Part I

Introduction to Wireless
Telecommunication Systems & Networks

Hisham Alasady, PhD.

Cellular Technologies slide 1 COMP 3054

Objectives

™ Discuss the general history and evolution of wireless

technology from a North American viewpoint and explain the
cellular radio concept
™ Discuss the evolution of modern telecommunications
infrastructure.
™ Discuss the structure and operation of the PSTN, the PDN,
and the SS7 Network.
™ Explain the basic structure of Broadband Cable TV systems.
™ Explain the basic concept and structure of the Internet.
™ Discuss the usage of the various telecommunications
networks and their relationship to one another.
™ Discuss wireless network applications and the future of this
technology.

Cellular Technologies slide 2 COMP 3054

The History and Evolution of Wireless Radio
Systems

™ Early Amplitude Modulation (AM) wireless systems

ƒ Maxwell (1865), Hertz (1887), and Marconi (Dec. 12/1901) first
transmission across the Atlantic Ocean
ƒ Crude early low-frequency transmitters
ƒ Used on-off keying (i.e. Morse code)

Figure (1): Typical early wireless

Transmitter
Cellular Technologies slide 3 COMP 3054
The History and Evolution of Wireless Radio
Systems

™ The first broadcast

ƒ 1900s – Fessenden
ƒ 1910s – Navy ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore radio development
ƒ 1920s – Short-wave radio development
ƒ 1930s & 1940s saw more advancement in radio technology with the
invention of TV, radar and vacuum tubes to generate microwaves.
™ Modern AM
ƒ Newer uses of AM include of QAM.
ƒ QAM is a hybrid form of AM and PM
ƒ QAM is considered a digital modulation (today it is extensively used)
™ The development of FM
ƒ Armstrong started his work on FM in 1920s and completed it in 1930s
ƒ FM broadcasting become popular in late 1960s and early 1970s
ƒ 1G AMPS is an FM based system (introduced in the US in 1983)

Cellular Technologies slide 4 COMP 3054

The History and Evolution of Wireless Radio
Systems
™ The evolution of digital radio
ƒ In 1936 AT&T tested the first experimental broadband coaxial cable
ƒ In 1941 the first L1 system that could handle 480 call was installed
ƒ In 1947 the first microwave system was installed (Boston - New York)
ƒ By the 1970s AT&T microwave relay system carries 70% of its voice traffic
and 95% of its broadband television traffic.
ƒ Microwave digital radio system become popular in 1970s and 1980s
ƒ Today, many SP and cellular operators are using digital microwave systems
to backhaul aggregated bandwidth signals.
™ The cellular telephone concept
ƒ The first mobile radios (HD) were used primarily by police departments
ƒ It consisted of a single, tall, centrally located tower with AP TX.
ƒ These systems have a limited capacity due to a limited frequency
allocation
ƒ In late 1960s AT&T proposed and in 1971 tested a cellular system that
consisted of many towers, each low in height using a low power TX.
ƒ In 1983 the first (1G) mobile cellular system (AMPS) deployed in US
Cellular Technologies slide 5 COMP 3054
The Development of Modern
Telecommunications Infrastructure

™ The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

ƒ Consists of copper pairs, digital network and digital switch
ƒ The local exchange
Ö Subscribers connected through copper wires
ƒ Intraoffice calls
Ö Subscribers connected to the same switch
Ö Connection-switched calls

Figure (2): A PSTN intraoffice call

through a local exchange

Cellular Technologies slide 6 COMP 3054

The Development of Modern
Telecommunications Infrastructure

™ The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

ƒ Interoffice calls
Ö Subscribers connected to different switches

ƒ Required a Trunk link

ƒ T-carrier transport

Figure (3): A PSTN interoffice call

over an enter-exchange
trunk line
Cellular Technologies slide 7 COMP 3054
The Development of Modern
Telecommunications Infrastructure

™ Signaling System #7 (SS7)

ƒ Without SS7 PSTN used in-band signaling
ƒ Using separate facility to perform a call
routing function (out-of-band)
signaling
ƒ SS7 is a packet network with:
Ö Signal transfer points (STP)
Ö Service switching points (SSP)
Ö Service control points (SCP)
Interface between SS7 and databases
Ö Operations support systems
ƒ SS7 set up and tear down
interoffice and long distance calls

Figure (4): The network elements

of the SS7 system

Cellular Technologies slide 8 COMP 3054

The Development of Modern
Telecommunications Infrastructure

™ The Public Data Network (PDN)

ƒ Connection oriented services
Ö Permanent virtual circuit (PVC)
Ö Switched virtual circuit (SVC)
ƒ Connectionless systems
Ö Less overhead and faster
ƒ Private data networks
Ö Owned or leased from service provider
ƒ Virtual private data networks
Ö Use the public data network
ƒ Tunneling protocols
Ö Maintaining privacy

Figure (5): A depiction of the PDN

Cellular Technologies slide 9 COMP 3054

The Development of Modern
Telecommunications Infrastructure

™ Broadband Cable Systems

ƒ Legacy cable systems
ƒ Two-way hybrid fiber-coaxial systems
ƒ DOCSIS standard

Figure (6): Modern two-way hybrid

fiber-coaxial cable-TV
system with fiber node

Cellular Technologies slide 10 COMP 3054

The Development of Modern
Telecommunications Infrastructure

™ The Internet
ƒ Internet is world largest
computer network
ƒ Wide area networks
ƒ Local area networks

Figure (7): Conceptual structure of

the Internet

Cellular Technologies slide 11 COMP 3054

The Development of Modern
Telecommunications Infrastructure

™ Cellular Telephone Systems

ƒ First generation (1G) used analog technology (AMPS)
ƒ Second generation (2G) used digital technology (GSM & CDMA)
ƒ Second and half generation (2.5G) is a medium speed data access
system (GPRS & IS-95B)
ƒ Third generation (3G) is a high speed data access system (UMTS,
EGDE, WCDMA, CDMA2000)
ƒ Fourth generation (4G) is a broadband universal data access system
(LTE, WiMAX)

Cellular Technologies slide 12 COMP 3054

Overview of Existing Network Infrastructure

™ Evolution of different technologies

™ Multimedia traffic capability (voice, data and video)
™ Analog versus digital
™ Metropolitan area networks
™ VoIP and wireless technologies

Cellular Technologies slide 13 COMP 3054

Overview of Existing Network Infrastructure

Figure (7): Today’s existing network infrastructure

Cellular Technologies slide 14 COMP 3054

Wireless Network Applications: Wireless
Markets

™ Voice Network Evolution

ƒ The development of voice-oriented wireless networks began on 1970s
AT&T`s Bell Labs
ƒ 1G FDMA analog cellular system was developed in North America but it
first deployed in Nordic countries in 1982 as NMT system
ƒ In 1983 started its deployment in North America as AMPS system
ƒ The 2G TDMA digital cellular was deployed in late 1992 as GSM system
ƒ Today more that 70% of cellular users are serviced by GSM systems
ƒ North American version of TDMA 2G was introduced in early 1990s as
IS-136.
ƒ The most recent entry into the cellular system is the CDMA technology
started in 1995 in US.
ƒ The Japanese TDMA 2G version is the Pacific Digital System (PDS)

Cellular Technologies slide 15 COMP 3054

Wireless Network Applications: Wireless
Markets

™ Data Network Evolution

ƒ in 1985 the radio-based LAN started when the FCC opened the ISM
bands (between 920 MHz and 5.85 GHz)
ƒ GPRS and EDGE are the data version for GSM with rate of 20 to 50
kbps (SMS, IM, MMS).
ƒ The CDMA system can support data rate or 14.4 to 56 kbps (IS-95-B)
ƒ The cdma2000 offers data rate of up to 144 kbps.
ƒ In 1997 the IEEE 802.11 standard finalized for 2.4 GHz with 1 & 2
Mbps. Then it move to 5 GHz and support up to 54 Mbps.
ƒ IEEE 802.15 is Bluetooth (wireless PAN)
ƒ IEEE 802.16 is the WiMAX (broadband wireless MAN)

Cellular Technologies slide 16 COMP 3054

Future Wireless Networks

™ Present day research

ƒ Seamless connectivity
™ Mobile IP
ƒ Universal mobility and high data rate access
™ 4G systems with ATM access speed (over 100 Mbps) are under
development
™ Almost all access to the Internet will become wireless!!

Cellular Technologies slide 17 COMP 3054

 Part II
Spectrum Analyzer

By
Hisham Alasady, PhD.

Cellular Technologies slide 18 COMP 3054

 Outline

z Overview:
z What is spectrum analysis?
z What measurements do we make?
z Theory of Operation:
z Spectrum analyzer hardware
z Specifications:
z Which are important and why?

Cellular Technologies slide 19 COMP 3054

 Overview

What is Spectrum Analysis?

SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 26.5 GHz

8563A

Cellular Technologies slide 20 COMP 3054

 Overview
.

Types of Tests Made

Modulation

Noise

Distortion

Cellular Technologies slide 21 COMP 3054

 Overview
Frequency versus Time Domain
Amplitude
(power)

Time domain
Frequency Domain
Measurements
Measurements
Cellular Technologies slide 22 COMP 3054
 Overview
Different Types of Analyzers

Fourier Analyzer
Parallel filters measured
simultaneously
A
LCD shows full
spectral display

f1 f2 f

Cellular Technologies slide 23 COMP 3054

 Overview
Different Types of Analyzers

Swept Analyzer
Filter 'sweeps' over range
of interest
A
LCD shows full
spectral display

f1 f2 f

Cellular Technologies slide 24 COMP 3054

 Theory of Operation
Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
RF input
attenuator IF gain IF filter
mixer detector
Input
signal
Pre-Selector
Log
Or Low Pass Amp
Filter video
filter
local
oscillator
sweep
generator
Crystal
Reference CRT display

Cellular Technologies slide 25 COMP 3054

 Theory of Operation
MIXER
Mixer input

f LO- f sig f LO+ f sig

RF IF
f sig LO f sig f LO

f LO

Cellular Technologies slide 26 COMP 3054

 Theory of Operation
IF FILTER
IF Filter

Input
Spectrum
IF Bandwidth
(RBW)

Display

Cellular Technologies slide 27 COMP 3054

Theory of Operation
DETECTOR

Detector

amplitu
de

"bins Positive detection: largest value

" in bin displayed
Negative detection: smallest value
in bin displayed
Sample detection: last value in bin
displayed

Cellular Technologies slide 28 COMP 3054

Theory of Operation
Video Filter

VIDEO
FILTER

Cellular Technologies slide 29 COMP 3054

Theory of Operation
Other Components

LO
SWEEP
GEN
frequency
LCD DISPLAY
RF INPUT
ATTENUATOR IF GAIN

Cellular Technologies slide 30 COMP 3054

Theory of Operation
How it all works together
fs Signal Range LO Range
f LO- f s f LO
0 1 2 3 (GHz) f LO+ f s
fs
IF filter
0 1 4 5 6
mixer
fs 2 3
3.6 6.5
detector
input

3.6
f IF
sweep generator A

LO

f LO
0 1 2 3 (GHz) f
3 4 5 6 (GHz) LCD display
3.6 6.5

Cellular Technologies slide 31 COMP 3054

Theory of Operation
Front Panel Operation Primary functions
(Frequency, Amplitude,
Span)
Softkeys

SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 26.5 GHz

8563A

Control functions
(RBW, sweep
time, VBW)

RF Input Numeric
keypad
Cellular Technologies slide 32 COMP 3054
Specifications

SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 kHz - 26.5 GHz

8563A

Ê Frequency Range
Ê Accuracy: Frequency & Amplitude
Ê Resolution
Ê Sensitivity
Ê Distortion
Ê Dynamic Range

Cellular Technologies slide 33 COMP 3054