Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
OF
THE ENGLISH AND
TURKISH VERBS
Yüksel Göknel
2015
WWW.YUKSELGOKNEL.COM
CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
Some English verbs are both transitive and intransitive. There are few verbs
used in this fashion in Turkish. Therefore, those who are studying English or
2Turkish as a second language face some difficulties in learning them. In the
following list, you can find frequently used English verbs that are used both
transitively and intransitively. The Turkish equivalents of such verbs and how
their allomorphs change are given in the examples below.
Note: There is only the indefinite article “bir” in Turkish which corresponds
to the indefinite English articles “a” or “an”. No articles like “the” are used in
Turkish when common nouns are in the subject positions. The absence of
this article before a common noun indicates that the noun is definite.
However, when the object pronouns, nominal phrases, even proper nouns
are used in the object positions, they are attached to the [i, ı, ü, u]
allomorphs to show that they are definite. If a common noun is used in the
object position, the “bir” (a or an) is used before a common noun if the noun
is indefinite. If it is definite, one of the [i, ı, ü, u] allomorphs is attached to a
common noun according to vowel harmony rules. For instance:
The bird flew away. [The work ended. The students arrived. The baby slept.]
Kuş uçup gitti. [İş bitti. Öğrenciler geldi. Bebek uyudu.]
Jack saw me. [me, you, him, her, it, us, them]
Jack ben-i gördü. [ben-i, sen-i, o-/n/u, biz-i, siz-i, onlar-ı]
As it has already been noted, the identical vowels that follow each other
combine, and the single underlined consonants detach from their
syllables and attach to the first vowels of the following allomorphs during
the syllabication process.
Note:
The blue underlines show the subjects.
The black underlines show the objects, noun clauses, and nouns.
The red underlines show the verbs.
The green underlines show the adverbs, adverbial pheases or clauses.
The purple underlines show the adjectives and the noun modifiers.
Follow the example sentences:
Yumurta-lar kayna-ı.yor.
(yu*mur*ta*lar / kay*nı*yor ↷)
The eggs are boiling. (Turkish and English verbs are intransitive.)
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CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
In the first Turkish sentence above, the intransitive verb “kayna” has
changed into “kayna-at” (kay*nat) transitive verb frame to take the object
“yumurta”. However, the English verb “boil” has not changed. This shows us
that the English verb “boil” can be used both transitively and intransitively. In
the following sentences, the explanations in parentheses are about the
Turkish sentences. However, when necessary, both Turkish and English
verbs are explained in parentheses. In the following examples, the subjects
are blue, the objects are black, the verbs are red, the modifiers and arti-
cles are purple and the adverbs and adverbials are green.
Note: When the Turkish common and proper nouns are used as objects,
they are suffixed by the [i, ı, ü, u] allomorphs. However, when the English
common nouns are used as definite objects, they are used with the article
“the”. Proper nouns do not take the article “the” in English.
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CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
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CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
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CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
("Çal" and "ring" verbs are used both transitively and intransitively in Turkish
and English.)
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CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
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CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
Parmak-ı-/n/a bir iğne bat-tır-dı. (The “t-t” combines and verbalizes as “t”.)
(par*ma*ğı*na / bir / iğ*ne / ba*tır*dı ↷)
She stuck a needle into her finger. (Transitive)
“ET”
acele et (a*ce*le / et) (hurry), alay et (a*la*yet) (make fun), affet (af*fet)
(forgive), armağan et (ar*ma*ga*net) (present), baş et (ba*şet) (manage),
beraat et (be*ra*a*tet) (be acquitted), beyan et (be*ya:*net) (declare), dava
et (da:*va: / et) (litigate), davet et (da:*ve*tet) (invite), dahil et (da:*hi*let)
(include), daktilo et (dak*ti*lo / et) (type), dans et (dan*set) (dance), deli et
(de*li / et) (make someone mad), dert et (der* det) (occupy oneself with
problems), devam et (de*va:*met) (continue), dikkat et (dik*ka*tet) (be
careful), dua et (du*a: / et) (pray), elde et (el*de / et) (obtain), gayret et
(gay*re*tet) (try hard), göç et (gö*çet) (migrate), haberdar et (ha*ber*da:-
*ret) (inform), hakaret et (ha*ka:*re*tet) (insult), hapset (hap*set) (impri-
son), hareket et (ha*re*ke*tet) (act, behave, start), hata et (ha*ta: / et)
(make a mistake), hayâl et (ha*yâ:*let) (dream, imagine), hazmet (haz*-
met) (digest), hizmet et (hiz*me*tet) (serve, assist), idare et (i*da:*re* / et)
(manage, control), iftira et (if*ti*ra: / et) (slander), ihanet et (i*ha:*ne*tet)
(betray), ikram et (ik*ra:*met) (offer someone to eat or drink something),
ihlâl et (ih*lâ:*let) (violate), ikna et (ik*na: / et) (convince, persuade), ihraç
et (ih*ra:*cet) (export, expel), ikaz et (i:*ka:*zet) (warn), ima et (i:*ma: / et)
(imply), imza et (im*za: / et) (sign), imâl et (i:*mâ:*let) (manufacture), inat et
(i*na*tet) (persist), intihar et (in*ti*ha:*ret) (commit suicide), iptal et (ip*ta:-
*let) (cancel), ikna et (ik*na: / et) (convince), isabet et (i*sa:*be*tet) (hit the
mark), israf et (is*ra:*fet) (vaste), istifa et (is*ti*fa: / et) (resign), istifade et
(is*ti*fa:*de / et) (benefit from), istirahat et (is*ti*ra*ha*tet) (have a rest), ita-
at et (i*ta:*a*tet) (obey), ithâl et (it*hâ:*let) (import), itiraf et (i:*ti*ra:*fet)
(confess), iyi et (i*yi / et) (cure, do the right thing), iyilik et (i*yi*li*ket) (do a
favor), kabalık et (ka*ba*lı*ket) (be rude), kabul et (ka*bu:*let) (accept), kâr
et (kâ:*ret) (profit), kavga et (kav*ga /et) (fight, quarrel), kontrol et
(kon*tro*let) (check), koordine et (ko*or*di*ne / et) (coordinate), küfür et
(küf*ret) (swear), mecbur et (mec*bu:*ret) (oblige), meşgul et (meş*gu:-
*let) (occupy someone), memnun et (mem*nu:*net) (make someone hap-
py), muhafaza et (mu*ha:*fa*za / et) (keep, preserve), mutlu et (mut*lu / et)
(make happy), nefret et (nef*re*tet) (hate), niyet et (ni*ye*tet) (intend), ön-
derlik et (ön*der*li*ket) (lead), razı et (ra:*zı / et) (persuade), rica et (ri*ca: /
et) (request), sabret (sab*ret) (be patient), sakat et (sa*ka*tet) (make phy-
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CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
If the [me] negation allomorph is used, the stress goes onto the verb “et”:
alay et-me (a*lay / et*me) (a*la*yet*me), af et me (af*fet*me), armağan et-
me (ar*ma*ğa*net*me), yardım et-me (yar*dı*met*me), terk et-me (ter*-
ket*me) (Liaisons)
“YAP”
alışveriş yap (do shopping), arama yap (carry out a search), büyü yap
(cast a spell on someone), çay yap, kahve yap (make tea or coffee), cümle
yap (make a sentence), elinden geleni yap (do your best), ev işi yap (do
housework), giriş yap (enter), hazırlık yap (get ready), hesap yap
(calculate), iş yap (do work, do business), işbirliği yap (work together),
iyilik yap (do a favour), kaza: yap (have an accident), konuşma yap (make
a speech), makyaj yap (do one’s make up), ödev yap (do homework),
rejim yap (go on a diet), rol yap (rol / yap) (pretend), şaka yap (make a
joke, kid), tatil yap (have a holiday, vacation), tica:ret yap (trade), toplantı
yap (hold a meeting), yanlışlık yap (make a mistake), yatağı yap (make the
bed), yemek yap (cook, do the cooking), yorum yap (comment on
something).
“OL”
abone ol (a*bo*ne / ol) (subscribe), destek ol (des*te*kol) (support, back
up), dost ol (dos*tol) (make friends), gerçek ol (ger*çe*kol) (come true),
kayıt ol (kay*dol) (enroll), razı ol (ra:*zı / ol) (be willing, consent), sahip ol
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CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
başarı sağla (succeed), cinayet işle (commit a murder), günaha gir (gü*-
na:*ha / gir) (commit a sin), ilerleme kaydet (make a progress), suç işle
(commit a crime), ün kazan (be famous), yarış-a gir (take part in a race),
ödünç ver (ö*dünç / ver) (lend), şarkı söyle (şar*kı / söy*le) (sing), satın al
(sa*tı*nal) (buy), söz ver (söz / ver) (promise), yalan söyle (ya*lan / söy*le)
(lie), gözden geçir (göz*den / ge*çir) (review), intikam al (in*ti*kam / al)
(revenge), yanıt ver (ya*nıt / ver) (respond), ortadan kaybol (or*ta*dan /
kay*bol) (vanish), satın al (sa*tı*nal) (buy), selam ver (se*lam / ver) (sa-
lute), özür dile (ö*zür / di*le) (apologise), ödün ver (ö*dün / ver) (concede),
karar ver (ka*rar / ver) (decide), kopya çek (kop*ya / çek) (cheat in the ex-
amination), izin ver (i*zin / ver) (allow), haber ver (ha*ber / ver) (inform),
söz ver (söz / ver) (promise), önlem al (ön*le*mal) (take measures).
There are two kinds of objects in English; direct objects and indirect objects.
However in Turkish, there are only direct objects. Indirect objects of the Eng-
lish language are expressed either in [e] or [a] allomorph, or in prepositional
phrases such as “ben-in için”, “biz-im için”, “annem için”, etc, both of which
have adverbial functions.
According to English grammars, in the sentences above, there are two kinds
of indirect objects; “me” and “for me”, the second of which is a prepositional
phrase describing for whom the bicycle was bought. Here, the pronoun
“me” is the object of the preposition “for”. The “me” indirect object and “for
me” prepositional phrase are both defined as indirect objects in English
grammars. In my opinion, “for me” is a prepositional phrase functioning as
an adverbial phrase in the sentence above. Additionally, if someone asks
what the first “me” means, the answer to this question will be “for me”.
Therefore, both “me” and “for me” have adverbial functions that may be
defined as adverbs instead of indirect objects.
In short, we can say that there are not any indirect objects in Turkish; there
are adverbials instead.
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CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
Tüm dostları-/n/a güzel bir yemek pişirdi. She cooked all her friends a delicious meal.
Tüm dostları için güzel bir yemek pişirdi. She cooked a delicious meal for her friends.
Note:
If you wish to learn more about Turkish and English sentences, please consult my
free book titled “English Turkish grammar functional and transformational Yuksel
Goknel” on the internet.
Yüksel Göknel
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