PRESENTATION OF

COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Presentation of Thermodynamics

Group leader:
M.Bilal Yousaf
Group Member:
1. M. Danish
2. Jahanzaib Afzal
3. M. Bilal Yousaf
4. M.sanan
Four stroke petrol engine
 Four stroke petrol engine

Contents:

1. Introduction of four stroke petrol engine

2. Construction of four stroke petrol engine

3. Working of four stroke petrol engine

4. Applicatio,lubricationof four stroke petrol engine

Introduction of four stroke petrol engine

 Engine:
An engine is motor which
converts chemical energy
into mechanical energy
 Fuel/petrol engine:
A petrol engine (known as
a gasoline engine in North
America) is an internal
combustion
engine with spark-
ignition, designed to run on
petrol (gasoline) and similar
volatile fuels.
Introduction of four stroke petrol engine

 Four stroke engine:

A four-stroke
engine (also known as four-
cycle) is an internal
combustion engine in
which
the piston completes four
separate strokes which
comprise a single
thermodynamic cycle. A
stroke refers to the full
travel of the piston along
the cylinder, in either
direction
Introduction of four stroke petrol engine

Invention:
Inventor:
Nikolaus Otto Four-stroke engine, Inventor
Nikolaus August Otto was the German inventor of the first
internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a
piston chamber.

It was invented in 1876 in Germany by German

inventor Nikolaus August Otto. In most petrol engines, the fuel and
air are usually pre-mixed before compression . The pre-mixing was
formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically
controlled fuel injection, except in small engines where the
cost/complication of electronics does not justify the added engine
efficiency. it consist of 4 stroke, one cycle complete in 4 stroke of
piston and two revolution of crank shaft
Introduction of four stroke petrol engine

Four stroke petrol engine:

The cycle of operation in a
four stroke petrol engine is
completed in two revolutions of
crank shaft or four strokes of
piston. Stroke is defined as the
distance traveled by the piston
from one of the dead centers to
the other dead centre. It is also
equal to two times the crank
radius. Hence in a four stroke
engine work is obtained only
during one stroke out of the four
strokes of the piston required to
complete one cycle. This engine
works on Otto or constant
volume cycle.
Introduction of four stroke petrol engine

Four stroke petrol engine:

 Working cycle Otto Cycle
 Fuel used Petrol
 Fuel Supply Carburetor
 Ignition Spark plug is required
 Vibration & noise Less
 Field of application Light duty work
Construction of four stroke petrol engine
Construction of four stroke petrol engine
Various parts of four stroke petrol engine:

 Inlet valve & exhaust valve

 Piston
 Piston ring
 cylinder
 Connecting rod
 Crank shaft
 Crank pin
 Crank case
 Spark plug
 carborator
Various parts of four stroke petrol engine

Inlet valve & exhaust valve

 Inlet valve:
its function is to intake
the fresh air-fuel mixture
into the cylinder
 Exhaust valve:
its function is to exhaust
is the burnt gases by the
force of piston
Various parts of four stroke petrol engine

Piston:
Piston is a connected to
the crankshaft through the
connecting rod when
piston moves downward
sucks fresh air and fuel
mixture in suction stroke
and ignited inside the
cylinder due to the high
temperature and pressure
generated thus the expand
force down the piston.
Various parts of four stroke petrol engine

Piston ring:
A piston ring is
an open ended ring that
fits into a grove or a
groove our outer
diameter of the cylinder.
Piston ring have three
major functions which
are seal the expansion
chamber support heat
transfer and finally
regulate the engine oil
consumption.
Various parts of four stroke petrol engine

Connecting rod:

 A small end of connecting

rod is connecting to the
piston and other end is
connecting to the
crankshaft. Its function is
to transmit reciprocating
motion of piston to the
rotary motion of
crankshaft .gudgeon pin is
used to connect the piston
and connecting rod
Various parts of four stroke petrol engine

Crank pin: Crank case

 In a reciprocating engine,  In an internal combustion

the crankpins, also known engine of the reciprocating
as crank journals are type, the crankcase is the
the journals of the big housing for the crankshaft.
end bearings, at the ends
of theconnecting rods
opposite to the pistons.
Various parts of four stroke petrol engine

Carborator: Spark plug:

 is a device that  Is used in petrol engine

blends air and fuel for only which is help to ignite
an internal combustion the air-fuel mixture for
engine. combustion.
Working principle four Stroke Engine

Following are the four strokes

1 – Intake/Suction stroke
2 – Compression stroke
3 – Expansion stroke
4 – Exhaust stroke
1 – Intake stroke

In suction stroke piston starts at

Top Dead Center (TDC) of the
cylinder and moves to the Bottom
Dead Center (BDC).
Outlet valve will be closed
and inlet valve will be open to
allowing the fresh charge of mixed
fuel & air into the cylinder.
2/26/2014
2 – Compression stroke

In compression stroke,Once
piston reaches BDC & moves back
TDC,inlet valve will be closed,As
the piston moves towards TDC,It
compress air fuel mixture inside
the cylinder & compression takes
place,Hence it is called
compression stroke.
2/26/2014
3 – Expansion stroke

In expansion stroke,Both the

valves are closed,When piston
reaches top of its stroke the fuel
mixture is ignited by spark plug
due to spark high temperature &
pressure generated inside the
cylinder & push down the piston
to BDC,Hence it is known as
expansion stroke. 2/26/2014
4 – Exhaust stroke

In this stroke exhaust valve is

opened,when piston reaches to
BDC & moves to upward.
Piston pushes out the burnt gases
to the atmosphere through the
exhaust valve. Hence called
exhaust stroke & the engine is
ready to begin the cycle again.
2/26/2014
Working principal of four stroke petrol engine
 Applications of Four stroke engine:-

The four stroke version is generally used for larger applications

and is the most common type of engine used in automobiles
today.

This type of engine is an ingenious and practical design that

has powered millions of vehicles. It produces a large amount of
power in an efficient and effective manner. It also generally
produces less pollution and lasts longer than a two stroke
engine. The engine was created by Nikolas Otto in the mid
1800s, and in his honor, it's sometimes known as the Otto
Engine. The four main strokes or steps that make up the cycle
are intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust, which is
sometimes called the Otto cycle.

2/26/2014
 Four-Stroke lubrication
Four-stroke engines are lubricated by oil held in an oil sump. The oil is distributed through
the engine by splash lubrication or a pressurized lubrication pump system; these systems
may be used alone or together.

2/26/2014
SPLASH LUBRICATION:-

Splash lubrication is achieved

by partly submerging the
crankshaft in the oil sump. The
momentum of the rotating
crankshaft splashes oil to other
engine components such as the
cam lobes, wrist pins and
cylinder walls.

2/26/2014
 PRESSURIZED
LUBRICATION:-
Pressurized lubrication uses
an oil pump to provide a
pressurized film of lubricant
between moving parts such
as the main bearings, rod
bearings and cam bearings. It
also pumps oil to the engine’s
valve guides and rocker arms.

2/26/2014
2/26/2014
2/26/2014
 Difference between
4-Stroke Engine & 2-Stroke Engine

4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine

• One cycle completed • One cycle completed
in every 2 revolution in every revolution of
of crankshaft crankshaft
• More moving parts • Less moving parts
• More maintenance • Less maintenance
• Heavy in weight • Light in weight
• More expensive • Less expensive
 Difference between
4-Stroke Engine & 2-Stroke
Engine
4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine
• Produce more • Less pollution
pollution
• Long engine life • Short engine life
• Not required • Required a mix of oil
to lubricate the
crankshaft
• Complex design
• Simpler design