Leaching

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
CHE 423: Separation Processes
LEACHING
Submitted by:
BSChE 4
SANTOS, Amabelle C.
SISON, Bren A.
YEPES, Anna Lyn G.
Submitted to:
Engr. Clydelle M. Rondaris
March 2018
LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Definition of Process ........................................................................................................... 3

Leaching Process for Biological Substances ................................................................. 5
Leaching Process for Inorganic and Organic Materials ............................................. 5
Preparation of Solids for Leaching .................................................................................. 6
Types of Equipment for Leaching .................................................................................... 7
Fixed-Bed Leaching ........................................................................................................ 7
Moving Bed Leaching .................................................................................................. 10
Agitated Solid Leaching .............................................................................................. 17
Selection or Design of a Leaching Process.................................................................. 22
References......................................................................................................................... 24

DEFINITION OF PROCESS
Leaching is the process by which constituents of a solid material are

released into a contacting water phase. Although some species may be more of
an environmental concern than others, the leaching process is indiscriminant such
that all constituents (e.g., major or minor matrix components as well as inorganic,
organic and radionuclide contaminants) are released under a common set of
chemical phenomena which may include mineral dissolution, desorption and
complexation, and mass transport processes. In turn, these phenomena are
affected by certain factors that can alter the rate or extent of leaching. Among
these factors are:
• internal chemical and physical reactions
• external stresses from the surrounding environment
• physical degradation of the solid matrix due to erosion or cracking, and
• loss of matrix constituents due to the leaching process itself.
The process of leaching includes the partitioning of contaminants between

a solid and liquid phase (e.g., assuming local equilibrium) coupled with the mass
transport of aqueous or dissolved constituents. Mass transport is the summation of
diffusion, hindered diffusion, tortuosity effects, and effective surface area effects
through the pore structure of the material to the environment. Important

chemical factors, those that influence the liquid-solid partitioning (LSP) of a

constituent, include solution pH, redox, the presence of dissolved organic matter,
and biological activity. Physical factors, such as relative hydraulic conductivity,
porosity and fill geometry, play an important role in determining the rate at which
constituents transport through a solid into a passing liquid phase.
The process itself is universal, as any material exposed to contact with water
will leach components from its surface or its interior depending on the porosity of
the material considered.
Leaching is the process of extracting substances from a solid by dissolving

them in a liquid, either in nature or through an industrial process. In the chemical
processing industry, leaching has a variety of commercial applications,
including separation of metal from ore using acid, and sugar from beets using
hot water.
Another term for this is lixiviation, or the extraction of a soluble particle from
its constituent parts. In a typical leaching operation, the solid mixture to be
separated consists of particles, inert insoluble carrier A and solute B.
The solvent, C, is added to the mixture to selectively dissolve B. The overflow from
the stage is free of solids and consists of only solvent C and dissolved B. The
underflow consists of slurry of liquid of similar composition in the liquid overflow
and solid carrier A. In an ideal leaching equilibrium stage, all the solute is dissolved
by the solvent; none of the carrier is dissolved. The mass ratio of the solid to liquid
in the underflow is dependent on the type of equipment used and properties of
the two phases.

Leaching is the process by which inorganic, organic contaminants or

radionuclides are released from the solid phase into the water phase under the
influence of mineral dissolution, desorption, complexation processes as affected
by pH, redox, dissolved organic matter and (micro)biological activity.
LEACHING PROCESS FOR BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
In the biological and food processing industries,

many products re separated from their original natural
structure by liquid-solid leaching. An important process
is the leaching of sugar from sugar beets with hot water.
In the production of vegetable oils, organic solvents
such as hexane, acetone and ether are used to extract
the oil from peanuts, soybeans, flax seeds, castor
beans, sunflower seeds, cotton seeds, tung meal and
halibut livers. In the pharmaceutical industry, many different pharmaceutical
products are obtained by leaching plant roots, leaves, and stems. For the
production of soluble “instant” coffee, ground roasted coffee is leached with
fresh water. Soluble tea is produced by water leaching of tea leaves. Tannin is
removed from tree barks by leaching with water
LEACHING PROCESS FOR INORGANIC AND ORGANIC MATERIALS
Large uses of leaching processes occur in the metal processing industries.

The useful metals usually occur in mixtures with very large amounts of undesirable
constituents, and leaching is used to remove the metals as soluble salts. Copper
salts are dissolved or leached from ground ores containing other minerals by
sulfuric acid or ammoniacal solutions. Cobalt and nickel salts are leached from
their ores by sulfuric acid-ammonia-oxygen mixtures. Gold is leached from its ore
using an aqueous sodium cyanide hydroxide prepared by reacting Na 2CO3 with
Ca(OH)2.

PREPARATION OF SOLIDS FOR LEACHING
Inorganic and Organic Materials
The method of preparation of the solid depends to a large extent upon the
proportion of the soluble constituent present, its distribution throughout the
original solid, the nature of solid – i.e., whether it is composed of plant cells or
whether the soluble material is completely surrounded by a matrix of insoluble
matter – and the original particle size.
If the soluble material is surrounded by a matrix of insoluble matter, the

solvent must diffuse inside to contact and dissolve the soluble material and then
diffuse out. This occurs in many hydrometallurgical processes where metal salts
are leached from mineral ores. In these cases, crushing and grinding of ores is
used to increase the rate of leaching since the soluble portions are made more
accessible to the solvent. If the soluble substance is in the solid solution in the solid
or is widely distributed throughout the whole solid, the solvent leaching action
could form small channels. The passage of additional solvent is then made easier,
and grinding to very small sizes may not be needed. Grinding of the particles is
not necessary if the soluble material is dissolved in solution adhering to the solid.
Then simple washing can be used as in washing of chemical precipitates.
Animal and Vegetable Materials
Biological materials are cellular in structure and the soluble constituents are
generally found inside the cells. The rate of leaching may be comparatively slow
because the cell walls provide another resistance to diffusion. However, to grind
biological materials sufficiently small to expose the contents of the individual cells
is impractical. Sugar beets are cut into thin wedge-shaped slices for leaching so
that the distance required for the water solvent to diffuse to reach individual cells
is reduced. The cells of the sugar beet are kept essentially intact so that sugar will
diffuse through the semipermeable cell walls, while the undesirable albuminous
and colloidal components cannot pass through the walls.
For the leaching of pharmaceutical products from leaves, stems, and roots,
drying of the material before extraction helps rupture the cell walls. Thus, the
solvent can directly dissolve the solute. The cell walls of soybeans and many

vegetable seeds are largely ruptured when the original material are reduced in
size to about 0.1mm to 0.5mm by rolling or flaking. Cells are smaller in size, but the
walls are ruptured and the vegetable oil is easily accessible to the solvent.
TYPES OF EQUIPMENT FOR LEACHING
Fixed-Bed Leaching
Fixed bead leaching is used in the beet sugar industry and is also used for
the extraction of tanning extracts from tanbark, for the extraction of
pharmaceuticals from barks and seeds, and in other processes.
The figure shows a typical sugar beet diffuser or extractor is shown. The
cover is removable, so sugar beet slices called cossettes can be dumped into the
bed. Heated water at 344 K to 350 K flows into the bed to leach out the sugar.
The leached sugar solution flows out the bottom onto the next tank in series.
Countercurrent operation is used in the Shanks system. The top and bottom covers
are removable so that the leached beets can be removed and a fresh charge
added. About 95% of the sugar in the beets is leached to yield an outlet solution
from the system of about 12 wt%
DIFFUSION BATTERIES
Fixed bet extractors are often interconnected to form diffusion batteries.

The individual extractors may be completely enclosed columns that can operate
at elevated pressures and temperatures higher than the normal boiling point of

the solvent. When operations are carried out at atmospheric pressure, open tanks
may be used. In such batteries, there is a continuous flow of extract usually in the
upward direction, in each active bed. Extract drawoff is obtained from the bed
containing the freshest solids and fresh solvent is fed into the bed containing the
most spent solids. After drawoff, extract flowing out of a bed is fed directly into
the opposite end of the next fresher bed. Spent solids are discharged periodically
from the system and fresh solids are loaded into the vessel vacated by the spent
solids. The drawoff and solvent feed locations are shifted in a corresponding
fashion. The solid unloading-loading and solvent feed and extract discharge
sequences, which are shown, are similar to those used in the Shank’s system.

Diffusion batteries are used for extracting soluble coffee, soluble tea, spices,
pickling salts and corn steep solids and formerly were used in very large numbers
for extracting beet sugar. Coffee or spice extraction batteries usually contain four
to eight columns, typically six; beet sugar batteries contained 10-16 cells, typically
14. Coffee extraction columns usually have diameters ranging between 0.25 and
0.75 m and are 4.5 – 6.0 m tall.

Moving Bed Leaching
There are a number of devices for stagewise countercurrent leaching

where the bed or stage moves instead of being stationary. These are used widely
in extracting oil from vegetable seeds such as cottonseeds, peanuts, and
soybeans. The seeds are usually dehulled first, sometimes precooked, often
partially dried, and rolled or flaked. Sometimes preliminary removal of oil is
accompanied by expressions. The solvents are usually petroleum products, such
as hexane. The final solvent – vegetable solution, called miscella, may contain
some finely divided solids.
Soybean Oil Production Process
The production of commercial soybean oil is complicated. Below are the

main steps of the soybean oil production process.
Soybean Flaking &

Extracting Refining
Cleaning Conditioning
Cleaning Section of Soybean Oil Production: The soybeans are first cleaned, dried
and dehulled prior to oil extraction. The soybean hulls need to be removed
because they absorb oil and give a lower yield. This de-hulling is done by cracking
the soybeans and a mechanical separation of the hulls and cracked soybeans.
Magnets are used to separate any iron from the soybeans.
The soybeans are also heated to about 75°C to coagulate the soy proteins to
make the oil extraction easier.
Extraction Section of Soybean Oil Production: First the soybeans are cut in flakes
which are put in a percolation extractor and immerged with a solvent, normally
hexane. Counterflow is used as extraction system because it gives the highest
yield. After removing the hexane, the extracted flakes only contain about 1% of
soybean oil and is used as livestock meal or to produce food products such as
soy protein. The hexane is separated from the soybean oil in evaporators. The

evaporated hexane is recovered and returned to the extraction process. The

hexane free crude soybean oil is then further purified.
Solvent Extraction Workshop View:
Purification Section of Soybean Oil Production: The crude soybean oil still contains
many oil-insoluble and oil-soluble impurities that needs to be removed. The oil-
insoluble material are removed with filtration and the soluble materials is removed
with different processes including degumming (removing of phosphatides), oil
refining (washing with alkaline solution to remove free fatty acids, colorants,
insoluble matter and gums) and bleaching (with activated earth or activated
carbon to remove color and other impurities.
Hydrogenation Section of Soybean Oil Production (optional): This process will

increase the stability of the soybean oil and will make it less liquid. However, this
process will create more saturated fats and will reduce the favorable unsaturated
fats. In addition, transfats are produced which can cause heart problems.
Hydrogenated soybean oil is used in foods that require more solid fat such as
margarines.

Horizontal Continuous Extractor
Horizontal continuous extractor is a typical workhorse of solvent extraction

type vegetable oil processing units. It can be adopted for steviol glycoside
extraction with very little modification. In this system, the leaves are to be loaded
in chain of baskets with perforated bottom, which moves in continuous circle
carried by a chain drive. As the baskets move through the system, progressively
dilute extractant is sprinkled on the baskets. The extractant percolates through
the leaves in the basket and collects in different sumps. Extract from one sump is
used as extractant for another stage. After repeated extraction with progressively
dilute extracts and ultimately with fresh water, the baskets are tipped
mechanically and the leaves are discharged through a chute. In this system the
leaves and the extractant flows in opposite (counter-current) direction.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Horizontal Continuous Extractor
Advantages Disadvantages
• Can be integrated into continuous • Cost of equipment is high
process • Large equipment, so maintaining
• Extraction efficiency is high stable optimal thermal profile is
• Final extract is fairly concentrated difficult

• Hydraulic conductivity of soaked

leaves is low and it impairs
percolation
Bollman Extractor
In the figure, an enclosed moving-bed bucket elevator is shown. This is

called the Bollman extractor. It is a bucket-elevator unit designed to handle
about 2000 to 20,000 kg/h (50 to 500 U.S. tons/day) of flaky solids (e.g., soybeans).
Buckets with perforated bottoms are held on an endless moving belt. Dry flakes,
fed into the descending buckets, are sprayed with partially enriched solvent
(“half miscella”) pumped from the bottom of the column of ascending buckets.
As the buckets rise on the other side of the unit, the solids are sprayed with a
countercurrent stream of pure solvent. Exhausted flakes are dumped from the
buckets at the top of the unit into a paddle conveyor; enriched solvent, the “full
miscella,” is pumped from the bottom of the casing. Because the solids are
unagitated and because the final miscella moves cocurrently, the Bollman

extractor permits the use of thin flakes while producing extract of good clarity. It
is only partially a countercurrent device, however, and it sometimes permits
channeling and consequent low stage efficiency. Perhaps for this reason, it is
being displaced in the oil extraction industry by horizontal basket, pan, or belt
percolators.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Bollman Extractor
• Can be integrated into continuous • Cost of equipment is high
process • Large equipment, so maintaining
• Extraction efficiency is high stable optimal thermal profile is
• Final extract is fairly concentrated difficult
• Hydraulic conductivity of soaked
leaves is low and it impairs
percolation. Sometimes channeling
through leaf matrix also occurs
which also have adverse effect on
extraction efficiency.
Hildebrandt Extractor
The Hildebrandt total-immersion extractor is shown in the figures. The helix

surface is perforated so that solvent can pass through countercurrently. It consists
of three screw conveyors arranged in a U shape. The screws are so designed to
compact the solids during their passage through the unit. The design offers the

obvious advantages of countercurrent action and continuous solids compaction,

but there are possibilities of some solvent loss and feed overflow, and successful
operation is limited to light, permeable solids. The solids are charged at the top
right, conveyed downward, across the bottom, and then up the other leg. The
solvent flows countercurrently.
A somewhat similar but simpler design uses a horizontal screw section for
leaching and a second screw in an inclined section for washing, draining, and
discharging the extracted solids.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Hildebrandt Extractor
• Precision process control • Hydraulic conductivity may be an
• Extraction is through immersion issue in the draining stage
method, so hydraulic conductivity • Precision mechanical parts need
is not an issue in extraction stage high maintenance
• High thermal efficiency
• High concentration of the product
in the extract due to
countercurrent extraction
Rotocel Extractor
In the horizontal-basket
design, illustrated by the Rotocel
extractor, walled compartments in
the form of annular sectors with
liquid-permeable floors revolve
about a central axis. The
compartments successively pass a
feed point, a number of solvent
sprays, a drainage section, and a
discharge station (where the floor
opens to discharge the extracted
solids). The discharge station is
circumferentially contiguous to the feed point. Countercurrent extraction is
achieved by feeding fresh solvent only to the last compartment before dumping

occurs and by washing the solids in each preceding compartment with the
effluent from the succeeding one. The Rotocel is simple and inexpensive, and it
requires little headroom. This type of equipment is made by a number of
manufacturers. Horizontal table and tilting-pan vacuum filters, of which it is the
gravity counterpart, are used as extractors for leaching processes involving
difficult solution-residue separation.
Rotocel extractors have all the advantages and disadvantages associated

with basket type extractors. They have an added advantage of compact size,
high throughput and better energy efficiency.

Agitated Solid Leaching
When the solid can be ground fine to about 200 mesh (0.074mm), it can be
kept in suspension by small amounts of agitation. Continuous countercurrent
leaching can be kept in suspension by small amounts of agitation. Continuous
countercurrent leaching can be accomplished by placing a number of agitators
in series, with settling tanks or thickeners between each agitator.
In this countercurrent-stage system, fresh solvent enters the first stage

thickener. The clear, settled liquid leaves and flows from stage to stage. The feed
solids enter the last stage, where they are contacted with solvent from the
previous stage and then enter the settler. The slowly rotating rake moves the solids
to the bottom discharge. The solids together with some liquid are pumped as a
slurry to the next tank. If the contact is insufficient, a mixer can be installed
between the settlers.
• Rapid recovery of desired solids • Higher capital and operating
• Relatively high extraction costs
It is also assumed that the solid is insoluble, and no adsorption will happen
for the solute in the solid, meaning that the solution in the liquid phase leaving a
stage is the same as the solution remaining with the solid matrix in the settled slurry
leaving the same stage. The settled solid leaving a stage always contains some
liquid. This solid-liquid stream is called the underflow or slurry stream. The liquid is

called the overflow stream. The concentration of oil or solute in the overflow
stream is equal to that in the liquid solution accompanying the slurry or underflow
stream.
Example Application in the industry is Cyanide Leaching for Gold
In the industry of metal processing, cyanide leaching is performed on ores

to remove metal impurities and preserve desirable products, such as gold.
Cyanide leaching is a desirable technique due to the final product being
leached (ihome). The final product, gold, is desirable because of its high demand
and high profitability.
Cyanide is used because it is a naturally occurring chemical that is found

in nuts, plants, insects, and fruits. Cyanide is very beneficial because it is not
harmful to the environment. The process of gold leaching demands the use of
cyanide because it escalates the separation process of extracting the gold from
the ore.
One of the main reasons cyanide leaching is performed as an alternative

method to separating gold from an ore is because it is much safer than using
liquid mercury for the extraction. Due to the low concentrations of cyanide
needed for separation, there is little to no harm to the environment, minimal
amounts of cyanide needed for preserving natural resources, and very safe for
miners to perform with.

Kennedy Extractor
The extractor, named after its inventor, Angus B. Kennedy and currently
manufactured by the Vulcan Copper and Supply CO. (U.S.A.).
The plant appears to be quite versatile, as it is possible to treat in the

extractor, materials such as cottonseed, ground nut, castor bean flakes, tungnuts,
flaxseed and sunflowerseed in addition to soyabeans. Further, no requirement
seems to exist for the oil-bearing material to be in the conventional flake form,
since extraction has been accomplished successfully on material that was either
granular, powdery, gelatinous, fibrous, stringy or pulpy in nature. A variety of
solvents including petroleum fractions, acetone, alcohol, trichloroethylene and
mixed solvents have been used successfully.
"The continuous extractor consists of a series of enclosed extraction

chambers or sections. Into each of these is fitted an impeller wheel assembly
consisting of an enclosed hub (the lower portion of the hub is partially submerged
in the liquid), four curved blades of perforated metal, and a shaft extending
through bearings in the sides of the extractor walls. The impeller wheel assemblies
are driven from the outside by a common drive shaft through a worm and gear
arrangement.
"The controlled quantities of the material are fed at a constant rate by a

feed screw conveyor into the first extraction section of the extractor. The material
then is carried through the extractor in counter-current flow to the solvent.
"Each portion of immersed solid material in a section is collected by an

impeller blade and carried through the liquid in that section. As the solids are
carried up the curved wall of that section, they are slightly compressed between
the wall and the curved blade to form a wedge, which is lifted above the liquid
level and sloughs off the blade into the next section. This slight compression and
draining through lifting the solids above the liquid level reduce the amount of
entrained liquid carried over to the succeeding section.
"On striking the liquid surface in the succeeding section, the wedge readily
breaks up and disperses. The solids immersed in the liquid of this section as distinct
particles are again collected by an impeller blade and moved through the liquid.
"The extracted solids are gravity drained of a good part of the entrained
solvent, while being carried up the drag chain conveyor, and then are dropped

into a collecting can with a perforated false bottom for separating additional
liquid drainings."
The Kennedy extractor, also requiring little headroom, operates

substantially as a percolator that moves the bed of solids through the solvent
rather than the conventional opposite. It comprises a nearly horizontal line of
chambers through each of which in succession the solids being leached are
moved by a slow impeller enclosed in that section. There is an opportunity for
drainage between stages when the impeller lifts solids above the liquid level
before dumping them into the next chamber. Solvent flows counter-currently from
chamber to chamber. Because the solids are subjected to mechanical action
somewhat more intense than in other types of continuous percolator, the
Kennedy extractor is now little used for fragile materials such as flaked oil seeds.
Stationary Basket Extractor
The French Stationary Basket Extractor extracts percolates through beds of

solids contained in a circular array of sector-shaped compartments with
perforated bottoms and drains into sumps positioned below the beds. Solids do
not move. Instead, the solid feed spout and solids discharge zone rotate about
the circle and the extract feed and discharge connections are switched
periodically. These extractors are like automated diffusion batteries in which
downflow is used; but because extract backmixes in each sump, the extract
concentration leaving a stage is somewhat different from that entering the next
stage.

"In the vertical type of extractor, the flakes are conveyed carefully to the
filling column on the top of the extractor, which consists of a two compartment
device that maintains a seal against the escape of vapour. The basket extraction
system requires an overfeed of flakes so that a small overflow is always returned
to an over-flow bin, usually located in the preparation building. Miscella is applied
with the flakes into the basket so that uniform filling is obtained. The baskets travel
down on this first side of the extractor and the miscella filters through the material
in the baskets, passing downwards in the same direction as the flakes. This
concurrent flow has, strangely enough, proved to be as efficient in the early
stages of extraction as countercurrent flow. This concurrent flow allows repeated
filtration of miscella. The resulting final miscella is of such a clarity that cannot be
attained by the most elaborate filtration systems.
• Yields very clean miscella • Possibility of channeling solvent
• Flakes are not subjected to flow through the seeds
mechanical disturbance • Some oil seeds tend to pack in
the basket, hence, extraction
becomes slower.

SELECTION OR DESIGN OF A LEACHING PROCESS
At the heart of a leaching plant design at any level—conceptual,

preliminary, firm engineering, or whatever—is unit-operations and process design
of the extraction unit or line. The major aspects that are particular for the leaching
operation are the selection of process and operating conditions and the sizing of
the extraction equipment.
Process and Operating Conditions
The major parameters that must be fixed or identified are the solvent to be
used, the temperature, the terminal stream compositions and quantities, leaching
cycle (batch or continuous), contact method, and specific extractor choice.
A. Choice of Solvent
The solvent selected will offer the best balance of a number of desirable
characteristics: high saturation limit and selectivity for the solute to be extracted,
capability to produce extracted material of quality unimpaired by the solvent,
chemical stability under process conditions, low viscosity, low vapor pressure, low
toxicity and flammability, low density, low surface tension, ease and economy of
recovery from the extract stream, and price. These factors are listed in an
approximate order of decreasing importance, but the specifics of each
application determine their interaction and relative significance, and any one
can control the decision under the right combination of process conditions.
B. Temperature
The temperature of the extraction should be chosen for the best balance
of solubility, solvent-vapor pressure, solute diffusivity, solvent selectivity, and
sensitivity of product. In some cases, temperature sensitivity of materials of
construction to corrosion or erosion attack may be significant.

C. Terminal Stream Compositions and Quantities
These are basically linked to an arbitrary given: the production capacity of

the leaching plant (rate of extract production or rate of raw-material purification
by extraction). When options are permitted, the degree of solute removal and
the concentration of the extract stream chosen are those that maximize process
economy while sustaining conformance to regulatory standards.
D. Leaching Cycle and Contact Method
As is true generally, the choice between continuous and intermittent

operation is largely a matter of the size and nature of the process of which the
extraction is a part. The choice of a percolation or solids-dispersion technique
depends principally on the amenability of the extraction to effective, sufficiently
rapid percolation.
E. Type of Reactor
The specific type of reactor that is most compatible (or least incompatible)
with the chosen combination of the preceding parameters seldom is clearly and
unequivocally perceived without difficulty, if at all. In the end, however, that
remains the objective. As is always true, the ultimate criteria are reliability and
profitability.

REFERENCES
Board, N. (2013). Modern Technology of Oils, Fats & Its Derivatives (2nd Revised
Edition). India: Asia Pacific Business Press, Inc.
CHE 433: Modern Separations, Leaching. (2018, March 20). Retrieved from
https://sites.google.com/site/che433nielsen/industrial-applications
Erickson, D. R. (1990). Edible Fats and Oils Processing: Basic Principles and Modern
Practices. Champaign, Illinois: American Oil Chemists' Society.
Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Unit Operations
Leaching: Definition and Process Retrieved 19 March 2017 from

https://study.com/academy/lesson/leaching-definition-process.html
Leaching Process Retrieved 19 March 2017 from

https://www.vanderbilt.edu/leaching/leaching-process/
Liquid-Solid Leaching Process Retrieved 19 March 2017 from

http://portal.unimap.edu.my/portal/page/portal30/Lecturer%20Notes/KEJURUTE
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%20BIOSEPARATION%20ENGINEERING/LIQUID-SOLID%20Leaching.pdf
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John Wiley & Sons.
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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

University of the City of Manila

CHE 423: Separation Processes

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 1

Definition of Process ........................................................................................................... 3

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 2

Leaching is the process by which constituents of a solid material are

The process of leaching includes the partitioning of contaminants between

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 3

chemical factors, those that influence the liquid-solid partitioning (LSP) of a

Leaching is the process of extracting substances from a solid by dissolving

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 4

Leaching is the process by which inorganic, organic contaminants or

LEACHING PROCESS FOR BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES

In the biological and food processing industries,

LEACHING PROCESS FOR INORGANIC AND ORGANIC MATERIALS

Large uses of leaching processes occur in the metal processing industries.

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 5

PREPARATION OF SOLIDS FOR LEACHING

Inorganic and Organic Materials

If the soluble material is surrounded by a matrix of insoluble matter, the

Animal and Vegetable Materials

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 6

TYPES OF EQUIPMENT FOR LEACHING

Fixed bet extractors are often interconnected to form diffusion batteries.

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 7

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 8

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 9

Moving Bed Leaching

There are a number of devices for stagewise countercurrent leaching

Soybean Oil Production Process

The production of commercial soybean oil is complicated. Below are the

Soybean Flaking &

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 10

evaporated hexane is recovered and returned to the extraction process. The

Solvent Extraction Workshop View:

Hydrogenation Section of Soybean Oil Production (optional): This process will

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 11

Horizontal Continuous Extractor

Horizontal continuous extractor is a typical workhorse of solvent extraction

Advantages and Disadvantages of Horizontal Continuous Extractor

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 12

• Hydraulic conductivity of soaked

In the figure, an enclosed moving-bed bucket elevator is shown. This is

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 13

Advantages and Disadvantages of Bollman Extractor

The Hildebrandt total-immersion extractor is shown in the figures. The helix

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 14

obvious advantages of countercurrent action and continuous solids compaction,

Advantages and Disadvantages of Hildebrandt Extractor

LEACHING | Santos • Sison • Yepes 15

Rotocel extractors have all the advantages and disadvantages associated

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Agitated Solid Leaching

In this countercurrent-stage system, fresh solvent enters the first stage

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Example Application in the industry is Cyanide Leaching for Gold

In the industry of metal processing, cyanide leaching is performed on ores

Cyanide is used because it is a naturally occurring chemical that is found

One of the main reasons cyanide leaching is performed as an alternative

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The plant appears to be quite versatile, as it is possible to treat in the

"The continuous extractor consists of a series of enclosed extraction