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RC – Ramp Generator
PW
Vi
VCC V
VBE
RB R1 0.5V
Base V
DVB
C2 voltage
Vi Q1 C1 RL
VP
output
VCE,sat
RL = 100k
Vi = 0-3V, PW = 1ms, 0.1ms interval
hfe,min = 50
C2
t
Vi Q1 C1
PW
PW
C1 1.275F
VCC VCE , sat
R1 ln
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR VCC 5V
Example 1 5V
Vo
VCC 15V 0.2V
1ms 0.1ms
I1 5mA R1 2k
RB 12k
I dis 10 * I ch
I C 55mA
VCC VBE , sat
I dis 50mA RB
IB
Q1 C1
I B 1.1mA
Example 1 Input 3V
t 1ms
C2 I C 2 1.5mA 0.833uF
VC 2 1.8V
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
Constant Current Linear Ramp
Vo (t) = ò I dt + K
1
C
I I
Vo (t) = t + K
C
VO
I
C Vo (t) = t
C
Q2
R2 IC I3
output
VCE,sat
Vi Q1 C1
R
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIAB LAR
Example 2
Modify the ramp generator in Example
1 using a constant – current circuit
5V
output
0.2V
PW
output
Example 2 0.2V
1ms
V1 V3 V 7.7
I CH
Vi Q1 C1 1.2 F
R
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIAB LAR
5V
output
Example 2 0.2V
PW
VCC 5.76mA
I B2 115.2 A
50
I1
R1 V3 R3 ROT : I1 10 I B
V1
R1
7.7V
6 .7 k 5 . 6 k
IB 1.15mA
Q2
I2 7.7
I1 1.375mA
R2 5 .6 k
VCC V1 15 7.7
R2 4.9k 4.7 k
I1 I B 2 1.49mA
Vi Q1 C1 1.2 F
R
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIAB LAR
Adjustable output
VCC
Redesign s.t
5 .6 k
V1 V3 1 .2 k 3V < VP < 5V
R4
Q2
4 .7 k
Vi Q1 C1 1.2 F
R
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIAB LAR
BOOTSTRAP RAMP
GENERATOR
Bootstrap Ramp Generator
VCC VK VCC V
DC Condition
VC 3 0 VCC V Vo
VCC VC 3 0 V
CC VCE , sat
D1
K
Normally on VCC
VR1 R1 C3
RB VC 3
Q2
VBE ,on
Vi Q1 V CE1 C1 VO
VO VBE ,on VCE , sat
C2
RE
VCE , sat
VC1 0 VCE , sat -VEE on, active region
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
Bootstrap Ramp Generator
Triggered condition
VC3 = VCC -VCE,sat
VR1 VC 3 VBE ,on K
I CH R1 VR1 VCC
C3
VC 3
I B2
VCC V VCE , sat Q2
I CH VBE ,on
R1
Vi I C1 C1 VO
I CH I B 2 RE VO = I CH t +VCE,sat -VBE,on
ICH C1
VC1 (t) = t +VCE,sat -VEE
C1
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
Waveforms
VK
V
VC 3 VC1
VR1
VCC Vo
Non-linearity due
to ΔC3 or ΔIB2
VCE , sat
VBE ,on
Input
C2 IE
RE
-VEE I B 2 0.23 0.15 80 A
I B 2 1% I CH I CH 8mA
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
Bootstrap Ramp Generator
DC I CH 8mA1ms
C1 t C1 1F
VC1 8V
VCC
VCC 8mA1ms
RB I CH
1 .8 k
I B2 C3 C3 54.05F
VC 3 0.148V
Q2
Vi
VBE ,on
Q1 VCE1
1F VO
C2 IE
RE
-VEE
-VEE
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
Example 4
RE = 1k
VCC = 15V, VEE = -15V
Vo = 8V, Ts = 1ms
Vi = - 3V, PW = 1ms; 1ms interval
Ramp linear to within 2%
hfe,min = 100
Maximum IR=3µA
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
1% due to IR
VCC 3A
I CH 300 A 500nA
0.01
VCC IR 300 A1ms
D1 C1 37.5nF 39nF
8V
VCC
I CH R1 C3 15 0.7 0.2
RB
IB R1 47 k
VO 300 A
I C1
Vi Q1 C1
C2 RL
-VEE
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
1% due to VC3
VCC VC 3 1%VC 3 (0) 0.141V
-VEE
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
1% due to VC3
VCC
I C1 10 xI CH 3mA
VCC I B1 30 A
IR
D1
15 0.7
VCC RB 470k
I CH 47 k 2.2F 30 A
RB
IB
VO
15 (3V )
I C1 IC2 38A
Vi Q1 39nF 470k
C2 RL
38A1ms
IC2 C2 20nF
-VEE 1.8V
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
MILLER RAMP GENERATOR
Miller effect
VC
VC Vi MVi
C
Vi 1 M
I1 Q CVC
Vi VO C 1 M Vi
Ci
Vo MVi
Ci C 1 M
VO
R1 I1
Vi VO
Vi
Vi I1
R1
R1 I1 VO
Vi VO
Vi I1
R2
20 V VO
4V
2 Vx 20,000 4V
1
@ c Rf
R2 C
R f / R1
resistive capacitive
1
1
c 1
1
Rf C R1C
Rf C
R1
R1 VO
VO Vi
Vi
R2
R2
Vo 1
Vo Rf
Vi jR1C
Vi R1
Rf 1
tan 90 o 20 c
1 j R f C 1 20 c
c
1
20
1
0.1 c c 10 c 20 c
R1C Rf C
5 .7 o
R f 20R1
45 o
84 o
87 o
R1
Vi VO
R2
V
I C 1mA
2V t
t
C 1mA
1m 1m 1m 1m V
1ms
C 1mA 0.5F
2
0.47 F
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
TRIANGULAR WAVE
GENERATOR
Non-inverting Schmitt Circuit
Vi V X V X Vo
R1 VX R2 R1 R2
Vi
VR1 V X 0 Vo Vsat
I2 Vsat
VO Vi Vsat
R1
UTP
R2
I 2 100 I B 50 A
14V
R2 280k 270k
50A
R1 R2
I2
14V
270k
51.9A Vi
2V I2
R1 38.5k 39k
51.9 A VO
for a
10k VO
current of
1mA 2V UTP
9.1k 0V
Integrator 2V
LTP
Vsat 14V
Vsat Non-inverting
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR 270k 39k Schmitt
Output Adjustment
Output Frequency Control
Output Amplitude Control
R3
C1
R1
R5
R4 R6
R2
Example 6
Design a free – running triangular
waveform generator to have a pk – pk
output of ±2.5V at a frequency of
500Hz. Use LM741; VCC = 12V
Vo
VC Vsat
C R2
R3
UTP LTP Vsat
R3 R2
R3 UTP
schmitt
LTP
EEE 53 1s1718 TRIA LAR
Example
Using LM741, design an astable
multivibrator with freq = 300Hz, +/-11V
R1
VCC Vo 1V 12V
10.5V
R2 210k 220k
R1 50 A
I R1 100 I B 50 A
Vo
11 0.5V
VC C R2 R1 210k 220k
50 A
R3
1.67 ms 1.67 ms
11V
UTP 0.5V
I R1t 50 A1.67 ms
0V C
V 1V
LTP 0.5V 0.084 F 0.082 F