Cyclops

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This article is about the mythical creature. For other uses, see Cyclops
(disambiguation).

Polyphemus, by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, 1802 (Landesmuseum Oldenburg)

A cyclops (/'sa?kl?ps/ SY-klops; Ancient Greek: ??????, Kyklops; plural cyclopes
/sa?'klo?pi?z/ sy-KLOH-peez; ?????pe?, Kyklopes), in Greek mythology and later
Roman mythology, is a member of a primordial race of giants, each with a single eye
in the center of his forehead.[1] The word cyclops literally means "round-eyed"[2]
or "circle-eyed".[3]

Hesiod described three one-eyed cyclopes who served as builders, blacksmiths,

metalworkers, and craftsmen: Brontes, Steropes, and Arges, the sons of Uranus and
Gaia, brothers of the Titans.[4] Homer described another group of mortal herdsmen
or shepherd cyclopes, the sons of Poseidon.[5] Other accounts were written by the
playwright Euripides, poet Theocritus and Roman epic poet Virgil. In Hesiod's
Theogony, Zeus releases three cyclopes from the dark pit of Tartarus. They provide
Zeus' thunderbolt, Hades' "helmet of darkness", and Poseidon's trident, and the
gods use these weapons to defeat the Titans.

In an episode of Homer's Odyssey, the hero Odysseus encounters the cyclops

Polyphemus, the son of Poseidon and Thoosa, who lives with his fellow cyclopes in a
distant country. The connection between the two groups has been debated in
antiquity and by modern scholars.[6] It is upon Homer's account that Euripides and
Virgil based their accounts of the mythical creatures. The ancient Greek geographer
Strabo describes another group of seven Lycian cyclopes, also known as "Bellyhands"
because they earned from their handicraft. They had built the walls of Tiryns and
perhaps the caverns and the labyrinths near Nauplia, which are called cyclopean.[7]

Contents
1 Ancient sources
1.1 Homer
1.2 Hesiod
1.3 Callimachus
1.4 Euripides
1.5 Theocritus
1.6 Virgil
1.7 The ancient Greek epic Dionysiaca
2 Origins
3 Cyclopean walls
4 Legends of the Caucasus
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Ancient sources

The Cyclops, gouache and oil by Odilon Redon (1840�1916), undated (Kr�ller-M�ller
Museum)[8]
It is often assumed that Polyphemus lives, along with the other cyclopes, on an
island. That is a possibility but all that is known from Homer's Odyssey is that
Polyphemus resided in a "land" somewhere farther on from the Lotus-Eaters, in a
place that is not close or distant from an uninhabited, wooded and unexploited
island, where Odysseus arrives. The map location that can be drawn from this
episode and the surrounding episodes in the Odyssey is variously described and
discussed divergently by scholars.[citation needed]

Euripides in his satyr-drama, Cyclops, appears at times to follow closely the story
found in Homer, and at other times contributes variations. In Euripides' play there
is no mention of the unexploited island, and Euripides keeps the action of the play
in one location � the place where the cyclopes live, and where Odysseus' ship
landed. Euripides also makes a significant variation from Homer to the setting: he
imagines the location to be Mount Etna "where the one-eyed sons of the sea god, the
man-slaying Cyclopes, live in their desolate caves".[9]

Another source for the story of Polyphemus is Idyll XI. The Cyclops by Theocritus
(circa 270 BC), in which the cyclopes' home is, following Euripides, near Mount
Etna in Sicily.[10] Since Euripides and Theocritus, the Sicilian location has
become attached to the cyclops story.[11]

Homer

Odysseus and his crew are blinding Polyphemus. Detail of a Proto-Attic amphora,
circa 650 BC. Eleusis, Archaeological Museum, Inv. 2630.
It is estimated that Homer's Odyssey was composed sometime in the 50-year period
from 725 to 675 BC, and it is thought that it shows the influence of earlier oral
poetic traditions of different peoples. In the Odyssey the episodes that are placed
on the Black Sea, which would include the cyclops story, appear to incorporate
parts of the Gilgamesh tradition, as well as the Caucasian myths of a one-eyed
monster. There are striking parallels between Homer's story and the Caucasian
stories of Urzmaeg, where the hero outwits a one-eyed giant, and blinds him with a
torch. It is thought that the Caucasian myths probably came to the Greeks through
the epic Anatolian song tradition.[12][13]

Homer does not specifically state that Polyphemus has only one eye. Some scholars
suggest this is implied in the passage that describes Odysseus asking his men to
cast lots to select a group that will join with him "to lift the stake and grind it
into his eye when sweet sleep should come upon him".[14][full citation needed]

However others suggest that Homer's Polyphemus may have had two eyes. It is pointed
out that in the Odyssey when the actual blinding occurs there is a reference to
plural brows and lids. Also Homer describes in some detail the entire race of
cyclopes, critiquing their agricultural techniques, in what may be literature's
first anthropological study, and never mentions their monocularity. It is also
noted that the first artistic or graphic depiction of the blinding episode appears
on an amphora that was created by the Polyphemos Painter c. 680�650 B.C, and the
artist shows the blinding stake has two prongs, as though two eyes are being
targeted.[15]

Hesiod
In the Theogony by Hesiod, the cyclopes[16] � Brontes (????t??, "thunderer"),
Steropes (Ste??p??, "lightning") and Arges (?????, "brightness") � were the
primordial sons of Uranus (Sky) and Gaia (Earth) and brothers of the Hekatonkheires
and the Titans. As such, they were blood-related to the Titan and Olympian gods and
goddesses.[17] They were giants with a single eye in the middle of their forehead
and a foul disposition. According to Hesiod, they were strong and stubborn.
Collectively they eventually became synonyms for brute strength and power, and
their name was invoked in connection with massive masonry or blacksmithery. They
were often pictured at their forge.

Uranus, fearing their strength, locked them in Tartarus. Cronus, another son of
Uranus and Gaia, later freed the cyclopes, along with the Hecatoncheires, after he
had overthrown Uranus. Cronus then placed them back in Tartarus, where they
remained, guarded by the female monster Campe, until freed by Zeus. They fashioned
thunderbolts for Zeus to use as weapons, and helped him overthrow Cronus and the
other Titans. The lightning bolts, which became Zeus' main weapons, were forged by
all three cyclopes, in that Arges added brightness, Brontes added thunder, and
Steropes added lightning.

These cyclopes also created Poseidon's trident, Artemis' bow and arrows of
moonlight, Apollo's bow and arrows of sun rays, and Hades' helm of darkness that
was given to Perseus on his quest to kill Medusa.

Callimachus

Statue of a Cyclops at the Natural History Museum in London

According to a hymn of Callimachus,[18] they were Hephaestus' helpers at the forge.
The cyclopes were said to have built the "cyclopean" fortifications at Tiryns and
Mycenae in the Peloponnese. The noises proceeding from the heart of volcanoes were
attributed to their operations.

Euripides
Euripides' only extant comedy is his play Cyclops, which was written in 408 B.C. It
is the only complete satyr play of ancient Greece that has survived. It is based on
a story that occurs in book nine of Homer's Odyssey. It takes place on the island
of Sicily near the volcano Mount Etna, and the cyclops is portrayed as a cave-
dwelling, violent, cannibalistic, oafish character. This depiction is similar to
Homer�s cyclops, though it differs from the cyclops of Hesiod. Euripides� version
may have been influenced by the comic handling of the cyclops found in Cratinus'
play Odysseuses, which is one of many plays of ancient Greece that are known to
have lampooned Homer's cyclops story.[19][20]

According to Euripides' play Alcestis, Apollo killed the cyclopes, in retaliation

for Asclepius' murder at the hands of Zeus. For this crime, Apollo was then forced
into the servitude of Admetus for one year. Other stories after Euripides tell that
Zeus later revived Asclepius and the cyclopes. This was after the year of Apollo's
servitude had passed. Zeus pardoned the cyclopes and Asclepius from the underworld,
despite them being dead, even though Hades is lord of the dead and they are his
prisoners. Hades as well does not ever allow any of his souls to leave the
Underworld. Zeus could not bear the loss of the cyclopes, for they were the biggest
reason the Olympians assumed power. Also, Zeus resurrected Asclepius at the request
of Apollo so that their feud would end.

Some versions of this myth have it that after Apollo killed the cyclopes, their
ghosts dwelt in the caverns of the volcano Aetna.[21]

Theocritus
The Sicilian Greek poet Theocritus wrote two poems (circa 275 BC) concerning
Polyphemus' desire for Galatea, a sea nymph, and his strategy for winning her.

Virgil
Virgil, the Roman epic poet, wrote, in book three of The Aeneid, of how Aeneas and
his crew landed on the island of the cyclops after escaping from Troy at the end of
the Trojan War. Aeneas and his crew land on the island, when they are approached by
a desperate Greek man from Ithaca, Achaemenides, who was stranded on the island a
few years previously with Odysseus' expedition (as depicted in The Odyssey).

Virgil's account acts as a sequel to Homer's, with the fate of Polyphemus as a

blind cyclops after the escape of Odysseus and his crew where some cases have
Polyphemus regaining his eyesight.

The ancient Greek epic Dionysiaca

Dionysiaca, composed in the 4th or 5th century BC, is the longest surviving poem
from antiquity � 20,426 lines. It is written by the poet Nonnus in the Homeric
dialect, and its main subject is the life of Dionysus. It describes a war that
occurred between Dionysus' troops and those of the Indian king Deriades. In book 28
of the Dionysiaca the cyclops join with Dionysian troops, and the prove to be great
warriors and crush most of the Indian king's troops.[22]

Origins
Walter Burkert suggests that the archaic groups or societies of lesser gods mirror
real cult associations: "It may be surmised that smith guilds lie behind Cabeiri,
Idaian Dactyloi, Telchines, and Cyclopes." Burkert also suggests that because
cyclops are at times portrayed as blacksmiths, the legend of their single eye may
have arisen from the practice of blacksmiths wearing an eyepatch over one eye to
prevent flying sparks from blinding them in both eyes.[23][24] The cyclopes seen in
Homer's Odyssey are of a different type from those in the Theogony and they have no
connection to blacksmithing. It is possible that independent legends associated
with Polyphemus did not make him a cyclops before Homer's Odyssey; Polyphemus may
have been some sort of local daemon or monster in original stories.

Another possible origin for the cyclops legend was first advanced by the
paleontologist Othenio Abel in 1914.[25] Abel proposed that fossil skulls of
prehistoric mammoths � and dwarf mammoths � may have been found by the Greeks in
island cave on Cyprus, Crete, Malta, Sicily and other Aegean islands. Notably, in
Homer's epic poem, Odysseus and his sailors encountered the Cyclops in a cave. Abel
suggested that the large, central nasal cavity (for the trunk) in the skull might
have been interpreted as a large single eye-socket.[26] Given the inexperience of
the locals with living elephants until the fourth century BC, they were unlikely to
recognize the skull for what it actually was.[27]

Veratrum album, or white hellebore, an herbal medicine used by Ancient Greeks and
described by Hippocrates before 400 BC,[28] contains the alkaloids cyclopamine and
jervine, which are teratogens capable of causing cyclopia and holoprosencephaly,
severe birth defects in which a fetus can be born with a single eye. Students of
teratology have raised the possibility of a link between this developmental
deformity in Ancient Greek infants and the myth for which it was named.[29]
Regardless of the connection between the herb and the birth abnormalities, it is
possible these rare birth defects may have contributed to the myth. However, a
study of deformed humans born with a single eye all have a nose above the single
eye, not below.[30]

Cyclopean walls

Cyclopean walls at Mycenae.

Main article: Cyclopean masonry
After the "Dark Age", when Hellenes looked with awe at the vast dressed blocks,
known as Cyclopean structures, which had been used in Mycenaean masonry (at sites
such as Mycenae and Tiryns or on Cyprus), they concluded that only the cyclopes had
the combination of skill and strength to build in such a monumental manner.

Legends of the Caucasus

The Caucasus region near the Black Sea is rich in a folk literature that contains
stories seen as variations of the myths of the ancient Greeks, including the
Cyclops stories. In the Caucasus these tales have been handed down as songs and
narrative poems by a strong oral tradition � which is also the tradition of Homer.
One reason the oral tradition is strong is that for most of the languages spoken in
this mountainous region there was no written alphabet until relatively recently.
The stories are not well known to the English speaking world. They began to be
written down and collected in the 1890s, as the Nart saga and the Uryzmaeg stories.
[31][32]
In the cyclops stories of the Caucasus, the cyclops is almost always a shepherd,
and he is also variously presented as a one-eyed, rock-throwing, cannibalistic
giant, who says his name is "nobody", who lives in a cave, whose door is blocked by
a large stone, who is a threat to the hero of the story, who is blinded by a hot
stake, and whose flock of sheep is stolen by the hero and his men. These motifs are
also found in the cyclops stories of Homer, Euripides, and Hesiod.[33][34][35]

One example in a story from Georgia, describes two brothers trapped in the cave of
"One-eye". They take the wooden spit from One-eye's fire, heat it up, stab it into
his eye and escape.[36]

See also
List of one-eyed creatures in mythology and fiction
Tepeg�z
Stereopsis, the ability to see with two eyes information that is hidden from each
eye alone.
Cyclopia, congenital disorder
Cyclops, one of the founding members of the X-Men from Marvel Comics.
Notes
Female cyclopes do not occur in any classical sources.
Entry: ?????? at LSJ
As with many Greek mythic names, however, this might be a folk etymology. Another
proposal holds that the word is derived from PIE p?u-klops "sheep thief". See: Paul
Thieme, "Etymologische Vexierbilder", Zeitschrift f�r vergleichende Sprachforschung
69 (1951): 177-78; Burkert (1982), p. 157; J.P.S. Beekes, Indo-European
Etymological Project, s.v. Cyclops."Archived copy". Archived from the original on
2011-07-24. Retrieved 2008-01-27. Note that this would mean that the Cyclopes were
regular giants, and the depictions with a singular eye, secondarily motivated by
the folk etymology.
Gantz, p. 10; Hesiod, Theogony, 139�146
Gantz, pp. 12�13. These Homeric cyclopes are all presumably the sons of Poseidon,
though, only the cyclops Polyphemus is explicitly said to be.
Gantz, p. 12: "the Kyclopes [of Hesiod] could scarcely be more different from
those encountered by Odysseus in Book 9 of the Odyssey"; Mondi, pp. 17�18: "Why is
there such a discrepancy between the nature of the Homeric cyclopes and the nature
of those found in Hesiod's Theogony? Ancient commentators were so exercised by this
problem that they supposed there to be more than one type of cyclops, and we must
agree that, on the surface at least, these two groups could hardly have less in
common."
Strabo, Geography, 373
Dated before 1905, possibly a replica of a pastel, according to Klaus Berger, "The
Pastels of Odilon Redon", College Art Journal 16.1 (Autumn 1956:23-33) pp. 30ff;
dated 1898-1900 by David H. Porter, "Metamorphoses and Metamorphosis: A Brief
Response", American Journal of Philology 124.3 (Fall 2003:473�76); illus. in Sven
Sandstr�m, Le Monde imaginaire d'Odilon Redon: �tude iconologique,1955:69.
Walbank, F. W. A Historical Commentary on Polybius, Vol III. Oxford (1979). ISBN
978-0198140115. p. 577.
Hawes, Greta, editor. Myths on the Map: The Storied Landscapes of Ancient Greece.
Oxford University Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0191062209. pp. 56�61.
"Theocritus". Emonds, John Maxwell, editor and translator. The Greek Bucolic
Poets, Volume 28 of Loeb classical library. Publisher W. Heinemann, 1912. ASIN:
B000J32Z2O
Homer. The Odyssey. "Introduction" and translation by Fagles, Robert. Penguin,
1997. ISBN 978-0140268867. pp. 3�32.
Bachvarova, Mary R. From Hittite to Homer: The Anatolian Background of Ancient
Greek Epic. Cambridge University Press, 2016. ISBN 978-0521509794. pp. 99�106, 299
Homer, Odyssey 9.331-333.
Bremmer, J.N. Odysseus versus the Cyclops, in Myth and Symbol. Ed. S. des Bouvrie.
The Norwegian Institute. (1987) pp. 135�52.
 Graves, Robert (1960). The Greek Myths. Harmondsworth, London, England: Penguin
Books. pp. s.v. The Olympian Creation Myth. ISBN 978-0143106715.
Hesiod, Theogony, 139�46. Arges was elsewhere called Acmonides (Ovid, Fasti iv.
288), or Pyraemon (Virgil, Aeneid viii. 425).
To Artemis, 46f. See also Virgil's Georgics 4.173 and Aeneid 8.416ff.
Euripides. The Cyclops. Text online. Translated by E.P. Coleridge. Digireads.
(2012) ISBN 978-1420904154
Euripides. Preface by Patterson, John Letcher. The Cyclops of Euripides. Macmillan
(1900).
Graves, Robert (1960). The Greek Myths. London: Penguin Books. p. 31. ISBN 978-
0140171990.
"Nonnus, of Panopolis". Rouse, W.H.D., translator. Dionysiaca, Volume II, Books
XVI - XXXV. Harvard University Press (1940) ISBN 978-0434993543 p. 346-369.
Burkert (1991), p. 173.
Robson, David. Cyclops; Monsters and mythical creatures. Capstone (2011) ISBN 978-
1601523570. p. 17
Abel's plausible surmise was recovered from obscurity by Adrienne Mayor in 2000,
The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times
(Princeton University Press) 2000, rev. ed 2009 ISBN 1400838444.
The smaller, actual eye-sockets are on the sides and, being very shallow, were
hardly noticeable as such
"Meet the original Cyclops". Retrieved 18 May 2007.
Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hellebore" . Encyclop�dia Britannica. 13
(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 236. � citing Codronchius (Comm.... de
elleb., 1610), Castellus (De helleb. epistola, 1622), Horace (Sat. ii. 3.80�83, Ep.
ad Pis. 300)
Armand Marie Leroi, Mutants; On the Form, Varieties and Errors of the Human Body,
2005:68.
Nelson, Edward. 1958. The One-Eyed Ones. Journal of American Folklore Vol. 71, No.
280: 159�61.
Hunt, David. Legends of the Caucasus. London: Saqi Books. (2012). ISBN 978-
0863568237. p. 13
Ratcliffe, Jonathan. Arimaspians and Cyclopes: The Mythos of the One-Eyed Man in
Greek and Inner Asian Thought. Editor: Mair, Victor. Sino-Platonic Papers, no. 249.
University of Pennsylvania Publications. (2014)
Bachvarova, Mary R. From Hittite to Homer: The Anatolian Background of Ancient
Greek Epic. Cambridge University Press (2016). ISBN 978-0521509794. p. 106
Rashidvash, Vahid. "The Caucasus, Its Peoples, and Its History". International
Research Journal of Interdisciplinary & Multidisciplinary Studies (IRJIMS). Vol I,
Is. IV, February 2015, Scholar Publications. pp.. 30�36. ISSN 2394-7950
Colarusso, John. Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the
Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs. Princeton University Press (2002) ISBN
978-0691026473
Hunt, David. Legends of the Caucasus. London: Saqi Books. (2012) p. 220
References
Bachvarova, Mary (2016). From Hittite to Homer: The Anatolian Background of Ancient
Greek Epic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521509794.
Bremmer, J.N. (1987). Odysseus versus the Cyclops, in Myth and Symbol. The
Norwegian Institute.
Burkert, Walter (1982). Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual.
University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04770-9.
Burkert, Walter (1991). Greek Religion. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-15624-6.
Colarusso, John (2002). Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the
Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-
0691026473.
Euripides (1900). The Cyclops. Macmillan.
Euripides (2012). The Cyclops. Digireads. ISBN 978-1420904154.
Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN
978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by
Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London,
William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two
volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William
Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Homer. The Odyssey. Introduction and translation by Fagles, Robert. Penguin, 1997.
ISBN 978-0140268867.
Hunt, David (2012). Legends of the Caucasus. Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0863568237.
Mondi, Robert "The Homeric Cyclopes: Folktale, Tradition, and Theme" Transactions
of the American Philological Association 113 Vol. 113 (1983), pp. 17�38.
Rashidvash, Vahid (2015). The Caucasus, Its Peoples, and Its History. Scholar
Publications.
Ratcliffe, Jonathan (2014). Arimaspians and Cyclopes: The Mythos of the One-Eyed
Man in Greek and Inner Asian Thought. University of Pennsylvania Publications.
External links
Look up ?????? in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyclops.
Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898)
Perseus Encyclopedia: Cyclopes
Theoi.com: Cyclopes
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Cave at Cape Matapan Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica
Ploutonion
Ploutonion at Acharaca Ploutonion at Eleusis Ploutonion at Hierapolis
Places
Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Fields of Punishment Isles of the Blessed
Tartarus
Judges of the underworld
Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus
Guards
Cerberus
Ferryman
Charon Charon's obol
Symbols/objects
Bident Cap of invisibility
Animals/daemons/spirits
Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Hade's cattle
Mythological wars
Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Cranes-Pygmies war Theomachy
Titanomachy Trojan War
Mythological and
religious objects
Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Ara Baetylus Caduceus Cornucopia Dragon's
teeth Diipetes Galatea Golden apple Golden Fleece Gorgoneion Greek terracotta
figurines Harpe Ichor Lotus tree Minoan sealstone Moly Necklace of Harmonia
Omphalos Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora's box Petasos (Winged helmet)
Philosopher's stone Ring of Gyges Rod of Asclepius Sacrificial tripod Sceptre
Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt
Thymiaterion Thyrsus Trident Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of Fortune Wheel of
fire Xoanon
Symbols
Arkalochori Axe Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena
Mythological powers
Anthropomorphism Divination Eidolon Eternal youth Evocation Fortune-telling
Immortality Language of the birds Nympholepsy Magic Ornithomancy Shamanism
Shapeshifting Weather modification
Storage containers,
cups, vases
Amphora Calathus Chalice Ciborium Cotyla Hydria Hydriske Kalpis Kantharos Kernos
Kylix Lebes Lekythos Loutrophoros Oenochoe Pelike Pithos Skyphos Stamnos Urn
Musical Instruments
Aulos Barbiton Chelys Cithara Cochilia Crotalum (Castanets) Epigonion Kollops Lyre
Pan flute Pandura Phorminx Psaltery Salpinx Sistrum Tambourine Trigonon Tympanum
Water organ
Games
Panhellenic Games
Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games
Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia
Festivals/feasts
Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia
Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delphinia
Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia
Kronia Lenaia Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria
Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria
Vessels
Argo Phaeacian ships
Modern offshoot religions
Discordianism Gaianism Feraferia Hellenism
Modern popular culture
Greek mythology in popular culture
Categories: CyclopesGreek giantsOffspring of GaiaSmithing godsMonsters in Greek
mythology
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