P3 – Hardware & Software

Aplikasi Komputer
Moze Victor Fernando Lusikooy | Marion Erwin Dien| Y. Aipassa
What Is Hardware?

 A computer is made up of hardware.

 Hardware is the physical components of a computer system
e.g., a monitor, keyboard, mouse and the computer itself.
Basic Units Of Measurement

 Bit
 Binary digit
 Smallest unit of measurement
 Two possible values
 Byte
 8 bits
 Word
 The number of adjacent bits that can be stored and manipulated as a
unit
 32, 64 for home computers, 128 for the most powerful
Large Units Of Measurement
(Memory, Storage)

 Note: powers of two are used because computer memory and

storage are based on the basic unit (bit).
 Kilobyte (kB) – a thousand bytes (1,024 = 210)
 Megabyte (MB) - a million (1,048,576 = 220)
 Gigabyte (GB) – a billion (1,073,741,824 = 230)
 A complete set of encyclopedias requires about 600 MB of storage
 Terabyte (TB) – a trillion (1,099,511,627,776 = 240)
 20 million four-drawer filing cabinets full of text
Small Units Of Measurement
(Speed)

 Millisecond (ms) – a thousandth of a second (1/1,000 = 10-3)

 Microsecond (µs) - a millionth of a second (1/1,000,000 = 10-6)
 Nanosecond (ns) – a billionth of a second (1/1,000,000,000 =
10-9)
High Level View Of A
Computer

Memory
(Disk, RAM)

Input Processor Outpur

Storage
Buses

 Connect the
different parts of
the computer
together
Ports

 Connects the computer to the outside

Input Devices

 Used by a person to
communicate to a
computer.
 Example :
 Keyboard, Mouse,
 Trackball, Touch Pad
 Light Pen, Laser
Scanner,
 Pointing Stick
 Touch Screen,
 Bar Code Reader,
Scanner
 Microphone, Joystick
Processors

 The brains of a computer

Processor Speed

 Determined by:
 Type of processor e.g., Pentium IV, AMD Athlon, Opteron
 Clock speed
 1 Hz = 1 pulse is sent out each second (1 second passes between each
pulse)
 10 Hz = 10 pulses are sent out each second (0.1 seconds passes
between each pulse) : 25 MHz = 25 million pulses sent out each second
(0.000 000 04 seconds between each pulse or 40 ns between pulses)
 3.6 Ghz = 3.6 billion pulses sent out each second (0.27 ns between
pulses)
Memory

 Volatile
 Used for temporary storage
 Means direct access to any part of
memory
 The typical form of RAM is DRAM
(Dynamic RAM)
 Typical ranges 256 MB - 4 GB
How Does RAM Works?

 More on RAM. Similar to a microprocessor, a memory chip is an integrated

circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors. In the most
common form of computer memory, dynamic random access memory
(DRAM), a transistor and a capacitor are paired to create a memory cell,
which represents a single bit of data.
Storage Vs. Memory?

 Memory (e.g., RAM)

 Keep the information for
a shorter period of time
(usually volatile)
 Faster
 More expensive
 Storage (e.g., Hard disk)
 The information is
retained longer (non-
volatile)
 Slower
 Cheaper
Categories Of Storage
 Magnetic
 Floppy disks
 1 MB
 Zip disks
 100, 250, 750 MB
 Hard drives
 80 – 300 GB

 Optical
 CD's
 700 MB storage
 CD-ROM (read only)
 CD-R: (record) to a CD
 CD-RW: can write and erase CD to reuse it (re-writable)
 DVD-ROM
 Over 4 GB storage (varies with format)
 DVD- ROM (read only)
 Many recordable formats (e.g., DVD-R, CD-RW; DVD+R, DVD+RW)
How Does Hardisk Works?
Output Devices

 Displays
 The Most Common Output
Device: The Monitor
information from the
computer to the a person.
 Types of computer monitors :
 CRT's (Cathode Ray Tube)
 LCD's (Liquid Crystal Display)
CRT Monitors

 Images are displayed with dots (pixels) drawn with light "guns“
Images are displayed with dots (pixels) drawn with light "guns"
LCD Monitors

 Employ a conductive grid for each row and column

 The meeting of a row and column allows light to be emitted (a pixel can be seen)
 Use three sub pixels:
 One wire for each row
 One wire for each sub-pixel
 One colour filter for each colour (red, blue, green)
Some Determinants Of The
Quality Of Monitors

 Size
 Resolution
 Color depth
 Dot pitch
2 Colours 16 Colours

256 Colours 16 million colours

Refresh Rate Of Monitors

 How fast the screen is redrawn

 (70 Hz / 70 times per second is usually a good minimum)
Motherboard
All The Basic Parts Together
Software

 Systems software
 Set of programs that
coordinates activities
and functions of the
hardware and various
other programs

 Application software
 Programs that help users
solve particular
computing problems
Software
Spheres of Influence

 Personal
 Information systems that serve the needs of an
individual user
 Workgroup
 Two or more people who work together to
achieve a common goal
 Enterprise
 Information systems that support the firm in its
interaction with its environment.
Issues and Trends

 Software licensing
 Protection by software vendors to prevent unauthorized use
 Software upgrades
 A revised version of software that usually includes fixes of known
problems, plus enhancements to existing capabilities
 Global software support
 Software that is distributed around the globe may require unique
support mechanisms due to local political and economic
conditions
Ownership

 Freeware : Copyrighted software given away for free by the

author. Although it is available for free, the author retains the
copyright, which means that you cannot do anything with it that
is not expressly allowed by the author. Usually, the author allows
people to use the software, but not sell it.
 Shareware : Software distributed on the basis of an honor system.
Most shareware is delivered free of charge, but the author usually
requests that you pay a small fee if you like the program and use it
regularly. By sending the small fee, you become registered with
the producer so that you can receive service assistance and
updates. You can copy shareware and pass it along to friends and
colleagues, but they too are expected to pay a fee if they use the
product.
 Public-domain software : Refers to any program that is not
copyrighted. Public-domain software is free and can be used
without restrictions. The term public-domain software is often used
incorrectly to include freeware, free software that is nevertheless
copyrighted.
Role of Systems Software

System software…
 Is an interface or buffer between application software and
hardware
 Controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with
applications programs
Application Software

There are six basic types of application software...

1. Business software: word processors, spreadsheets, and database programs.
2. Communication software: allows computers to communicate with other
computers: fax software, Novell NetWare, AOL, Modem Software.
3. Graphics software: software that allows users to create and manipulate
graphics...Photoshop, Print Shop, etc.
4. Education and Reference software: Programs that help teach new material
and ideas, and programs that can be used to find information...Encarta,
Worldbook Encyclopedia, Jumpstart Kindergarten, MicroType.
5. Entertainment and Leisure software...Warcraft, Age of Empires, Barbie
Design Center, Mrs. Pacman, Solitair
6. Integrated software: Combines several types of software into one program
or package...Quicken (Spreadsheet/data
base/communications/reference) or Print Shop (Graphics/Word processor).