DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

VEHICLE CONTROLLERS IN SIGNALS

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
S.SACHINKUMAR (922116114066)
A.SANTHOSH ROBINSON (922116114069)
R.SARAVANAKUMAR (922116114070)
R.SARAVANAN (922116114071)
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SSM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

DINDIGUL 624 002

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

MARCH 2019

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 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

VEHICLE CONTROLLERS IN SIGNALS” is the bonafide work of
“S.SACHINKUMAR(922116114066),A.SANTHOSHROBINSON
(922116114069),R.SARAVANAKUMAR(922116114070),R.SARAVANAN
(922116114071)”who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.SANKARANARAYANAN,M.E,Ph.D, Mr.V.RAMASAMY,M.E,(Ph.D),

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR ,

DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG ASST.PROFESSOR

SSM INSTITUTE OF ENGG &TECH DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGG

DINDIGUL-624002 SSM INSTITUTE OF ENGG&TECH

DINDIGUL-624002.

Submitted for the ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI Examination held

on ....................at SSM Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul-624002.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

For any beginner who finally succeeds, there will be a major support and
powerful word of encouragement and appreciation shown behind and so with our
successful completion of our project.

We extend our thanks to our managements staff especially our belonged

chairman Thiru. P.S.VELUSWAMY,B.A.B.L and to our director
Dr.R.CHANDRAN,M.B.A.,Ph.D. We are very much grateful to our principal
Dr.M.SARAVANAN, M.E Ph.D. & Dr.G.SANKARANARAYANAN, M.E,
Ph.D, Head of the department of Mechanical Engineering for his encouragement.

We feel great Mr.V.RAMASAMY, M.E,(Ph.D) Assistant professor of

Mechanical Engineering, SSMIET as our internal guide without whom successful
completion of our project would not have happened.
 ABSTRACT

In the areas of the un-manned traffic crossings and railways

crossings, many accidents occur because of rash driving and also
due to the reasons like not obeying the traffic rules. This accidents
leads to death in some cases and it leads to a heavy loss in terms of
money and damage to vehicles. In this project, planned to avoid
these issues by using an automated controller which has a spiked
profile and these will be placed in the traffic signals.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO TITLE OF CONTENT Page NO

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Need of vehicle controller in traffic signals 8

1.2 Objective of traffic controller 8

1.3 Actual method of traffic controlling 8

1.4 Traffic controlling unit 9

1.5 Traffic controllers 9

1.5.1 Fixed time controller 9

1.5.2 Coordinated control 10
1.5.3 Adaptive controls 12
1.5.4 Other type of control 13

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Literature review 14

CHAPTER 3

FABRICATION PROCESS

3.1 Introduction 20

3.2 Materials used 20

3.2.1 Electric DC motor 20

3.2.2 Bearing 20
3.2.3 Wooden box 21

3.2.4 Spike arrangements 21

3.2.5 Hollow pipe arrangement 22

3.3 Fabrication of wooden box 22

3.4 Design of wooden box 23

3.5 Design of hollow shaft 23

3.6 Design of spike model 24

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION

4.1 Application of traffic controller 26

5 PHOTOGRAFIC VIEW 27

6 COST ESTIMATON 30

7 REFERENCE 31
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 NEED OF VECHICLE CONTROLLER IN TRAFFIC SIGNAL

In vehicle controller is used to control the vehicle in traffic occurring areas,

like schools, a busy streets, and other important places. Now a day’s most of the
people doesn’t follow the traffic rules. Sometimes it may cause major accident. To
prevent those types of accident a vehicle controlling device is to be needed.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS

In order to bring the safety of the pedestrians in the road. And also the major
incidents are done by heavy vehicles. So our objective is to control and made to
follow the traffic rules to the heavy duty vehicle. The purpose of modifications are,

1) Simplicity of operation.
2) No any special skills to operate..
3) Compact, portable and well suited and Low cost.
4) Life of the components is high.
5) An individual can perform the operation.

1.3 ACTUAL METHOD OF TRAFFIC CONTROLLING

Traditionally, The traffic can be controlled by a manual process. But people

are began to cheat in traffic signals. The problems faced in olden traditional
methods are given below,

1) Man cannot stand whole time in the traffic signals. Since the physical
condition of human can’t obey.

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 2) Weather played a major role in the old method of traffic control. By
standing for long time, man might be affected by the surrounding
environment.

1.4 TRAFFIC CONTROLLING UNIT

Traffic control units are maximum was used in the foreign countries like
USA, and other Asian countries. In abroad they use as one of the part of crime
controller. Since a criminals are try to escape by the mode of transport like cars,
Bikes, or other some vehicle. Police are allotted to every signal at that time we may
use this type of vehicle controller.

1.4.1 ADVANTAGES OF TRAFFIC CONTROLLING UNIT

1) Simplicity of design and control – There is no high costly equipments

are used. Only easily available equipments are used.
2) Reliability – Vehicle control systems generally have long operating
lives and require little maintenance. Because the number of moving
parts are comparatively less than expected. So it is easy to control and
life of the components is high.
3) Safety-People safety is extremely higher than the other vehicle
controlling system. Traffic rules are to strictly followed by both the
pedestrians as well as the drivers of the vehicle.

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1.5 TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS

1.5.1. FIXED TIME CONTROLLER

In traffic control, simple and old forms of signal controllers are what are
known as electro-mechanical signal controllers. Unlike computerized signal
controllers, electro-mechanical signal controllers are mainly composed of movable
parts (cams, dials, and shafts) that control signals that are wired to them correctly.
Aside from movable parts, electrical relays are also used. In general, electro-
mechanical signal controllers use dial timers that have fixed, signalized
intersection time plans. Cycle lengths of signalized intersections are determined by
small gears that are located within dial timers. Cycle gears, as they are commonly
known, range from 35 seconds to 120 seconds. If a cycle gear in a dial timer results
in a failure, it can be replaced with another cycle gear that would be appropriate to
use. Since a dial timer has only one signalized intersection time plan, it can control
phases at a signalized intersection in only one way. Many old signalized
intersections still use electro-mechanical signal controllers, and signals that are
controlled by them are effective in one way grids where it is often possible to
coordinate the signals to the posted speed limit. They are however disadvantageous
when the signal timing of an intersection would benefit from being adapted to the
dominant flows changing over the time of the day.

1.5.2. CORDINATED CONTROL

Attempts are often made to place traffic signals on a coordinated system so
that drivers encounter a green wave, a long string of green lights (the technical
term is progression). The distinction between coordinated signals and synchronized
signals is very important. Synchronized signals all change at the same time and are

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only used in special instances or in older systems. Coordinated (progressed)
systems are controlled from a master controller and are set up so lights "cascade"
(progress) in sequence so platoons of vehicles can proceed through a continuous
series of green lights. A graphical representation of phase state on a two-axis plane
of distance versus time clearly shows a "green band" that has been established
based on signalized intersection spacing and expected vehicle speeds.[9] In some
countries (e.g. Germany, France and the Netherlands), this "green band" system is
used to limit speeds in certain areas. Lights are timed in such a way that motorists
can drive through without stopping if their speed is lower than a given limit,
mostly 50 km/h (30 mph) in urban areas. This system is known as "grüne Welle" in
German, "vague verte" in French, or "groene golf" in Dutch (English: "green
wave"). Such systems were commonly used in urban areas of the United States
from the 1940s, but are less common today. In the UK, Slough in Berkshire had
part of the A4 experimented on with this. Many US cities set the green wave on
two-way streets to operate in the direction more heavily traveled, rather than trying
to progress traffic in both directions. But the recent introduction of the flashing
yellow arrow (see Traffic-light signalling and operation) makes the lead-lag signal,
an aid to progression, available with protected/permissive turns.

In modern coordinated signal systems, it is possible for drivers to travel long

distances without encountering a red light. This coordination is done easily only on
one-way streets with fairly constant levels of traffic. Two-way streets are often
arranged to correspond with rush hours to speed the heavier volume direction.
Congestion can often throw off any coordination, however. On the other hand,
some traffic signals are coordinated to prevent drivers from encountering a long
string of green lights. This practice discourages high volumes of traffic by inducing
delay yet preventing congestion. Speed is self-regulated in coordinated signal

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systems; drivers traveling too fast will arrive on a red indication and end up
stopping, drivers traveling too slowly will not arrive at the next signal in time to
utilize the green indication. In synchronized systems, however, drivers will often
use excessive speed in order to get through as many lights as possible.

More recently even more sophisticated methods have been employed.

Traffic lights are sometimes centrally controlled by monitors or by computers to
allow them to be coordinated in real time to deal with changing traffic
patterns. Video cameras, or sensors buried in the pavement can be used to monitor
traffic patterns across a city. Non-coordinated sensors occasionally impede traffic
by detecting a lull and turning red just as cars arrive from the previous light. The
most high-end systems use dozens of sensors and cost hundreds of thousands
of dollars per intersection, but can very finely control traffic levels. This relieves
the need for other measures (like new roads) which are even more expensive.

1.5.3. ADAPTIVE CONTROL

 Meadowlands Adaptive Signal System for Traffic Reduction (MASSTR) - New

Jersey Meadowlands Commission monitors in their Lyndhurst administration
building this "intelligent transportation system", the first of its kind in the state,
with traffic controlled intersections and vehicle detectors in the Meadowlands.
As of 2013, it is in operation and plans to cover 128 intersections by 2014. To
reduce delays due to the planned two-year closure of the northbound lanes of
the Pulaski Skyway that will start around March 2014, this system will
synchronize traffic lights at an additional 15 intersections along US 1/9
Truck and Route 440 in Kearny Point and Jersey City.

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 Midtown in Motion - New York City's adaptive traffic control system that
employs multiple technologies. Cameras, microwave motion sensors and radio-
frequency identification (RFID) E-ZPass tag readers are used as inputs as a
mean to for monitoring traffic flow. The data is fed through the government-
dedicated broadband wireless infrastructure to the traffic management center to
be used in adaptive traffic control of the traffic lights.

1.5.4. OTHER TYPES OF CONTROL

 Failures: If power is still available, a flashing amber light is used to warn of

an intersection. Methods to distinguish the main road from the secondary road
(and hence right of way) include using yield (give way) signs, stop signs or a
flashing red light on the secondary road as well as written signage. In some
countries including Australia, the road rules outline procedures such as giving
way to the right.
 Part-time operation: Some traffic lights will not operate at night or when
traffic is very light. Some may only operate at particular set times (e.g. during
working hours of a major factory) or only during special events such as sports
or exhibitions. When not operating, the same measures as with failures are
used. Part-time operation has advantages and disadvantages.
 Railroad preemption: Traffic signals are activated to coincide with the
approach of a train, often where the intersection is near a rail crossing. See
also Railroad preemption
 Bus and Transport Priority: Traffic signals are activated to coincide with the
arrival of a bus or tram along a busway, bus lane or tramway. See also Bus
priority

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 Emergency Vehicles Some lights outside of fire or rescue stations have no
green, as they may turn only amber and then red when fire trucks, ambulances,
or other emergency vehicles or the like are exiting the station en route to an
emergency. See also Traffic signal preemption
 Speed signs are a rarely used variant to give drivers a recommended speed to
approach the next traffic light in its green phase.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Miriam F.Bongo , Kissy Mae S.Alimpangog , Jennifer F.Loar , Jason

A.Montefalcon , Lanndon A.Ocampo. An application of DEMATEL-ANP and
PROMETHEE II approach for air traffic controllers’ workload stress
problem: A case of Mactan Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines

In the general air transportation system, air traffic controllers play a key role in
maintaining a safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic. The fulfillment of
this role is hindered as the complexity of controllers' workload aggravates due to
various stressors. It is, therefore, the intention of this paper to address controllers’
workload stress problem by identifying the main stressors and arrive at an
outranking of probable measures which can be applied at the earliest hint of such
issue. The synergy of DEMATEL-ANP and PROMETHEE II approach is
implemented to illustrate the decision-problem in a case study at Mactan Civil
Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP). The results revealed that the
stressors presenting a significant contribution to the evidence of workload stress
are attributed to the operational responsibilities of controllers. It then followed that
compartmentalization outranked the other alternatives in reducing workload stress.

Mohammad Aslani , Mohammad Saadi Megara , Marco Wiring

Adaptive traffic signal control with actor-critic methods in a real-world traffic
network with different traffic disruption events

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The transportation demand is rapidly growing in metropolises, resulting in chronic
traffic congestions in dense downtown areas. Adaptive traffic signal control as the
principle part of intelligent transportation systems has a primary role to effectively
reduce traffic congestion by making a real-time adaptation in response to the
changing traffic network dynamics. Reinforcement learning (RL) is an effective
approach in machine learning that has been applied for designing adaptive traffic
signal controllers. One of the most efficient and robust type of RL algorithms are
continuous state actor-critic algorithms that have the advantage of fast learning and
the ability to generalize to new and unseen traffic conditions. These algorithms are
utilized in this paper to design adaptive traffic signal controllers called actor-critic
adaptive traffic signal controllers (A-CATs controllers).

Martina Truschzinski, Alberto Betella, Guido Brunnett, Paul F.M.J.

Verschure Emotional and cognitive influences in air traffic controller tasks:
An investigation using a virtual environment?

Air traffic controllers are required to perform complex tasks which require
attention and high precision. This study investigates how the difficulty of such
tasks influences emotional states, cognitive workload and task performance. We
use quantitative and qualitative measurements, including the recording of pupil
dilation and changes in affect using questionnaires. Participants were required to
perform a number of air traffic control tasks using the immersive human accessible
Virtual Reality space in the "experience Induction Machine".

Based on the data collected, we developed and validated a model which integrates
personality, workload and affective theories. Our results indicate that the difficulty
of an air traffic control task has a direct influence on cognitive workload as well as

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on the self-reported mood; whereas both mood and workload seem to change
independently. In addition, we show that personality, in particular neuroticism,
affects both mood and performance of the participants.

Mohammad Hassan Khooban, Navid Vafamand, Alireza Liaghat, Tomislav

Dragicevic An optimal general type-2 fuzzy controller for Urban Traffic
Network

Urban traffic network model is illustrated by state-charts and object-diagram.

However, they have limitations to show the behavioral perspective of the Traffic
Information flow. Consequently, a state space model is used to calculate the half-
value waiting time of vehicles. In this study, a combination of the general type-2
fuzzy logic sets and the Modified Backtracking Search Algorithm (MBSA)
techniques are used in order to control the traffic signal scheduling and phase
succession so as to guarantee a smooth flow of traffic with the least wait times and
average queue length. The parameters of input and output membership functions
are optimized simultaneously by the novel heuristic algorithm MBSA. A
comparison is made between the achieved results with those of optimal and
conventional type-1 fuzzy logic controllers.

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Yongfu Li, Yuhao Kang, Bin Yang, Srinivas Peeta, Yinguo L A sliding mode
controller for vehicular traffic flow

This study proposes a sliding mode controller for vehicular traffic flow based on a
car-following model to enhance the smoothness and stability of traffic flow
evolution. In particular, the full velocity difference (FVD) model is used to capture
the characteristics of vehicular traffic flow. The proposed sliding mode controller
is designed in terms of the error between the desired space headway and the actual
space headway. The stability of the controller is guaranteed using the Lyapunov
technique. Numerical experiments are used to compare the performance of sliding
mode control (SMC) with that of feedback control. The results illustrate the
effectiveness of the proposed SMC method in terms of the distribution smoothness
and stability of the space headway, velocity, and acceleration profiles. They further
illustrate that the SMC strategy is superior to that of the feedback control strategy,
while enabling computational efficiency that can aid in practical applications.

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 CHAPTER 3
DESIGN & FABRICATION PROCESS

3.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the preparation of vehicle controller in traffic signals. The
traffic controller fabricated using various components as discussed below.

3.2 MATERIALS USED

The reason for using the traffic controller in signal is to reduce the accidents
, following to the traffic rules and reduced human effort.

3.2.1. ELECTRIC DC MOTOR

The Electric DC motor is the capable of 200 rpm and 12v as shown in
fig 1

Fig 1 elecctric motor

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3.2.2. BEARING
The bearing is in the ball Bearing and having the diameter of
as shown in fig 2

Fig 2 Bearing
3.2.3. WOODEN BOX
The suitable size of wooden box are designed and fabricated. The wooden
box is shown in fig 3

Fig 3 Wooden box

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3.2.4. SPIKE ARRANGEMENT
The suitable size of spike arrangement are selected. The spike is shown in
fig 4

Fig 4 Spike
3.2.5.HOLLOW PIPE ARRANGEMENT
The suitable size of pipe is selected for the required diameter and length.
The hollow pipe is shown in fig 5

Fig 5 Hollow pipe arrangement

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3.3. FABRICATION OF WOODEN BOX
 First, the suitable material for fabricating the wooden box. The
NEEM TREE is used for fabricating the wooden box.
 Thebox is desinged to select suitable size for the whole setup.
 The cutting process is required to fabricating the box. The suitable
MIG Welding is selected to welding the materials.
 By using the Drilling Machine, the circular drill pit is used to drill
the Side paet of the box for bearing sitting as far required dimensions.
 To make the slot portion on the plate by using semi circular file and
correct the required shape and dimensions.
 The vice is used to hold the wooden box with correct fitness without
clearance.
 The wooden plates are attached by the nails.

3.4 DESIGN OF THE WOODEN BOX

Fig 6

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3.5 DESIGN OF THE HOLLOW SHAFT

Fig 7

3.6 DESIGN OF THE HOLLOW PIPE AND SPIKE MODEL

Fig 8

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 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION

4.1 APPLICATIONS OF TRAFFIC CONTROLLER

The traffic controller setup can be very cost effective
method for man no needs to stand in signal or any other important traffic forming
places for following applications:

In railway crossings, especially in the unmanned railway

crossings are very dangerous. At that place these type of controllers are to
be used, so for it is efficient and cheap.
Now a day, most of the people doesn’t follow the zebra crossing for
the pedestrians. At that place we can use these controller setup for follow the
traffic signal.

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 5.PHOTOGRAPHIC VIEW

As the photographic view of final output of project is shown in below figs.

SOLIDWORKS MODEL

Fig 10

Fig 11

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Fig 12

Fig 13

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20
Fig 14

Fig 15

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 6.COST ESTIMATION

S.NO MATRIALS AMOUNT

1. Dc motor Rs.190.00
2. Bearings Rs.60.00
3. Switch Rs.40.00
4. Battery Rs.20.00
5. Wire Rs.10.00
6. Battery shell Rs.10.00
7. Spike (nail) Rs.30.00
8. Wooden box ( outer cover ) Rs.400.00
TOTAL COST Rs.760.00

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 7.References

 Mohammad Hassan Khooban, Navid Vafamand, Alireza

Liaghat, Tomislav Dragicevic An optimal general type-2 fuzzy
controller for Urban Traffic Network.

 Martina Truschzinski, Alberto Betella, Guido Brunnett, Paul F.M.J.

Verschure Emotional and cognitive influences in air traffic controller
tasks:An investigation using a virtual environment.

 Yongfu Li, Yuhao Kang, Bin Yang, Srinivas Peeta, Yinguo L A

sliding mode controller for vehicular traffic flow.

 Mohammad Aslani , Mohammad Saadi Megara , Marco Wiring

Adaptive traffic signal control with actor-critic methods in a real-
world traffic network with different traffic disruption events.

 Miriam F.Bongo , Kissy Mae S.Alimpangog , Jennifer F.Loar , Jason

A.Montefalcon , Lanndon A.Ocampo. An application of DEMATEL-
ANP and PROMETHEE II approach for air traffic controllers’
workload stress problem: A case of Mactan Civil Aviation Authority
of the Philippines

23