑥̅
4.) Z = 𝜎
.79−10
= 12
−9.21
= 12

= .77
Thus, raw score of .79 correspond to the z-scores of .77.

5.) 𝑥̅ = (𝑧)(𝜎) − 𝑥
= (14) (5) - 115
= 70-115
= -45
  PERCENTILE

Percentage - is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.

Percentile Rank - is the percentage of scores in its frequency distribution that are equal to
Page | 18
or lower than it.
Percentile Value - number that represents a percentage position on a range or list of data.

# 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
Percentage = 𝑥 100%
𝑛

# 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
Percentile Rank = 𝑥 100%
𝑛

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘
Percentile Value = 𝑥(𝑛 + 1)
100%

Ex.
8, 5, 4, 6, 17

1.) What percent of data are odd numbers?

5, 7
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
Percentage = 𝑥 100%
𝑛
2
= 5 𝑥 100%

= 40%

2.) What is the percentile rank of 17?

4, 5, 6, 8, 17
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
Percentile Rank = 𝑥 100%
𝑛
4
= 𝑥 100%
5
=80%
3.) What value exist on 70% rank?
4, 5, 6, 8, 17
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘
Percentile Value = 𝑥(𝑛 + 1)
100%
70%
= 𝑥(5 + 1)
100%
Page | 19
= .7 ( 5+1 )
= 4.2
4th + 5th
= 2
8+ 17
= 2
25
=
2
= 12. 5

4.) What is present of data are less than 8?

5, 4, 6
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
Percentage = 𝑥 100%
𝑛

3
= 𝑥 100%
5

= 60%

5.) What value exist on 50% rank?

𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘
Percentile Value = 𝑥(𝑛 + 1)
100%
50%
= 𝑥(5 + 1)
100%
= .5 ( 5+1 )
=3
=3𝑟𝑑
=6
Page | 20