DECLARATION

It is hereby declare that the Independent Study And Research report titled as “Aerodynamic
analysis of an Automobile for Performance Enhancement ” in partial fulfillment of requirement
for the award of the degree of Masters of Technology in Automobile Engineering and submitted
by Rohit Sood and Vikas Verma students of M.Tech (AE) to Department of Amity School of
Engineering & Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, is an authentic record of our
own work carried out under the supervision of Mr. Prem Narayan Vishwakarma, Assistant
Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Noida, Uttar Pradesh.

The matter presented in the report has not been submitted by us for the award of any other degree
of this or any other institute.

Signature of the
Candidate

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate

is correct to the best of my knowledge.

Date: Signature of
Supervisor

ABSTRACT

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On a constant reach for the enhancement of performance of the vehicle the aerodynamics plays
an important role. The aerodynamics is a reasonable point for the performance of the vehicle.
Following research has been carried out on 2018 Mercedes Benz G 63 Wagon in order to
enhance the aerodynamics of the vehicle.

The model of existing vehicle was made in Soldiworks 2018 flow simulation was carried out to
find the drag coefficient of the vehicle. Then the vehicle was modified from various sections and
flow simulation was carried out. A decrease in the drag coefficient was seen in the vehicle by
0.0614 units. The drag coefficient was .5614 for the existing vehicle and on modification it was
reduced to .50. Also a substantial decrease in the drag force was seen and better flow
characteristics were obtained. A total of about 9.63% decrement in the drag coefficient from the
existing model is observed which lead to making the vehicle fuel efficient by 5.78%.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to take this golden opportunity to express our kind gratitude and sincere thanks to
our HOD Dr. Basant Singh Sikarwar and advisor Mr. Prem Narayan Vishwakarma, for their
kind support and necessary counseling in the success of this research report. It is our hard work
and sincere efforts and mutual co-operation that bring the success of this research. Last but not
the least we are grateful to our Parents for being the infinite source of motivation, strength and
steadiness.

Dated

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 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective

We have modelled the automobile Mercedes G Class SUV using the profile of the vehicle. The
objective of the research is to improve the aerodynamic characteristics of the automobile. The
aerodynamic characteristics can be improved by altering the frontal and back shape of the body
or by adding drag reducing objects such as spoilers. The objective of the work is to decrease the
Aerodynamic Drag by introducing various design considerations in the new model and
implementing it for the study and enhancement of the vehicle Aerodynamics.

1.2 Background

Aerodynamics plays a critical role in the advancement of present day automotives. A streamlined
body will help in vehicle to diminish the drag. Drag is a force that acts parallel and in the same
direction as the airflow. The decrease of drag in vehicles has prompted increments in the best
speed of the vehicle and the vehicle's eco-friendliness, and numerous other execution qualities.
The two primary factors that affect drag are the frontal area of the vehicle and the drag
coefficient. Lowering the drag coefficient comes from streamlining the exterior body of the
vehicle. A lot of lift can make the vehicle lose traction which can be extremely hazardous. Not
just the outer stream field is secured the issues of the drag few inside stream frameworks are
treated too. Since the outside and the inward stream fields are interrelated both must be
considered in the meantime. The execution, taking care of and solace of a car are altogether
influenced by its streamlined features properties.

A low Drag is useful for mileage. However, alternate parts of vehicle streamlined features are
likewise imperative for the nature of a car. Not just the outside stream, inner stream field in
secured. In car industry, principally wind burrow and computational liquid unique methodology
are utilized to gauge the drag. Because of intensity of the market and additionally mind-boggling
expense, time and other constraint, the utilization of CFD over conventional exploratory based
examinations can be advantaged. Since tests have a cost specifically corresponding to the
quantity of designs wanted for testing, dissimilar to with CFD, where a lot of results can be
delivered for all intents and purposes with no additional costs. Optimal design assumes a
fundamental job in the aggregate driving opposition and consequently fuel utilization of vehicles
.
Expanding fuel costs will drive vehicle producers to create vehicles with low fuel utilization. As
a result the streamlined obstruction must be additionally diminished. SUVs are typically
furnished with four-wheel drive for on-or rough terrain capacity, and with some demand or
capacity to be utilized as a rough terrain vehicle, and a few SUVs incorporate the towing limit of
a pickup truck with the traveler conveying space of a minivan.

LITERATURE REVIEW

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Computational liquid elements are a part of liquid mechanics that, with the assistance of PCs,
utilizes numerical techniques to take care of and examine issues including liquid streams. PCs
are utilized to do computations utilizing an iterative method where in the arrangement precision
enhances with each cycle.

Vikas V. Chaurasiya, Deepak B.Kushwaha, Mohd.Raees[1] The purpose of their work is to

simulate Drag Coefficient (CD), Lift Coefficient (CL), flow separation and shedding of vortex
over a vehicle using commercial CFD solver and validate the simulation with an experimental
result. The analysis is done for finding out CD, CL and other flow features with the flow velocity
22.22 m/s on Audi R8 car model. [2]Hardik Panchal, Krishna Kumar, Raybahadursinh chauhan.
The primary worries of car streamlined features are lessening drag, decreasing breeze clamor,
limiting commotion outflow and forestalling undesired lift powers at high speeds. The most
critical part in the investigation of cars is to comprehend the weight circulation over the state of
the car. The weight at the back does not recuperate to the stagnation weight level. Because of the
stream partition, the weights at the back of the vehicle are lower than at the front, which makes
drag.
[3] R.Varun, Dr. S.Sankar, Rajiv Varma, Sreejith K.V. This paper additionally means to lessen
the streamlined drag by considering the stream field around the vehicle. This paper thinks about
the outcomes got from CFD examination of the current demonstrates and the altered model with
a pipe added to the top of a car show vehicle. The examination is done utilizing ANSYS Fluent
and the vehicle 3D display is made utilizing CATIA V5[4] G. Siva and V. Loganathan In this
task a vehicle demonstrate Toyota Fortuner is considered and it is displayed utilizing strong
works demonstrating programming. Consideration is just given to the outer structure of the
vehicle, while the inside isn't displayed. Moreover the demonstrated vehicle is considered as a
2D display for future examination utilizing ANSYS Fluent to decide the streamlined qualities
like weight, down-drive what's more, drag. The 2D show is considered here in light of the fact
that the time taken to dissect the 3D model will be more, so to lessen the examination time we
are thinking about the 2D demonstrates alone. Anyway the outcome acquired in 2D model will
be same as the 3D demonstrate.
[5] Gavin Dias, Nisha R. Tiwari, Joju John Varghese, Graham Koyeerath The extent of the
venture is to pick up understanding into the wonder that happens amid the association between
the liquid that is air and the vehicle as the last impels itself forward. We have reproduced
certifiable conditions for unique (Swift Dzire) and altered models of the vehicle trying to
decrease the general drag coefficient of the vehicle.[6] Janusz Piechna, Leszek Rudniak, Adam
Piechna The point of the present work was examination of impact of wings, potentially safe
streamlined advertisements on, on the nonexclusive game vehicle streamlined characteristics.
Clean efficiently state of the conventional game vehicle was utilized as the reference model.
Rather untypical front wing situated in position ensuring streamlined protecting was applied.
Raise wing situated behind the body for most extreme productivity was utilized as an extra
wellspring of streamlined down force.[7] Ivan Janoško, Tomaš Polonec, Peter Kuchar, Pavel
Machal, Martin Zach The paper introduces an enhancement of vehicle streamlined properties
utilizing the recreation programming STAR‑CCM+. The fundamental target of this work is
utilizing PC reproductions to acquire information about the effect of individual body parts on the
consequences of streamlined drag, down force or lift. The consequences of recreation tests when
utilize bodywork alterations are Prepared in graphical and numerical frame.

5
[8] J Abinesh and J Arun kumar this venture plans to adjust the external surface and structure of
the transport efficiently with the end goal to lessen the impact of drag power of the vehicle which
thusly results in decrease of fuel utilization of the vehicle. The Two model transport body has
been displayed by utilizing CFD to diminish the drag constrain. These are to be specific model1
and model 2. Show 1 is existing Volvo intercity transport model and model 2 is alteration of
existing Volvo intercity transport. Display 2 is to adjust and investigate by utilizing CFD to
diminish the drag compel, which results in expanded execution and decreased the fuel
prerequisite. The general decrease in streamlined drag constrain is 10%. [9] P Ramya, A
Hemanth Kumar, Jaswanth Moturi, N.Ramanaiah the present work comprises of mostly deciding
the stream routine over vehicles furthermore, further assessing the drag constrain and coefficient
of drag utilizing CFD investigation. For this investigation, two present day traveler vehicles
SEDAN&SUV models were considered .The examination was done for speeds extending from
30kmph to 120kmph. The examination was further stretched out to consider the impact of
including a spoiler both the models.
The outcomes acquired as drag power and drag coefficient are thought about. It has been seen
that the car display had lower drag. It was additionally found from the examination that the
expansion of a spoiler minimally affects the drag prompted.
[10] P .Boran, F. Ivan, K. Goran This paper introduces the after effects of the numerical
reenactments of the wind current around the vehicle display contrasted with the test results. The
outcomes gotten by numerical reproductions and test investigate, empower an examination
naming the current issues and fitting numerical strategies considering enhancement of the vehicle
streamlined features dependent on the advancement of the vehicle demonstrate.

METHODOLOGY
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Flowchart 3.1: Methodology used for the analysis

CAD DESIGN

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4.1Design specifications of Existing Model

Mercedes Benz G wagon is an all wheel drive wagon which was manufactured by Magna
Steyr. A CAD model was designed of a 2018 Mercedes Benz G Wagon using the Blue prints
of the Vehicle. The dimensions of the vehicle were taken in accordance to the blue prints.
The Vehicle was designed in the 2018 Solid Works Software.

Table 4.1: Design Parameter of Mercedes Benz G Wagon

Using the following parameters and the blueprints a 3D CAD model was made in Solid works.
Figure 4.1 and 4.2 shows the existing models made in the Solid works.

Fig4.1: Designed CAD model of the Existing SUV

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 Fig 4.2: Mercedes Benz G Wagon Existing Model Design

4.2 Modifications in the CAD model

The existing vehicle was modified in order to enhance the aerodynamics of the vehicle. Various
modifications were made. The main modifications included the change in the front hood angle as
well as the front bumpers were curved. The roof top was given a slight curve for a better flow
and also the rear end of the vehicle was changed from square to a curve. The wind shield was
also given a curve and the outside rear view mirrors were also modified to decrease the overall
frontal area. Figure 4.3 and 4.4 shows the modified vehicle.

Fig 4.3: Isometric View of the modified vehicle

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Fig 4.4: Modified Mercedes Benz G Wagon

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 SIMULATION

The Objective for the simulation was to carry out the flow simulation on both the models and
compare the pressure and velocity contours for the same. The simulation for both the models
were carried out in the solidworks flow simulation. The meshing as well as the analysis of the
models were performed using the similar boundary conditions for both the models. For the Box
the geometric conditions were taken as 14 meters as shown in the figure below.

Fig 5.1: Flow Simulation Domain

5.1 Meshing

The global automatic meshing thus used were according to the dimensions of the vehicle. Thus
the meshing of the subsequent volume was practiced by tetrahedral lattice. The resultant view of
the meshing is shown in the figure below(Fig 5.2)

Fig 5.2: Mesh of original SUV

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5.2 Boundary Conditions

The drag coefficiants of the vehicle and the drag force were analysed during the simulation
process by applying certain boundary conditions. The wind speed was taken as 30
m/sec(108km/hr approx.) and were allowed to have an impact on the frontal region of the
vehicle. The thermodynamic parameters that is temperature was taken as 293.2K and pressure as
101325Pa. the turbulence intensity was taken as 0.1%. The inlet velocity in the domain was
same as the wind velocity that is 30 m/sec.

Fig 5.3: Flow of Air

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 RESULTS & DISCUSSION

On performing the analysis on the existing Mercedes Benz G wagon the Drag force being
exerted on the vehicle was found out to be 1024.643 N whereas from the Equation Goals the
Drag coefficient was depicted to be equal to 0.5614. Based on these Calculations the Pressure
and velocity Contours of the vehicle were generated and are shown below

Fig 6.1: Pressure contours of the existing G wagon

Fig 6.2: Velocity Contours of the Existing G Wagon

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From the pressure contour figure it can be ssen that at the stagnation point of the front vehicle the
air molecules are almost static. According to the Bernoulli’s Principle pressure is inversely
propotional to velocity and this can be illustrated from both the figures. From the figure 8 it can
be seen that the front area of the vehicle has a high pressure region and this leads to a lower air
velocity in that region as shown in the figure 6.2. Also the figure shows a non linear air flow at
the rear end with variating velocities. The Figure 6.3 shows the pressure variations on the surface
of the existing model.

Fig 6.3: Pressure Surface contours on Existing Model

When we applied the same boundary conditions to the modified model and perfomed the flow
analysis on the vehicle the Drag force was calculated to be 844.059 N and the Drag coefficient
was seen to decrease by .06 and was calaculated equal to 0.50. Thus based on these calculations
Pressure and velocity contours of the modified model were generated.

From the Pressure contours it can be seen a significant decrease in the pressure at the frontal area
leading to decrease in the pressure drag thus also leading to decrease in the overall drag of the
vehicle.

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 Fig 6.4: Pressure Contours of Modified G wagon

Fig 6.5: Velocity Contours of Modified G Wagon

From the Fig 6.5 it can be stated that the flow of the air has changed at the rear end leading to a
perfect flow thus resulting in a better streamline flow of the air.the Modification has lead to
enhance the flow characterstics on the surface of the vehicle thus leading to an overall decrease
in the drag of the vehicle. Thus the result can be proved from the calcutaions below

The equation of drag force is Given By

𝐹𝑑 = 1 𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 𝐶𝑑
2

Where Fd= Drag Force = 1024.643 N ( Exisiting Model)

= 844.059 N ( Modified Model)

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 𝜌= Air Density =1.225 Kg/m3

V= Velocity of Air = 30m/sec

A= Frontal area of the vehicle = 3.3132 m2(Existing Model)

= 3.02 m2 (Modified Model)

Percentage decrement in drag force = 9.63%

Percentage increment in fuel Efficiency = 3/5 * percentage decrement of drag force

= 5.78%

Thus from these values and the Drag equation the Drag coffeicint Cd was found to be 0.5610 for
the existing model and 0.507 for the Modified model of the Mercedes Benz G wagon that is a
total of 9.63% of decrement in drag coefficients was observed which lead to an increment of
5.78% in the fuel efficiency.

Fig 6.6: Surface Pressure Contours of the Modified Model

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 CONCLUSION

The results state that there is a substantial decrease in the overall drag force and drag coefficient
of the SUV. This leads to a enhancing the performance of the vehicle . from the results it can be
seen that the drag coefficient has reduce by 0.0614 units. This decrease may not seem large
decrement but when seen from the aerodynamics point of view this decrease is of great
consideration. Also form various contour plots it can be seen that the flow of the air has
substanitially changed from the existing model thus resulting in the better performance of the
vehicle.

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