INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM

-“Intergument”

-16% total body weight; 1.5-2 sq/m in area

2 major components: 1. Cutaneous Membrane/Skin

a. Epidermis (Epi= Above)
b. Dermis (Underlying area)

2. Accessory Structures

a. Hair b. Nails c. Multicellular exocrine

glands
- “grainy layer”
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN & SUBCUTANEOUS
- 3-5 layers of keratinocytes
LAYER:
- “keratin” & “keratohyalin”
1.Protection of underlying tissues and organs
4. STRATUM LUCIDUM- exposed in thick skin
2. Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes
of the palms and soles
3. Maintenance of normal body temp.
- “Clear Layer”
4. Synthesis of Vitamin D3
- Covers stratum granulosum
5. Storage of nutrients - cells are flattened, densely packed,
and filled with keratin
6. Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and
temperature stimuli 5. STRATUM CORNEUM- exposed in thick
and thin skin
CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE- EPIDERMS
- 15-30 layers of keratinized cells
-Consists of stratified squamous epithelium
-water resistant but not waterproof
-“Keratinocytes”
- “insensible respiration”
a. Thick Skin- Palm hands & Soles- 5
layers SKIN COLOR
b. Thin Skin- covers the rest, 4 layers Due to: a. the Epidermal Pigmentation -Carotene-
recognized can be converted to Vitamin -Melanin- produced
by melanocytes
-0.08-0.5 mm thick ( paper towel)
b. the Dermal Circulation
LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS
- hemoglobin
1.STRATUM GERMINATIVUM- separates the epidermis
-cyanosis
from areolar tissue of the adjacent dermis.
DERMIS
-Epidermal ridges
2 COMPONENTS: (A) PAPILLARY LAYER- consists
- Dermal Papillae
of areolar tissue.
- Basal Cells
-contains caterpillar and sensory neurons
- Merkel Cells
- derives its name from “dermal papillae”
2.STRATUM SPINOSUM- consists of 8-10 layers of cells
with keratinocytes bound together by desmosomes.
(B) RETICULAR LAYER- consists pf an interwoven
- “spiny layer” meshwork of dense, irregular connective tissue.

-Langerhans cells * BOTH LAYERS CONTAIN NETWORKS OF BLOOD

VESSELS, LYMPH VESSELS, AND NERVE FIBERS
a. defense against microorganisms

b. defense superficial skin cancers SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER

-Structures originated from the epidermis
3. STRATUM GRANULOSUM
-Project through the epidermis to the integumentary
surface

GLANDS IN THE SKIN

CONSISTS OF:
2 Components : 1. Sebaceous (oil) Glands-
HAIR FOLLICALES & HAIR discharge a waxy, oily secretion into hair follicles

GLANDS IN THE SKIN 2. Sweat Glands- a. Apocrine Sweat

glands
NAILS
b. Merocrine Sweat Glands

NAILS
HAIR FOLLICLES & HAIR
- form on the dorsal surfaces of the tips of the
-2.5 million hairs, 75% general body surface
fingers and toes.
-hair is cylindrical strcuture, outward past the
- protects the exposed tips of the fingers and
epidermal surface.
toes and help limit their distortion when subjected to
HAIR ROOT- portion that anchors the hair into the mechanical stress.
skin

HAIR SHAFT- what we see, extends hal point to the

exposed tip

CUTICLE- forms the outer surface of the shaft

CORTEX- covered by cuticle, intermediate layer

PARTS OF HAIR FOLLICLES

-extends deep into the dermis

Hair papilla-base, a peg of connective tissue

containing capillaries and nerves

Hair bulb- consists of epithelial cells that surround

the hair papilla

TYPES OF HAIRS

1.Lanugo- extremely fine and unpigmented, shed

before birth

2. Vellus hairs- fine “peach fuzz”, body surface

3. Terminal Hairs- heavy, more deeply pigmented,

sometimes curly

HAIR COLOR- pigment produced by melanocytes

at the hair papilla

- different forms of melanin; dark

brown, yellow-brown, etc.

FUNCTIONS- protect your scalp from UV, help

cushion (light) blow to the head, & insulate the skull