Table Manual Analisa Data

Appendix B
Statistical Tables
TABLE B.1: PROPORTIONS OF THE AREA UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE 479
TABLE B.2: 1200 TWO-DIGIT RANDOM NUMBERS 484
TABLE B.3: CRITICAL VALUES FOR STUDENT’S t-TEST 485
TABLE B.4: POWER OF STUDENT’S SINGLE-SAMPLE t-RATIO 488
TABLE B.5.1: POWER OF STUDENT’S TWO-SAMPLE t-RATIO, ONE-TAILED TESTS 488
TABLE B.5.2: POWER OF STUDENT’S TWO-SAMPLE t-RATIO, TWO-TAILED TESTS 491
TABLE B.6: CRITICAL VALUES FOR PEARSON’S CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 491
TABLE B.7: CRITICAL VALUES FOR SPEARMAN’S RANK-ORDER CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT 494
TABLE B.8: r TO Z TRANSFORMATION 496
TABLE B.9: POWER OF PEARSON’S CORRELATION COEFFICIENT 496
TABLE B.10: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE F-RATIO 496
TABLE B.11: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE FMAX TEST 504
TABLE B.12: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE STUDENTIZED RANGE TEST 504
TABLE B.13: POWER OF ANOVA 504
TABLE B.14: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE CHI-SQUARE TEST 513
TABLE B.15: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE MANN–WHITNEY U-TEST 515
TABLE B.1: PROPORTIONS OF THE AREA UNDER THE

NORMAL CURVE
Using Table B.1
To use Table B.1, convert the raw score to a z-score using the equation below (also
discussed in Appendix A), where X is the observed score, M is the mean of the
data, and SD is the standard deviation of the data:
Understanding and Conducting Research in the Health Sciences, First Edition. Christopher J. L. Cunningham,
Bart L. Weathington, and David J. Pittenger.
© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
479
480 Appendix B Statistical Tables
Table B.1
B B B
C C C
A Area A Area A Area
between Area between Area between Area
z M and z beyond z z M and z beyond z z M and z beyond z
0.00 0.0000 0.5000 0.40 0.1554 0.3446 0.80 0.2881 0.2119

0.01 0.0040 0.4960 0.41 0.1591 0.3409 0.81 0.2910 0.2090
0.02 0.0080 0.4920 0.42 0.1628 0.3372 0.82 0.2939 0.2061
0.03 0.0120 0.4880 0.43 0.1664 0.3336 0.83 0.2967 0.2033
0.04 0.0160 0.4840 0.44 0.1700 0.3300 0.84 0.2995 0.2005
0.05 0.0199 0.4801 0.45 0.1736 0.3264 0.85 0.3023 0.1977
0.06 0.0239 0.4761 0.46 0.1772 0.3228 0.86 0.3051 0.1949
0.07 0.0279 0.4721 0.47 0.1808 0.3192 0.87 0.3078 0.1922
0.08 0.0319 0.4681 0.48 0.1844 0.3156 0.88 0.3106 0.1894
0.09 0.0359 0.4641 0.49 0.1879 0.3121 0.89 0.3133 0.1867
0.10 0.0398 0.4602 0.50 0.1915 0.3085 0.90 0.3159 0.1841
0.11 0.0438 0.4562 0.51 0.1950 0.3050 0.91 0.3186 0.1814
0.12 0.0478 0.4522 0.52 0.1985 0.3015 0.92 0.3212 0.1788
0.13 0.0517 0.4483 0.53 0.2019 0.2981 0.93 0.3238 0.1762
0.14 0.0557 0.4443 0.54 0.2054 0.2946 0.94 0.3264 0.1736
0.15 0.0596 0.4404 0.55 0.2088 0.2912 0.95 0.3289 0.1711
0.16 0.0636 0.4364 0.56 0.2123 0.2877 0.96 0.3315 0.1685
0.17 0.0675 0.4325 0.57 0.2157 0.2843 0.97 0.3340 0.1660
0.18 0.0714 0.4286 0.58 0.2190 0.2810 0.98 0.3365 0.1635
0.19 0.0753 0.4247 0.59 0.2224 0.2776 0.99 0.3389 0.1611
0.20 0.0793 0.4207 0.60 0.2257 0.2743 .99 0.3413 0.1587
0.21 0.0832 0.4168 0.61 0.2291 0.2709 1.01 0.3438 0.1562
0.22 0.0871 0.4129 0.62 0.2324 0.2676 1.02 0.3461 0.1539
0.23 0.0910 0.4090 0.63 0.2357 0.2643 1.03 0.3485 0.1515
0.24 0.0948 0.4052 0.64 0.2389 0.2611 1.04 0.3508 0.1492
0.25 0.0987 0.4013 0.65 0.2422 0.2578 1.05 0.3531 0.1469
0.26 0.1026 0.3974 0.66 0.2454 0.2546 1.06 0.3554 0.1446
0.27 0.1064 0.3936 0.67 0.2486 0.2514 1.07 0.3577 0.1423
0.28 0.1103 0.3897 0.68 0.2517 0.2483 1.08 0.3599 0.1401
0.29 0.1141 0.3859 0.69 0.2549 0.2451 1.09 0.3621 0.1379
0.30 0.1179 0.3821 0.70 0.2580 0.2420 1.10 0.3643 0.1357
0.31 0.1217 0.3783 0.71 0.2611 0.2389 1.11 0.3665 0.1335
0.32 0.1255 0.3745 0.72 0.2642 0.2358 1.12 0.3686 0.1314
0.33 0.1293 0.3707 0.73 0.2673 0.2327 1.13 0.3708 0.1292
0.34 0.1331 0.3669 0.74 0.2704 0.2296 1.14 0.3729 0.1271
0.35 0.1368 0.3632 0.75 0.2734 0.2266 1.15 0.3749 0.1251
0.36 0.1406 0.3594 0.76 0.2764 0.2236 1.16 0.3770 0.1230
0.37 0.1443 0.3557 0.77 0.2794 0.2206 1.17 0.3790 0.1210
0.38 0.1480 0.3520 0.78 0.2823 0.2177 1.18 0.3810 0.1190
0.39 0.1517 0.3483 0.79 0.2852 0.2148 1.19 0.3830 0.1170
1.20 0.3849 0.1151 1.60 0.4452 0.0548 2.00 0.4772 0.0228
1.21 0.3869 0.1131 1.61 0.4463 0.0537 2.01 0.4778 0.0222
Table B.1: Proportions of the Area under the Normal Curve 481
Table B.1 (Continued)
B B B
C C C
1.22 0.3888 0.1112 1.62 0.4474 0.0526 2.02 0.4783 0.0217

1.23 0.3907 0.1093 1.63 0.4484 0.0516 2.03 0.4788 0.0212
1.24 0.3925 0.1075 1.64 0.4495 0.0505 2.04 0.4793 0.0207
1.25 0.3944 0.1056 1.65 0.4505 0.0495 2.05 0.4798 0.0202
1.26 0.3962 0.1038 1.66 0.4515 0.0485 2.06 0.4803 0.0197
1.27 0.3980 0.1020 1.67 0.4525 0.0475 2.07 0.4808 0.0192
1.28 0.3997 0.1003 1.68 0.4535 0.0465 2.08 0.4812 0.0188
1.29 0.4015 0.0985 1.69 0.4545 0.0455 2.09 0.4817 0.0183
1.30 0.4032 0.0968 1.70 0.4554 0.0446 2.10 0.4821 0.0179
1.31 0.4049 0.0951 1.71 0.4564 0.0436 2.11 0.4826 0.0174
1.32 0.4066 0.0934 1.72 0.4573 0.0427 2.12 0.4830 0.0170
1.33 0.4082 0.0918 1.73 0.4582 0.0418 2.13 0.4834 0.0166
1.34 0.4099 0.0901 1.74 0.4591 0.0409 2.14 0.4838 0.0162
1.35 0.4115 0.0885 1.75 0.4599 0.0401 2.15 0.4842 0.0158
1.36 0.4131 0.0869 1.76 0.4608 0.0392 2.16 0.4846 0.0154
1.37 0.4147 0.0853 1.77 0.4616 0.0384 2.17 0.4850 0.0150
1.38 0.4162 0.0838 1.78 0.4625 0.0375 2.18 0.4854 0.0146
1.39 0.4177 0.0823 1.79 0.4633 0.0367 2.19 0.4857 0.0143
1.40 0.4192 0.0808 1.80 0.4641 0.0359 2.20 0.4861 0.0139
1.41 0.4207 0.0793 1.81 0.4649 0.0351 2.21 0.4864 0.0136
1.42 0.4222 0.0778 1.82 0.4656 0.0344 2.22 0.4868 0.0132
1.43 0.4236 0.0764 1.83 0.4664 0.0336 2.23 0.4871 0.0129
1.44 0.4251 0.0749 1.84 0.4671 0.0329 2.24 0.4875 0.0125
1.45 0.4265 0.0735 1.85 0.4678 0.0322 2.25 0.4878 0.0122
1.46 0.4279 0.0721 1.86 0.4686 0.0314 2.26 0.4881 0.0119
1.47 0.4292 0.0708 1.87 0.4693 0.0307 2.27 0.4884 0.0116
1.48 0.4306 0.0694 1.88 0.4699 0.0301 2.28 0.4887 0.0113
1.49 0.4319 0.0681 1.89 0.4706 0.0294 2.29 0.4890 0.0110
1.50 0.4332 0.0668 1.90 0.4713 0.0287 2.30 0.4893 0.0107
1.51 0.4345 0.0655 1.91 0.4719 0.0281 2.31 0.4896 0.0104
1.52 0.4357 0.0643 1.92 0.4726 0.0274 2.32 0.4898 0.0102
1.53 0.4370 0.0630 1.93 0.4732 0.0268 2.33 0.4901 0.0099
1.54 0.4382 0.0618 1.94 0.4738 0.0262 2.34 0.4904 0.0096
1.55 0.4394 0.0606 1.95 0.4744 0.0256 2.35 0.4906 0.0094
1.56 0.4406 0.0594 1.96 0.4750 0.0250 2.36 0.4909 0.0091
1.57 0.4418 0.0582 1.97 0.4756 0.0244 2.37 0.4911 0.0089
1.58 0.4429 0.0571 1.98 0.4761 0.0239 2.38 0.4913 0.0087
1.59 0.4441 0.0559 1.99 0.4767 0.0233 2.39 0.4916 0.0084
2.40 0.4918 0.0082 2.80 0.4974 0.0026 3.20 0.4993 0.0007
2.41 0.4920 0.0080 2.81 0.4975 0.0025 3.22 0.4994 0.0006
2.42 0.4922 0.0078 2.82 0.4976 0.0024 3.24 0.4994 0.0006
(Continued)
B B B
C C C
2.43 0.4925 0.0075 2.83 0.4977 0.0023 3.26 0.4994 0.0006

2.44 0.4927 0.0073 2.84 0.4977 0.0023 3.28 0.4995 0.0005
2.45 0.4929 0.0071 2.85 0.4978 0.0022 3.30 0.4995 0.0005
2.46 0.4931 0.0069 2.86 0.4979 0.0021 3.32 0.4995 0.0005
2.47 0.4932 0.0068 2.87 0.4979 0.0021 3.34 0.4996 0.0004
2.48 0.4934 0.0066 2.88 0.4980 0.0020 3.36 0.4996 0.0004
2.49 0.4936 0.0064 2.89 0.4981 0.0019 3.38 0.4996 0.0004
2.50 0.4938 0.0062 2.90 0.4981 0.0019 3.40 0.4997 0.0003
2.51 0.4940 0.0060 2.91 0.4982 0.0018 3.42 0.4997 0.0003
2.52 0.4941 0.0059 2.92 0.4982 0.0018 3.44 0.4997 0.0003
2.53 0.4943 0.0057 2.93 0.4983 0.0017 3.46 0.4997 0.0003
2.54 0.4945 0.0055 2.94 0.4984 0.0016 3.48 0.4997 0.0003
2.55 0.4946 0.0054 2.95 0.4984 0.0016 3.50 0.4998 0.0002
2.56 0.4948 0.0052 2.96 0.4985 0.0015 3.52 0.4998 0.0002
2.57 0.4949 0.0051 2.97 0.4985 0.0015 3.54 0.4998 0.0002
2.58 0.4951 0.0049 2.98 0.4986 0.0014 3.56 0.4998 0.0002
2.59 0.4952 0.0048 2.99 0.4986 0.0014 3.58 0.4998 0.0002
2.60 0.4953 0.0047 3.00 0.4987 0.0013 3.60 0.4998 0.0002
2.61 0.4955 0.0045 3.01 0.4987 0.0013 3.62 0.4999 0.0001
2.62 0.4956 0.0044 3.02 0.4987 0.0013 3.64 0.4999 0.0001
2.63 0.4957 0.0043 3.03 0.4988 0.0012 3.66 0.4999 0.0001
2.64 0.4959 0.0041 3.04 0.4988 0.0012 3.68 0.4999 0.0001
2.65 0.4960 0.0040 3.05 0.4989 0.0011 3.70 0.4999 0.0001
2.66 0.4961 0.0039 3.06 0.4989 0.0011 3.72 0.4999 0.0001
2.67 0.4962 0.0038 3.07 0.4989 0.0011 3.74 0.4999 0.0001
2.68 0.4963 0.0037 3.08 0.4990 0.0010 3.76 0.4999 0.0001
2.69 0.4964 0.0036 3.09 0.4990 0.0010 3.78 0.4999 0.0001
2.70 0.4965 0.0035 3.10 0.4990 0.0010 3.80 0.4999 0.0001
2.71 0.4966 0.0034 3.11 0.4991 0.0009 3.82 0.4999 0.0001
2.72 0.4967 0.0033 3.12 0.4991 0.0009 3.84 0.4999 0.0001
2.73 0.4968 0.0032 3.13 0.4991 0.0009 3.86 0.4999 0.0001
2.74 0.4969 0.0031 3.14 0.4992 0.0008 3.88 0.4999 0.0001
2.75 0.4970 0.0030 3.15 0.4992 0.0008 3.90 0.5000 0.0000
2.76 0.4971 0.0029 3.16 0.4992 0.0008 3.92 0.5000 0.0000
2.77 0.4972 0.0028 3.17 0.4992 0.0008 3.94 0.5000 0.0000
2.78 0.4973 0.0027 3.18 0.4993 0.0007 3.96 0.5000 0.0000
2.79 0.4974 0.0026 3.19 0.4993 0.0007 3.98 0.5000 0.0000
Table B.1: Proportions of the Area under the Normal Curve 483
(X − M)
z=
SD
The z-score is a standard deviate that allows you to use the standard normal
distribution. The normal distribution has a mean of 0.0 and a standard deviation of
1.0. The normal distribution is symmetrical. The values in Table B.1 represent the
proportion of area in the standard normal curve that occurs between specific points.
The table contains z-scores between 0.00 and 3.98. Because the normal distribution
is symmetrical, the table represents z-scores ranging between −3.98 and 3.98.
Column A of the table represents the z-score. Column B represents the propor-
tion of the curve between the mean and the z-score. Column C represents the
proportion of the curve that extends from the z-score to ∞.
Example
Negative z-score: Positive z-score:

z-score = −1.30 z-score = +1.30
0.4 0.4
Column B
Column B
Relative frequency
Relative frequency
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 Column C

Column C
0.1 0.1
0.0 0.0
−4.0 −3.0 −2.0 −1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 −4.0 −3.0 −2.0 −1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
X X
Column B Column C
Negative z-scores
Area between mean and −z .4032 40.32% of curve
Area less than −z .0968 9.68% of curve
Positive z-scores
Area between mean and +z .4032 40.32% of curve
Area greater than +z .0968 9.68% of curve
Area between −z and +z .4032 + .4032 = .8064 or 80.64% of curve
Area below −z and above +z .0968 + .0968 = .1936 or 19.36% of curve
In the following examples, we add .5000 to the area between the mean and
z-score. The .5000 represents the proportion of the curve on the complementary
half of the normal curve.
Area at and below +z = +1.30 .5000 + .4032 = .9032 or 90.32% of curve
Area at and above −z = −1.30 .4032 + .5000 = .9032 or 90.32% of curve
TABLE B.2: 1200 TWO-DIGIT RANDOM NUMBERS
Using Table B.2
This table consists of two-digit random numbers that can range between 00 and
99 inclusive. To select a series of random numbers, select a column and row at
random, and then record the numbers. You may move in any direction to generate
the sequence of numbers.
Example
A researcher wished to randomly assign participants to one of five treatment con-

ditions. Recognizing that the numbers in Table B.2 range between 00 and 99, the
researcher decided to use the following table to convert the random numbers to
the five treatment conditions:
Range of random numbers Treatment condition
00–20 1
21–40 2
41–60 3
61–80 4
81–99 5
Table B.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 43 41 16 31 22 44 10 41 45 00 47 19 43 67 83 02 79 05 98 92 64 82 06 89
2 26 44 01 04 28 85 11 91 23 02 39 79 44 45 93 20 17 91 35 15 25 82 18 41
3 83 39 26 84 04 16 89 79 68 85 61 63 03 20 17 76 95 80 27 39 35 82 10 86
4 65 94 48 27 77 65 34 95 04 51 78 90 14 76 90 83 17 76 69 50 34 01 25 08
5 89 38 32 05 09 49 87 93 21 24 88 74 30 94 26 19 23 72 94 80 90 24 55 44
6 77 80 30 43 26 01 43 46 66 40 52 00 44 69 84 10 48 96 49 85 49 84 97 41
7 43 42 26 74 51 05 56 43 06 80 58 22 57 02 11 95 00 91 88 17 71 98 32 56
8 76 76 61 17 69 06 73 37 77 06 36 28 05 73 31 04 44 33 40 74 46 26 02 99
9 42 05 88 83 15 05 28 52 88 78 88 66 50 80 24 38 31 20 48 73 18 85 18 90
10 46 74 76 34 97 40 59 34 86 11 50 98 69 59 46 74 59 60 98 76 96 42 34 83
11 67 15 82 94 59 55 27 99 02 34 47 34 88 98 72 15 38 73 57 42 56 09 85 83
12 03 58 51 69 14 89 24 06 35 31 16 65 71 76 04 80 01 36 00 67 78 73 07 37
13 79 98 19 32 25 95 89 54 20 78 29 81 96 34 62 53 26 09 02 04 63 95 03 53
14 56 12 61 36 21 69 96 06 22 06 01 80 57 72 23 55 05 74 42 55 91 45 60 91
15 58 80 33 35 75 33 35 42 06 79 73 29 89 73 99 07 05 54 42 77 78 99 33 92
16 31 51 77 53 92 51 35 71 34 46 79 43 76 15 76 46 40 04 36 84 83 64 56 73
17 25 77 95 61 71 10 82 51 57 88 29 59 55 84 71 89 64 34 38 33 11 45 47 19
18 02 12 81 84 23 80 58 65 74 13 46 09 33 66 86 74 94 96 07 22 52 39 31 36
Table B.3: Critical Values for Student’s t-Test 485
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
19 18 38 40 30 34 27 70 62 35 71 48 96 73 74 28 61 15 37 23 16 91 29 03 06
20 31 76 47 77 59 14 66 85 27 10 63 58 48 66 66 17 91 16 55 70 30 53 05 94
21 50 93 33 61 20 55 10 61 08 76 62 14 22 65 44 95 75 68 94 76 51 21 22 12
22 45 75 89 11 64 06 22 39 20 04 91 47 16 48 19 93 12 02 17 15 94 74 77 37
23 17 97 59 42 77 26 29 88 66 62 53 28 95 01 10 85 31 10 25 75 10 35 99 60
24 23 25 86 94 12 75 66 93 87 95 09 48 85 43 20 94 00 38 53 45 11 77 01 66
25 63 17 05 28 67 39 72 85 02 34 69 56 53 66 09 38 72 31 85 29 62 18 29 37
26 99 81 28 63 05 26 66 16 66 69 18 56 26 53 29 38 08 04 27 93 54 83 53 15
27 86 72 54 89 57 45 05 82 32 64 93 24 83 44 56 65 29 68 69 14 70 79 92 39
28 42 50 86 19 08 81 57 09 69 35 29 06 52 43 53 99 57 55 30 63 63 67 94 94
29 42 80 75 06 05 62 69 04 90 49 10 48 34 21 63 94 19 99 96 79 83 41 86 38
30 82 48 69 65 59 74 64 25 66 93 32 56 14 57 80 10 36 17 39 48 46 94 88 43
31 24 81 98 33 40 89 60 97 28 64 78 93 07 84 07 02 63 35 64 30 29 49 37 00
32 15 84 59 73 01 21 67 43 43 74 00 28 64 66 03 80 60 08 51 67 51 89 00 46
33 92 31 60 34 23 72 00 19 78 73 80 36 51 54 45 76 17 34 35 74 78 20 49 95
34 05 80 10 40 30 63 25 78 91 13 77 39 90 78 89 17 45 76 28 64 12 37 60 34
35 67 51 92 66 84 33 15 34 42 73 54 93 02 01 19 87 36 58 08 11 58 38 88 98
36 71 44 83 33 92 84 96 76 87 24 59 41 71 36 86 14 54 31 41 25 15 59 74 52
37 43 13 62 58 75 90 94 10 65 16 51 90 01 40 18 21 51 82 69 91 65 91 22 32
38 97 55 94 52 18 65 73 90 55 80 51 05 60 53 01 52 46 57 21 05 76 61 05 23
39 32 75 70 24 04 98 03 79 84 34 50 06 25 00 05 00 04 25 68 58 99 48 06 80
40 23 87 76 65 51 19 93 54 81 09 71 83 97 24 90 01 81 14 70 16 07 16 05 93
41 21 77 33 17 02 64 55 23 21 84 80 02 79 30 61 46 33 94 28 92 44 27 76 20
42 90 11 17 05 24 52 08 39 94 07 43 58 33 72 04 51 81 79 63 70 94 71 71 68
43 89 00 39 09 55 13 96 24 47 81 18 37 82 37 37 01 95 82 38 57 20 20 35 83
44 58 65 18 34 73 85 20 47 04 68 77 28 80 14 37 24 97 62 87 38 09 09 08 50
45 80 35 64 10 03 18 24 41 54 12 99 97 50 14 15 80 71 87 47 79 50 62 87 42
46 87 26 52 18 56 47 76 29 40 08 12 07 40 49 29 70 60 74 20 50 51 00 17 42
47 54 23 81 36 70 93 10 05 39 54 20 49 10 70 49 13 37 59 44 52 98 13 64 48
48 72 08 17 30 70 44 08 10 25 81 53 39 81 67 13 80 74 09 71 06 95 05 17 00
49 34 59 02 12 20 31 15 96 18 12 37 32 25 96 71 52 78 01 77 18 63 66 96 09
50 97 89 00 94 82 17 49 92 29 73 30 17 78 53 45 29 39 24 95 61 63 76 90 86
TABLE B.3: CRITICAL VALUES FOR STUDENT’S t-TEST
Using Table B.3
For any given df, the table shows the values of tcritical corresponding to various
levels of probability. The tobserved is statistically significant at a given level when it
is equal to or greater than the value shown in the table.
For the single-sample t-ratio, df = N − 1.
For the two-sample t-ratio, df = (n1 − 1) + (n2 − 1).
Examples
Nondirectional Hypothesis:
H0: μ − μ = 0 H1: μ − μ ≠ 0 α = .05 df = 30

tcritical = ±2.042 If |tobserved| ≥ |tcritical|, then reject H0.
Directional Hypothesis:
H0: μ − μ ≤ 0 H1: μ − μ > 0 α = .05 df = 30

tcritical = +1.697 If tobserved ≥ tcritical, then reject H0.
H0: μ − μ ≥ 0 H1: μ − μ < 0 α = .05 df = 30
tcritical = −1.697 If tobserved ≤ tcritical, then reject H0.
Table B.3
Level of significance of a one-tailed or directional test
H0: μ − μ ≥ 0 or H0: μ − μ ≤ 0
α = 0.10 α = .05 α = .025 α = .01 α = .005 α = .0005
1 − α = .90 1 − α = .95 1 − α = .975 1 − α = .99 1 − α = .995 1 − α = .9995
Level of significance of a two-tailed or nondirectional test
H0: μ − μ = 0
α = .20 α = .10 α = .05 α = .02 α = .01 α = .001
df 1 − α = .80 1 − α = .90 1 − α = .95 1 − α = .98 1 − α = .99 1 − α = .999
1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.656 636.578

2 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.600
3 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 12.924
4 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610
5 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.869
6 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.959
7 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.408
8 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041
9 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781
10 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.587
11 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.437
12 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.318
13 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4.221
Table B.3: Critical Values for Student’s t-Test 487
H0: μ − μ ≥ 0 or H0: μ − μ ≤ 0
α = 0.10 α = .05 α = .025 α = .01 α = .005 α = .0005
1 − α = .90 1 − α = .95 1 − α = .975 1 − α = .99 1 − α = .995 1 − α = .9995
H0: μ − μ = 0
α = .20 α = .10 α = .05 α = .02 α = .01 α = .001
df 1 − α = .80 1 − α = .90 1 − α = .95 1 − α = .98 1 − α = .99 1 − α = .999
14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.140

15 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4.073
16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4.015
17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.965
18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922
19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.883
20 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.850
21 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.819
22 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.792
23 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.768
24 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.745
25 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.725
26 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.707
27 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.689
28 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.674
29 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.660
30 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.646
40 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.551
50 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678 3.496
60 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.460
70 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648 3.435
80 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639 3.416
90 1.291 1.662 1.987 2.368 2.632 3.402
100 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626 3.390
150 1.287 1.655 1.976 2.351 2.609 3.357
200 1.286 1.653 1.972 2.345 2.601 3.340
500 1.283 1.648 1.965 2.334 2.586 3.310
1000 1.282 1.646 1.962 2.330 2.581 3.300
∞ 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.290
TABLE B.4: POWER OF STUDENT’S SINGLE-SAMPLE t-RATIO
Using Table B.4
This table provides the power (1 − β) of the single-sample t-ratio given the effect
size, the sample size (n), α, and the directionality of the test.
Example
A researcher plans to conduct a study for which H0 is μ = 12.0 using a two-tailed

t-ratio. The researcher believes that α = .05 and that the effect size is .20. Approxi-
mately how many participants should be in the sample of power to be approxi-
mately .80? According to Table B.4, if the researcher uses 200 participants, the
power will be 1 − β = .83.
Note that for Cohen’s d, an estimate of effect size
d = .20 = “small” d = .50 = “medium ” d = .80 = “ large”
TABLE B.5.1: POWER OF STUDENT’S TWO-SAMPLE t-RATIO,

ONE-TAILED TESTS
0.4 0.4
Relative frequency
Relative frequency
0.3 0.3
Fail to reject null
Fail to reject null
0.2 0.2
Reject null
0.1 a 0.1 Reject null
a
0.0 0.0
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
t t
Using Table B.5.1
This table provides the power (1 − β) of the two-sample t-ratio given the effect
size, the sample size (n), and α when the researcher uses a directional test.
Example
A researcher plans to conduct a study for which H0 is μ1 ≤ μ2 using a one-tailed

mately .80? According to Table B.5.1, if the researcher uses 300 participants in
each sample, the power will be 1 − β = .81.
Table B.5.1: Power of Student’s Two-Sample t-Ratio, One-Tailed Tests 489
Table B.4
Power table: single-sample t-ratio
α = .05, two-tailed α = .01, two-tailed
n tc .10 .20 .50 .80 tc .10 .20 .50 .80
5 2.306 .07 .09 .19 .37 3.355 .02 .03 .07 .16
6 2.228 .07 .09 .22 .44 3.169 .02 .03 .08 .21
7 2.179 .07 .09 .24 .50 3.055 .02 .03 .10 .25
8 2.145 .07 .10 .27 .57 2.977 .02 .03 .11 .30
9 2.120 .07 .10 .30 .62 2.921 .02 .03 .13 .35
10 2.101 .07 .10 .33 .67 2.878 .02 .03 .14 .40
11 2.086 .07 .11 .35 .72 2.845 .02 .03 .16 .45
12 2.074 .07 .11 .38 .76 2.819 .02 .03 .18 .50
13 2.064 .07 .11 .41 .80 2.797 .02 .04 .19 .54
14 2.056 .07 .12 .44 .83 2.779 .02 .04 .21 .59
15 2.048 .07 .12 .46 .86 2.763 .02 .04 .23 .63
16 2.042 .07 .12 .49 .88 2.750 .02 .04 .25 .67
17 2.037 .07 .13 .51 .90 2.738 .02 .04 .27 .71
18 2.032 .07 .13 .54 .92 2.728 .02 .04 .29 .74
19 2.028 .07 .14 .56 .94 2.719 .02 .05 .31 .78
20 2.024 .08 .14 .59 .95 2.712 .02 .05 .33 .80
21 2.021 .08 .14 .61 .96 2.704 .02 .05 .35 .83
22 2.018 .08 .15 .63 .97 2.698 .02 .05 .37 .85
23 2.015 .08 .15 .65 .97 2.692 .02 .05 .39 .87
24 2.013 .08 .16 .67 .98 2.687 .02 .05 .41 .89
25 2.011 .08 .16 .69 .98 2.682 .02 .06 .43 .91
30 2.002 .08 .18 .78 .99 2.663 .02 .07 .53 .96
40 1.991 .09 .23 .89 .99 2.640 .03 .09 .70 .99
50 1.984 .10 .28 .95 .99 2.627 .03 .11 .82 .99
60 1.980 .11 .32 .98 .99 2.618 .04 .14 .90 .99
70 1.977 .13 .37 .99 .99 2.612 .04 .17 .95 .99
80 1.975 .14 .42 .99 .99 2.607 .04 .20 .98 .99
90 1.973 .15 .46 .99 .99 2.604 .05 .23 .99 .99
100 1.972 .16 .50 .99 .99 2.601 .05 .26 .99 .99
150 1.968 .22 .69 .99 .99 2.592 .08 .43 .99 .99
200 1.966 .28 .82 .99 .99 2.588 .11 .59 .99 .99
250 1.965 .34 .90 .99 .99 2.586 .15 .72 .99 .99
300 1.964 .39 .95 .99 .99 2.584 .18 .82 .99 .99
350 1.963 .45 .98 .99 .99 2.583 .22 .89 .99 .99
400 1.963 .51 .99 .99 .99 2.582 .26 .94 .99 .99
500 1.962 .61 .99 .99 .99 2.581 .35 .98 .99 .99
600 1.962 .69 .99 .99 .99 2.580 .43 .99 .99 .99
700 1.962 .76 .99 .99 .99 2.579 .51 .99 .99 .99
800 1.961 .82 .99 .99 .99 2.579 .59 .99 .99 .99
900 1.961 .87 .99 .99 .99 2.579 .66 .99 .99 .99
1000 1.961 .90 .99 .99 .99 2.578 .72 .99 .99 .99
Table B.5.1
Power table: two-sample t-ratio, one-tailed tests
α = .05, one-tailed α = .01, one-tailed
n tc .10 .20 .50 .80 tc .10 .20 .50 .80
5 1.860 .12 .13 .21 .33 2.896 .04 .04 .07 .13
6 1.812 .12 .14 .22 .38 2.764 .03 .04 .08 .15
7 1.782 .12 .14 .24 .42 2.681 .03 .04 .08 .18
8 1.761 .12 .14 .26 .46 2.624 .03 .04 .09 .21
9 1.746 .12 .14 .28 .50 2.583 .03 .04 .10 .23
10 1.734 .12 .14 .29 .54 2.552 .03 .04 .11 .26
11 1.725 .12 .14 .31 .57 2.528 .03 .04 .12 .29
12 1.717 .12 .15 .33 .61 2.508 .03 .04 .13 .32
13 1.711 .12 .15 .35 .64 2.492 .03 .04 .14 .35
14 1.706 .12 .15 .36 .67 2.479 .03 .04 .15 .37
15 1.701 .12 .15 .38 .70 2.467 .03 .04 .16 .40
16 1.697 .12 .16 .40 .73 2.457 .03 .04 .17 .43
17 1.694 .12 .16 .41 .75 2.449 .03 .05 .18 .46
18 1.691 .12 .16 .43 .78 2.441 .03 .05 .19 .49
19 1.688 .12 .16 .45 .80 2.434 .03 .05 .20 .52
20 1.686 .12 .17 .46 .82 2.429 .03 .05 .21 .54
21 1.684 .12 .17 .48 .84 2.423 .03 .05 .22 .57
22 1.682 .12 .17 .50 .85 2.418 .03 .05 .23 .59
23 1.680 .12 .17 .51 .87 2.414 .03 .05 .24 .62
24 1.679 .12 .18 .53 .88 2.410 .03 .05 .25 .64
25 1.677 .12 .18 .54 .89 2.407 .03 .05 .26 .66
30 1.672 .13 .19 .61 .94 2.392 .03 .06 .32 .76
40 1.665 .13 .22 .73 .98 2.375 .03 .07 .44 .89
50 1.661 .14 .25 .82 .99 2.365 .04 .09 .55 .96
60 1.658 .15 .28 .88 .99 2.358 .04 .10 .65 .99
70 1.656 .15 .31 .92 .99 2.354 .04 .12 .73 .99
80 1.655 .16 .34 .95 .99 2.350 .04 .13 .80 .99
90 1.653 .17 .37 .97 .99 2.347 .05 .15 .85 .99
100 1.653 .18 .40 .98 .99 2.345 .05 .17 .90 .99
150 1.650 .21 .53 .99 .99 2.339 .07 .26 .99 .99
200 1.649 .25 .64 .99 .99 2.336 .09 .35 .99 .99
250 1.648 .29 .74 .99 .99 2.334 .10 .45 .99 .99
300 1.647 .33 .81 .99 .99 2.333 .12 .54 .99 .99
350 1.647 .36 .86 .99 .99 2.332 .14 .62 .99 .99
400 1.647 .40 .90 .99 .99 2.331 .17 .69 .99 .99
500 1.646 .47 .96 .99 .99 2.330 .21 .81 .99 .99
600 1.646 .53 .98 .99 .99 2.329 .26 .89 .99 .99
700 1.646 .59 .99 .99 .99 2.329 .30 .94 .99 .99
800 1.646 .64 .99 .99 .99 2.329 .35 .97 .99 .99
900 1.646 .69 .99 .99 .99 2.328 .40 .98 .99 .99
1000 1.646 .74 .99 .99 .99 2.328 .45 .99 .99 .99
Table B.6: Critical Values for Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient 491
TABLE B.5.2: POWER OF STUDENT’S TWO-SAMPLE t-RATIO,

TWO-TAILED TESTS
0.4
Fail to reject null
Relative frequency
0.3
0.2
0.1 Reject null Reject null

a /2 a /2
0.0
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
t
Using Table B.5.2
This table provides the power (1 − β) of the two-sample t-ratio given the effect
size, the sample size (n), and α when the researcher uses a nondirectional test.
Example
A researcher plans to conduct a study for which H0 is μ1 = μ2 using a two-tailed

mately .80? According to Table B.5.2, if the researcher uses 400 participants in
each group, the power will be 1 − β = .82.
TABLE B.6: CRITICAL VALUES FOR PEARSON’S

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
Using Table B.6
For any given df, this table shows the values of r corresponding to various levels
of probability. The robserved is statistically significant at a given level when it is
equal to or greater than the value shown in the table.
Examples
H0: ρ = 0 H1: ρ ≠ 0 α = .05, df = 30

rcritical = ±.3494 If |robserved| ≥ |rcritical|, then reject H0.
Table B.5.2
Power table: two-sample t-ratio, two-tailed tests
α = .05, two-tailed α = .01, two-tailed
n tc .10 .20 .50 .80 tc .10 .20 .50 .80
5 2.306 .07 .08 .13 .22 3.355 .02 .02 .04 .08
6 2.228 .07 .08 .14 .26 3.169 .02 .02 .05 .10
7 2.179 .07 .08 .15 .29 3.055 .02 .02 .05 .12
8 2.145 .07 .08 .17 .33 2.977 .02 .02 .06 .14
9 2.120 .07 .08 .18 .36 2.921 .02 .02 .07 .16
10 2.101 .07 .08 .19 .40 2.878 .02 .02 .07 .19
11 2.086 .06 .08 .21 .43 2.845 .02 .02 .08 .21
12 2.074 .06 .08 .22 .47 2.819 .02 .02 .09 .23
13 2.064 .06 .08 .23 .50 2.797 .02 .03 .09 .26
14 2.056 .06 .09 .25 .53 2.779 .02 .03 .10 .28
15 2.048 .06 .09 .26 .56 2.763 .02 .03 .11 .31
16 2.042 .06 .09 .28 .59 2.750 .02 .03 .11 .33
17 2.037 .06 .09 .29 .62 2.738 .02 .03 .12 .36
18 2.032 .06 .09 .30 .65 2.728 .02 .03 .13 .38
19 2.028 .06 .10 .32 .68 2.719 .02 .03 .14 .41
20 2.024 .06 .10 .33 .70 2.712 .02 .03 .15 .43
21 2.021 .07 .10 .35 .72 2.704 .02 .03 .15 .46
22 2.018 .07 .10 .36 .75 2.698 .02 .03 .16 .48
23 2.015 .07 .10 .37 .77 2.692 .02 .03 .17 .51
24 2.013 .07 .10 .39 .79 2.687 .02 .03 .18 .53
25 2.011 .07 .11 .40 .80 2.682 .02 .03 .19 .56
30 2.002 .07 .12 .47 .88 2.663 .02 .04 .24 .67
40 1.991 .07 .14 .60 .96 2.640 .02 .05 .34 .83
50 1.984 .08 .16 .70 .99 2.627 .02 .06 .44 .92
60 1.980 .08 .18 .79 .99 2.618 .02 .07 .54 .97
70 1.977 .09 .21 .85 .99 2.612 .02 .08 .63 .99
80 1.975 .09 .23 .90 .99 2.607 .03 .09 .71 .99
90 1.973 .10 .25 .93 .99 2.604 .03 .10 .78 .99
100 1.972 .10 .28 .96 .99 2.601 .03 .11 .83 .99
150 1.968 .13 .39 .99 .99 2.592 .04 .18 .97 .99
200 1.966 .16 .50 .99 .99 2.588 .05 .26 .99 .99
250 1.965 .19 .60 .99 .99 2.586 .07 .35 .99 .99
300 1.964 .22 .69 .99 .99 2.584 .08 .43 .99 .99
350 1.963 .25 .76 .99 .99 2.583 .10 .51 .99 .99
400 1.963 .28 .82 .99 .99 2.582 .11 .59 .99 .99
500 1.962 .34 .90 .99 .99 2.581 .15 .72 .99 .99
600 1.962 .39 .95 .99 .99 2.580 .18 .82 .99 .99
700 1.962 .45 .98 .99 .99 2.579 .22 .89 .99 .99
800 1.961 .51 .99 .99 .99 2.579 .26 .94 .99 .99
900 1.961 .56 .99 .99 .99 2.579 .31 .96 .99 .99
1000 1.961 .61 .99 .99 .99 2.578 .35 .98 .99 .99
Table B.6: Critical Values for Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient 493
Table B.6
H0: ρ ≤ 0 or H0: ρ ≥ 0
α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.025 α = 0.01 α = 0.005 α = 0.0005
H0: ρ = 0
df α = 0.2 α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.02 α = 0.01 α = 0.001
1 .9511 .9877 .9969 .9995 .9999 .9999

2 .8000 .9000 .9500 .9800 .9900 .9990
3 .6870 .8054 .8783 .9343 .9587 .9911
4 .6084 .7293 .8114 .8822 .9172 .9741
5 .5509 .6694 .7545 .8329 .8745 .9509
6 .5067 .6215 .7067 .7887 .8343 .9249
7 .4716 .5822 .6664 .7498 .7977 .8983
8 .4428 .5494 .6319 .7155 .7646 .8721
9 .4187 .5214 .6021 .6851 .7348 .8470
10 .3981 .4973 .5760 .6581 .7079 .8233
11 .3802 .4762 .5529 .6339 .6835 .8010
12 .3646 .4575 .5324 .6120 .6614 .7800
13 .3507 .4409 .5140 .5923 .6411 .7604
14 .3383 .4259 .4973 .5742 .6226 .7419
15 .3271 .4124 .4821 .5577 .6055 .7247
16 .3170 .4000 .4683 .5425 .5897 .7084
17 .3077 .3887 .4555 .5285 .5751 .6932
18 .2992 .3783 .4438 .5155 .5614 .6788
19 .2914 .3687 .4329 .5034 .5487 .6652
20 .2841 .3598 .4227 .4921 .5368 .6524
21 .2774 .3515 .4132 .4815 .5256 .6402
22 .2711 .3438 .4044 .4716 .5151 .6287
23 .2653 .3365 .3961 .4622 .5052 .6178
24 .2598 .3297 .3882 .4534 .4958 .6074
25 .2546 .3233 .3809 .4451 .4869 .5974
30 .2327 .2960 .3494 .4093 .4487 .5541
35 .2156 .2746 .3246 .3810 .4182 .5189
40 .2018 .2573 .3044 .3578 .3932 .4896
50 .1806 .2306 .2732 .3218 .3542 .4432
60 .1650 .2108 .2500 .2948 .3248 .4079
70 .1528 .1954 .2319 .2737 .3017 .3798
80 .1430 .1829 .2172 .2565 .2830 .3568
90 .1348 .1726 .2050 .2422 .2673 .3375
100 .1279 .1638 .1946 .2301 .2540 .3211
150 .1045 .1339 .1593 .1886 .2084 .2643
300 .0740 .0948 .1129 .1338 .1480 .1884
500 .0573 .0735 .0875 .1038 .1149 .1464
1000 .0405 .0520 .0619 .0735 .0813 .1038
H0: ρ ≤ 0 H1: ρ > 0 α = .05, df = 30
rcritical = +.2960 If robserved ≥ rcritical, then reject H0.
H0: ρ ≥ 0 H1: ρ < 0 α = .05, df = 30
rcritical = −.2960 If robserved ≤ rcritical, then reject H0.
Note that the relation between the correlation coefficient and the t-ratio is
tc
rc =
(n − 2) + tc2
TABLE B.7: CRITICAL VALUES FOR SPEARMAN’S RANK-ORDER

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
Using Table B.7
For any given df, the table shows the values of rS corresponding to various levels
of probability. The rS-observed is statistically significant at a given level when it is
equal to or greater than the value shown in the table.
Examples
H0: ρS = 0 H1: ρS ≠ 0 α = .05 df = 30
rcritical = ±.350 If |robserved| ≥ |rcritical|, then reject H0.
H0: ρS ≤ 0 H1: ρS > 0 α = .05 df = 30
rcritical = +.296 If robserved ≥ rcritical, then reject H0.
H0: ρS ≥ 0 H1: ρS < 0 α = .05 df = 30
rcritical = −.296 If robserved ≤ rcritical, then reject H0.
When df > 28, we can convert the rS to a t-ratio and then use Table C for
hypothesis testing:
N −2
t = rS
1 − rS2
For example, rS = .60, N = 42:
42 − 2 40
t = .60 t = .60 t = .60 62.5
1 − .602 .64
t = 4.74, df = 40
Table B.7: Critical Values for Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient 495
Table B.7
H0: ρS ≤ 0 or H0: ρS ≥ 0
α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.025 α = 0.01 α = 0.005 α = 0.0005
H0: ρS = 0
df α = 0.2 α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.02 α = 0.01 α = 0.001
2 1.000 1.000
3 .800 .900 1.000 1.000
4 .657 .829 .886 .943 1.000
5 .571 .714 .786 .893 .929 1.000
6 .524 .643 .738 .833 .881 .976
7 .483 .600 .700 .783 .833 .933
8 .455 .564 .648 .745 .794 .903
9 .427 .536 .618 .709 .755 .873
10 .406 .503 .587 .678 .727 .846
11 .385 .484 .560 .648 .703 .824
12 .367 .464 .538 .626 .679 .802
13 .354 .446 .521 .604 .654 .779
14 .341 .429 .503 .582 .635 .762
15 .328 .414 .485 .566 .615 .748
16 .317 .401 .472 .550 .600 .728
17 .309 .391 .460 .535 .584 .712
18 .299 .380 .447 .520 .570 .696
19 .292 .370 .435 .508 .556 .681
20 .284 .361 .425 .496 .544 .667
21 .278 .353 .415 .486 .532 .654
22 .271 .344 .406 .476 .521 .642
23 .265 .337 .398 .466 .511 .630
24 .259 .331 .390 .457 .501 .619
25 .255 .324 .382 .448 .491 .608
26 .250 .317 .375 .440 .483 .598
27 .245 .312 .368 .433 .475 .589
28 .240 .306 .362 .425 .467 .580
29 .236 .301 .356 .418 .459 .571
30 .232 .296 .350 .412 .452 .563
If α = .05, two-tailed,
tcritical = 1.684 Reject H 0: ρS = 0
TABLE B.8: r TO Z TRANSFORMATION
Using Table B.8
This table provides the Fisher r to z transformation. Both positive and negative
values of r may be used. For specific transformations, use the following equation:
1 ⎛1+ r⎞
zr = log e ⎜
2 ⎝ 1 − r ⎟⎠
Example
r = .25 → zr = .255
TABLE B.9: POWER OF PEARSON’S CORRELATION

COEFFICIENT
Using Table B.9
This table provides estimates of the power (1 − β) of the Pearson correlation coef-
ficient (r) given the effect size, the sample size (n), α, and the directionality of
the test.
Example
A researcher plans to conduct a study for which H0 is ρ = 0.0 using a two-tailed

test. The researcher believes that α = .05 and that the effect size is .30. Approxi-
mately .80? According to Table B.9, if the researcher uses 90 participants, the
power will be 1 − β = .82.
Note that for effect sizes,
r = .10 = “small” r = .30 = “medium ” r = .50 = “ large”
TABLE B.10: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE F-RATIO
Using Table B.10
This table provides the critical values required to reject the null hypothesis for the
analysis of variance (ANOVA). Note that the bold text represents α = .01, whereas
the regular text represents α = .05. To use the table, you will need to identify the
Table B.10: Critical Values for the F-Ratio 497
Table B.8
r zr r zr r zr r zr
0.00 0.000 0.25 0.255 0.50 0.549 0.75 0.973

0.01 0.010 0.26 0.266 0.51 0.563 0.76 0.996
0.02 0.020 0.27 0.277 0.52 0.576 0.77 1.020
0.03 0.030 0.28 0.288 0.53 0.590 0.78 1.045
0.04 0.040 0.29 0.299 0.54 0.604 0.79 1.071
0.05 0.050 0.30 0.310 0.55 0.618 0.80 1.099
0.06 0.060 0.31 0.321 0.56 0.633 0.81 1.127
0.07 0.070 0.32 0.332 0.57 0.648 0.82 1.157
0.08 0.080 0.33 0.343 0.58 0.662 0.83 1.188
0.09 0.090 0.34 0.354 0.59 0.678 0.84 1.221
0.10 0.100 0.35 0.365 0.60 0.693 0.85 1.256
0.11 0.110 0.36 0.377 0.61 0.709 0.86 1.293
0.12 0.121 0.37 0.388 0.62 0.725 0.87 1.333
0.13 0.131 0.38 0.400 0.63 0.741 0.88 1.376
0.14 0.141 0.39 0.412 0.64 0.758 0.89 1.422
0.15 0.151 0.40 0.424 0.65 0.775 0.90 1.472
0.16 0.161 0.41 0.436 0.66 0.793 0.91 1.528
0.17 0.172 0.42 0.448 0.67 0.811 0.92 1.589
0.18 0.182 0.43 0.460 0.68 0.829 0.93 1.658
0.19 0.192 0.44 0.472 0.69 0.848 0.94 1.738
0.20 0.203 0.45 0.485 0.70 0.867 0.95 1.832
0.21 0.213 0.46 0.497 0.71 0.887 0.96 1.946
0.22 0.224 0.47 0.510 0.72 0.908 0.97 2.092
0.23 0.234 0.48 0.523 0.73 0.929 0.98 2.298
0.24 0.245 0.49 0.536 0.74 0.950 0.99 2.647
degrees of freedom for the numerator and denominator. The numerator degrees of
freedom are those used to determine the mean square for the treatment effect or
interaction. The denominator degrees of freedom are those used to determine the
mean square for the within-groups or error variance.
Example: One-Factor ANOVA
A researcher conducts a study that produces the following ANOVA summary table:
Source SS df MS F
Between groups 28.00 2 14.00 3.50

Within groups 156.00 39 4.00
Total 184.00 41
Table B.9
α = .05, one tailed α = .05, two tailed
Effect size: r Effect size: r
n 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.95 n 0.10 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.95
10 .07 .19 .42 .75 .98 10 .03 .11 .29 .63 .99
11 .07 .21 .46 .80 .99 11 .03 .12 .33 .69 .99
12 .08 .23 .50 .83 .99 12 .04 .14 .37 .74 .99
13 .08 .24 .54 .87 .99 13 .04 .15 .40 .78 .99
14 .08 .26 .57 .89 .99 14 .04 .16 .44 .82 .99
15 .09 .27 .60 .91 .99 15 .04 .17 .47 .85 .99
16 .09 .29 .63 .93 .99 16 .04 .19 .50 .88 .99
17 .09 .31 .66 .94 .99 17 .05 .20 .53 .90 .99
18 .09 .32 .69 .96 .99 18 .05 .21 .56 .92 .99
19 .10 .33 .71 .96 .99 19 .05 .22 .59 .93 .99
20 .10 .35 .73 .97 .99 20 .05 .24 .61 .94 .99
21 .10 .36 .75 .98 .99 21 .05 .25 .64 .95 .99
22 .10 .38 .77 .98 .99 22 .05 .26 .66 .96 .99
23 .11 .39 .79 .98 .99 23 .06 .27 .69 .97 .99
24 .11 .40 .81 .99 .99 24 .06 .28 .71 .97 .99
25 .11 .42 .82 .99 .99 25 .06 .30 .73 .98 .99
26 .11 .43 .84 .99 .99 26 .06 .31 .75 .98 .99
27 .12 .44 .85 .99 .99 27 .06 .32 .76 .98 .99
28 .12 .46 .86 .99 .99 28 .06 .33 .78 .99 .99
29 .12 .47 .88 .99 .99 29 .06 .34 .80 .99 .99
30 .12 .48 .89 .99 .99 30 .07 .35 .81 .99 .99
31 .12 .49 .89 .99 .99 31 .07 .37 .83 .99 .99
32 .13 .50 .90 .99 .99 32 .07 .38 .84 .99 .99
33 .13 .52 .91 .99 .99 33 .07 .39 .85 .99 .99
34 .13 .53 .92 .99 .99 34 .07 .40 .86 .99 .99
35 .13 .54 .93 .99 .99 35 .07 .41 .87 .99 .99
36 .13 .55 .93 .99 .99 36 .07 .42 .88 .99 .99
37 .14 .56 .94 .99 .99 37 .08 .43 .89 .99 .99
38 .14 .57 .94 .99 .99 38 .08 .44 .90 .99 .99
39 .14 .58 .95 .99 .99 39 .08 .45 .91 .99 .99
40 .14 .59 .95 .99 .99 40 .08 .46 .91 .99 .99
50 .17 .69 .98 .99 .99 50 .09 .56 .96 .99 .99
60 .18 .75 .99 .99 .99 60 .11 .64 .98 .99 .99
70 .20 .81 .99 .99 .99 70 .12 .71 .99 .99 .99
80 .22 .85 .99 .99 .99 80 .13 .77 .99 .99 .99
90 .23 .89 .99 .99 .99 90 .15 .82 .99 .99 .99
100 .25 .92 .99 .99 .99 100 .16 .86 .99 .99 .99
200 .40 .99 .99 .99 .99 200 .28 .99 .99 .99 .99
300 .53 .99 .99 .99 .99 300 .40 .99 .99 .99 .99
400 .63 .99 .99 .99 .99 400 .51 .99 .99 .99 .99
500 .72 .99 .99 .99 .99 500 .60 .99 .99 .99 .99
Table B.10
Degrees of freedom for numerator
α 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 30 50 100 1000
Degrees of 1 0.05 161 199 216 225 230 234 237 239 241 242 243 244 245 245 246 250 252 253 254
freedom for 0.01 4052 4999 5404 5624 5764 5859 5928 5981 6022 6056 6083 6107 6126 6143 6157 6260 6302 6334 6363
denominator 2 0.05 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.40 19.41 19.42 19.42 19.43 19.46 19.48 19.49 19.49
0.01 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.41 99.42 99.42 99.43 99.43 99.47 99.48 99.49 99.50
3 0.05 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.76 8.74 8.73 8.71 8.70 8.62 8.58 8.55 8.53
0.01 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.34 27.23 27.13 27.05 26.98 26.92 26.87 26.50 26.35 26.24 26.14
4 0.05 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.94 5.91 5.89 5.87 5.86 5.75 5.70 5.66 5.63
0.01 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.45 14.37 14.31 14.25 14.20 13.84 13.69 13.58 13.47
5 0.05 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.70 4.68 4.66 4.64 4.62 4.50 4.44 4.41 4.37
0.01 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.96 9.89 9.82 9.77 9.72 9.38 9.24 9.13 9.03
6 0.05 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 4.03 4.00 3.98 3.96 3.94 3.81 3.75 3.71 3.67
0.01 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.79 7.72 7.66 7.60 7.56 7.23 7.09 6.99 6.89
7 0.05 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.60 3.57 3.55 3.53 3.51 3.38 3.32 3.27 3.23
0.01 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.54 6.47 6.41 6.36 6.31 5.99 5.86 5.75 5.66
8 0.05 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.28 3.26 3.24 3.22 3.08 3.02 2.97 2.93
0.01 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.73 5.67 5.61 5.56 5.52 5.20 5.07 4.96 4.87
9 0.05 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.10 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.01 2.86 2.80 2.76 2.71
0.01 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 5.18 5.11 5.05 5.01 4.96 4.65 4.52 4.41 4.32
10 0.05 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.94 2.91 2.89 2.86 2.85 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.54
0.01 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.77 4.71 4.65 4.60 4.56 4.25 4.12 4.01 3.92
11 0.05 4.84 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.01 2.95 2.90 2.85 2.82 2.79 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.57 2.51 2.46 2.41
0.01 9.65 7.21 6.22 5.67 5.32 5.07 4.89 4.74 4.63 4.54 4.46 4.40 4.34 4.29 4.25 3.94 3.81 3.71 3.61
12 0.05 4.75 3.89 3.49 3.26 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.85 2.80 2.75 2.72 2.69 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.47 2.40 2.35 2.30
0.01 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4.82 4.64 4.50 4.39 4.30 4.22 4.16 4.10 4.05 4.01 3.70 3.57 3.47 3.37
13 0.05 4.67 3.81 3.41 3.18 3.03 2.92 2.83 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.63 2.60 2.58 2.55 2.53 2.38 2.31 2.26 2.21
0.01 9.07 6.70 5.74 5.21 4.86 4.62 4.44 4.30 4.19 4.10 4.02 3.96 3.91 3.86 3.82 3.51 3.38 3.27 3.18
(Continued)
499
500
α 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 30 50 100 1000
14 0.05 4.60 3.74 3.34 3.11 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.60 2.57 2.53 2.51 2.48 2.46 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.14
0.01 8.86 6.51 5.56 5.04 4.69 4.46 4.28 4.14 4.03 3.94 3.86 3.80 3.75 3.70 3.66 3.35 3.22 3.11 3.02
15 0.05 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.51 2.48 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.07
0.01 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.73 3.67 3.61 3.56 3.52 3.21 3.08 2.98 2.88
16 0.05 4.49 3.63 3.24 3.01 2.85 2.74 2.66 2.59 2.54 2.49 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.37 2.35 2.19 2.12 2.07 2.02
0.01 8.53 6.23 5.29 4.77 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.89 3.78 3.69 3.62 3.55 3.50 3.45 3.41 3.10 2.97 2.86 2.76
17 0.05 4.45 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49 2.45 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.33 2.31 2.15 2.08 2.02 1.97
0.01 8.40 6.11 5.18 4.67 4.34 4.10 3.93 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.52 3.46 3.40 3.35 3.31 3.00 2.87 2.76 2.66
18 0.05 4.41 3.55 3.16 2.93 2.77 2.66 2.58 2.51 2.46 2.41 2.37 2.34 2.31 2.29 2.27 2.11 2.04 1.98 1.92
0.01 8.29 6.01 5.09 4.58 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60 3.51 3.43 3.37 3.32 3.27 3.23 2.92 2.78 2.68 2.58
19 0.05 4.38 3.52 3.13 2.90 2.74 2.63 2.54 2.48 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.28 2.26 2.23 2.07 2.00 1.94 1.88
0.01 8.18 5.93 5.01 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52 3.43 3.36 3.30 3.24 3.19 3.15 2.84 2.71 2.60 2.50
20 0.05 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.31 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.04 1.97 1.91 1.85
0.01 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.13 3.09 2.78 2.64 2.54 2.43
21 0.05 4.32 3.47 3.07 2.84 2.68 2.57 2.49 2.42 2.37 2.32 2.28 2.25 2.22 2.20 2.18 2.01 1.94 1.88 1.82
0.01 8.02 5.78 4.87 4.37 4.04 3.81 3.64 3.51 3.40 3.31 3.24 3.17 3.12 3.07 3.03 2.72 2.58 2.48 2.37
22 0.05 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.66 2.55 2.46 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.26 2.23 2.20 2.17 2.15 1.98 1.91 1.85 1.79
0.01 7.95 5.72 4.82 4.31 3.99 3.76 3.59 3.45 3.35 3.26 3.18 3.12 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.67 2.53 2.42 2.32
23 0.05 4.28 3.42 3.03 2.80 2.64 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.32 2.27 2.24 2.20 2.18 2.15 2.13 1.96 1.88 1.82 1.76
0.01 7.88 5.66 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.71 3.54 3.41 3.30 3.21 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.97 2.93 2.62 2.48 2.37 2.27
24 0.05 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.51 2.42 2.36 2.30 2.25 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.13 2.11 1.94 1.86 1.80 1.74
0.01 7.82 5.61 4.72 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.36 3.26 3.17 3.09 3.03 2.98 2.93 2.89 2.58 2.44 2.33 2.22
25 0.05 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.20 2.16 2.14 2.11 2.09 1.92 1.84 1.78 1.72
0.01 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 3.06 2.99 2.94 2.89 2.85 2.54 2.40 2.29 2.18
26 0.05 4.23 3.37 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.47 2.39 2.32 2.27 2.22 2.18 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.07 1.90 1.82 1.76 1.70
0.01 7.72 5.53 4.64 4.14 3.82 3.59 3.42 3.29 3.18 3.09 3.02 2.96 2.90 2.86 2.81 2.50 2.36 2.25 2.14
27 0.05 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.73 2.57 2.46 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.17 2.13 2.10 2.08 2.06 1.88 1.81 1.74 1.68
0.01 7.68 5.49 4.60 4.11 3.78 3.56 3.39 3.26 3.15 3.06 2.99 2.93 2.87 2.82 2.78 2.47 2.33 2.22 2.11
28 0.05 4.20 3.34 2.95 2.71 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29 2.24 2.19 2.15 2.12 2.09 2.06 2.04 1.87 1.79 1.73 1.66
0.01 7.64 5.45 4.57 4.07 3.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.12 3.03 2.96 2.90 2.84 2.79 2.75 2.44 2.30 2.19 2.08
29 0.05 4.18 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28 2.22 2.18 2.14 2.10 2.08 2.05 2.03 1.85 1.77 1.71 1.65
0.01 7.60 5.42 4.54 4.04 3.73 3.50 3.33 3.20 3.09 3.00 2.93 2.87 2.81 2.77 2.73 2.41 2.27 2.16 2.05
30 0.05 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.04 2.01 1.84 1.76 1.70 1.63
0.01 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.91 2.84 2.79 2.74 2.70 2.39 2.25 2.13 2.02
31 0.05 4.16 3.30 2.91 2.68 2.52 2.41 2.32 2.25 2.20 2.15 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.03 2.00 1.83 1.75 1.68 1.62
0.01 7.53 5.36 4.48 3.99 3.67 3.45 3.28 3.15 3.04 2.96 2.88 2.82 2.77 2.72 2.68 2.36 2.22 2.11 1.99
32 0.05 4.15 3.29 2.90 2.67 2.51 2.40 2.31 2.24 2.19 2.14 2.10 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.82 1.74 1.67 1.60
0.01 7.50 5.34 4.46 3.97 3.65 3.43 3.26 3.13 3.02 2.93 2.86 2.80 2.74 2.70 2.65 2.34 2.20 2.08 1.97
33 0.05 4.14 3.28 2.89 2.66 2.50 2.39 2.30 2.23 2.18 2.13 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.81 1.72 1.66 1.59
0.01 7.47 5.31 4.44 3.95 3.63 3.41 3.24 3.11 3.00 2.91 2.84 2.78 2.72 2.68 2.63 2.32 2.18 2.06 1.95
34 0.05 4.13 3.28 2.88 2.65 2.49 2.38 2.29 2.23 2.17 2.12 2.08 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.97 1.80 1.71 1.65 1.58
0.01 7.44 5.29 4.42 3.93 3.61 3.39 3.22 3.09 2.98 2.89 2.82 2.76 2.70 2.66 2.61 2.30 2.16 2.04 1.92
35 0.05 4.12 3.27 2.87 2.64 2.49 2.37 2.29 2.22 2.16 2.11 2.07 2.04 2.01 1.99 1.96 1.79 1.70 1.63 1.57
0.01 7.42 5.27 4.40 3.91 3.59 3.37 3.20 3.07 2.96 2.88 2.80 2.74 2.69 2.64 2.60 2.28 2.14 2.02 1.90
36 0.05 4.11 3.26 2.87 2.63 2.48 2.36 2.28 2.21 2.15 2.11 2.07 2.03 2.00 1.98 1.95 1.78 1.69 1.62 1.56
0.01 7.40 5.25 4.38 3.89 3.57 3.35 3.18 3.05 2.95 2.86 2.79 2.72 2.67 2.62 2.58 2.26 2.12 2.00 1.89
38 0.05 4.10 3.24 2.85 2.62 2.46 2.35 2.26 2.19 2.14 2.09 2.05 2.02 1.99 1.96 1.94 1.76 1.68 1.61 1.54
0.01 7.35 5.21 4.34 3.86 3.54 3.32 3.15 3.02 2.92 2.83 2.75 2.69 2.64 2.59 2.55 2.23 2.09 1.97 1.85
40 0.05 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.95 1.92 1.74 1.66 1.59 1.52
0.01 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.73 2.66 2.61 2.56 2.52 2.20 2.06 1.94 1.82
42 0.05 4.07 3.22 2.83 2.59 2.44 2.32 2.24 2.17 2.11 2.06 2.03 1.99 1.96 1.94 1.91 1.73 1.65 1.57 1.50
0.01 7.28 5.15 4.29 3.80 3.49 3.27 3.10 2.97 2.86 2.78 2.70 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.50 2.18 2.03 1.91 1.79
44 0.05 4.06 3.21 2.82 2.58 2.43 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.10 2.05 2.01 1.98 1.95 1.92 1.90 1.72 1.63 1.56 1.49
0.01 7.25 5.12 4.26 3.78 3.47 3.24 3.08 2.95 2.84 2.75 2.68 2.62 2.56 2.52 2.47 2.15 2.01 1.89 1.76
46 0.05 4.05 3.20 2.81 2.57 2.42 2.30 2.22 2.15 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.97 1.94 1.91 1.89 1.71 1.62 1.55 1.47
0.01 7.22 5.10 4.24 3.76 3.44 3.22 3.06 2.93 2.82 2.73 2.66 2.60 2.54 2.50 2.45 2.13 1.99 1.86 1.74
48 0.05 4.04 3.19 2.80 2.57 2.41 2.29 2.21 2.14 2.08 2.03 1.99 1.96 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.70 1.61 1.54 1.46
0.01 7.19 5.08 4.22 3.74 3.43 3.20 3.04 2.91 2.80 2.71 2.64 2.58 2.53 2.48 2.44 2.12 1.97 1.84 1.72
50 0.05 4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.07 2.03 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.69 1.60 1.52 1.45
0.01 7.17 5.06 4.20 3.72 3.41 3.19 3.02 2.89 2.78 2.70 2.63 2.56 2.51 2.46 2.42 2.10 1.95 1.82 1.70
(Continued)
501
502
α 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 30 50 100 1000
55 0.05 4.02 3.16 2.77 2.54 2.38 2.27 2.18 2.11 2.06 2.01 1.97 1.93 1.90 1.88 1.85 1.67 1.58 1.50 1.42
0.01 7.12 5.01 4.16 3.68 3.37 3.15 2.98 2.85 2.75 2.66 2.59 2.53 2.47 2.42 2.38 2.06 1.91 1.78 1.65
60 0.05 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.65 1.56 1.48 1.40
0.01 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.56 2.50 2.44 2.39 2.35 2.03 1.88 1.75 1.62
65 0.05 3.99 3.14 2.75 2.51 2.36 2.24 2.15 2.08 2.03 1.98 1.94 1.90 1.87 1.85 1.82 1.63 1.54 1.46 1.38
0.01 7.04 4.95 4.10 3.62 3.31 3.09 2.93 2.80 2.69 2.61 2.53 2.47 2.42 2.37 2.33 2.00 1.85 1.72 1.59
70 0.05 3.98 3.13 2.74 2.50 2.35 2.23 2.14 2.07 2.02 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.84 1.81 1.62 1.53 1.45 1.36
0.01 7.01 4.92 4.07 3.60 3.29 3.07 2.91 2.78 2.67 2.59 2.51 2.45 2.40 2.35 2.31 1.98 1.83 1.70 1.56
80 0.05 3.96 3.11 2.72 2.49 2.33 2.21 2.13 2.06 2.00 1.95 1.91 1.88 1.84 1.82 1.79 1.60 1.51 1.43 1.34
0.01 6.96 4.88 4.04 3.56 3.26 3.04 2.87 2.74 2.64 2.55 2.48 2.42 2.36 2.31 2.27 1.94 1.79 1.65 1.51
100 0.05 3.94 3.09 2.70 2.46 2.31 2.19 2.10 2.03 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.77 1.57 1.48 1.39 1.30
0.01 6.90 4.82 3.98 3.51 3.21 2.99 2.82 2.69 2.59 2.50 2.43 2.37 2.31 2.27 2.22 1.89 1.74 1.60 1.45
125 0.05 3.92 3.07 2.68 2.44 2.29 2.17 2.08 2.01 1.96 1.91 1.87 1.83 1.80 1.77 1.75 1.55 1.45 1.36 1.26
0.01 6.84 4.78 3.94 3.47 3.17 2.95 2.79 2.66 2.55 2.47 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.23 2.19 1.85 1.69 1.55 1.39
150 0.05 3.90 3.06 2.66 2.43 2.27 2.16 2.07 2.00 1.94 1.89 1.85 1.82 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.54 1.44 1.34 1.24
0.01 6.81 4.75 3.91 3.45 3.14 2.92 2.76 2.63 2.53 2.44 2.37 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.16 1.83 1.66 1.52 1.35
200 0.05 3.89 3.04 2.65 2.42 2.26 2.14 2.06 1.98 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.80 1.77 1.74 1.72 1.52 1.41 1.32 1.21
0.01 6.76 4.71 3.88 3.41 3.11 2.89 2.73 2.60 2.50 2.41 2.34 2.27 2.22 2.17 2.13 1.79 1.63 1.48 1.30
400 0.05 3.86 3.02 2.63 2.39 2.24 2.12 2.03 1.96 1.90 1.85 1.81 1.78 1.74 1.72 1.69 1.49 1.38 1.28 1.15
0.01 6.70 4.66 3.83 3.37 3.06 2.85 2.68 2.56 2.45 2.37 2.29 2.23 2.17 2.13 2.08 1.75 1.58 1.42 1.22
1000 0.05 3.85 3.00 2.61 2.38 2.22 2.11 2.02 1.95 1.89 1.84 1.80 1.76 1.73 1.70 1.68 1.47 1.36 1.26 1.11
0.01 6.66 4.63 3.80 3.34 3.04 2.82 2.66 2.53 2.43 2.34 2.27 2.20 2.15 2.10 2.06 1.72 1.54 1.38 1.16
Table B.10: Critical Values for the F-Ratio 503
From the summary table:

Degrees of freedom, numeration: dfN = 2
Degrees of freedom, denominator: dfd = 39
Fobserved = 3.50
From Table B.10:

Because the exact values of the degrees of freedom for the denominator are
not listed, you must interpolate between the two adjacent numbers:
Fcritical (2, 38) = 3.24, α = .05 Fcritical (2, 38) = 5.21, α = .01
Fcritical (2, 40) = 3.23, α = .05 Fcritical (2, 40) = 5.15, α = .01.
Therefore,
Fcritical (2, 39) = 3.235, α = .05 Fcritical (2, 39) = 5.18, α = .01
Fobserved = 3.50 > Fcritical = 3.235 Fobserved = 3.50 < Fcritical = 5.18.
Reject H0. Do not reject H0.
Example: Two-Factor ANOVA
Source SS df MS F
Variable A 0.067 1 0.067 0.01

Variable B 80.433 2 40.217 6.859
AB 58.233 2 29.117 4.966
Within groups 316.600 54 5.863
Total 455.333 59
From the summary table:

Critical values:
α = .05 α = .01
Fcritical (1, 54) = 4.02 Fcritical (1, 54) = 7.12
Fcritical (2, 54) = 3.16 Fcritical (2, 54) = 5.01
Statistical Decision
Result (α = .05) (α = .01)

Variable A: dfN = 1, dfd = 54 → Fobserved = 0.01 Do not reject H0. Do not reject H0.
Variable B: dfN = 2, dfd = 54 → Fobserved = 6.86 Reject H0. Reject H0.
Variable AB: dfN = 2, dfd = 54 → Fobserved = 4.97 Reject H0. Do not reject H0.
TABLE B.11: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE FMAX TEST
Using Table B.11
To use this table, divide the largest variance by the smallest variance to create
Fmax. The column labeled n represents the number of subjects in each group. If the
sample sizes for the two groups are not equal, determine the average n and round
up. The other columns of numbers represent the number of treatment conditions
in the study. If the observed value of Fmax is less than the tabled value, then you
may assume that the variances are homogeneous, σsmallest = σlargest.
Example
A researcher conducted a study with six groups. The largest variance as 20 and
the smallest variance was 10, with 15 participants in each group. Fmax = 2.00. The
critical value of Fmax = 4.70, α = .05. Therefore, we do NOT reject the hypothesis
that the variances are equivalent. The data do not appear to violate the requirement
that there be homogeneity of variance for the ANOVA.
TABLE B.12: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE STUDENTIZED

RANGE TEST
Using Table B.12
This table contains the critical values developed by Tukey for his honestly signifi-
cant difference (HSD) test. To use the table, you will need the degrees of freedom
for the within-groups term in the ANOVA summary table and the number of means
to be compared by the HSD test.
Example
A researcher conducted a study with four groups. The degrees of freedom denomi-
nator (df for the within-groups factor) are 12. Using Table B.12,
qcritical = 3.62, α = .10
TABLE B.13: POWER OF ANOVA
Using Table B.13
The values in this table help you determine the optimal sample size for an ANOVA
given the anticipated effect size and α-level.
Table B.13: Power of ANOVA 505
Table B.11
Number of variances in study
n α 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 .05 9.60 15.5 20.6 25.2 29.5 33.6 37.5 41.4 44.6
.01 23.2 37.0 49.0 59.0 69.0 79.0 89.0 97.0 106.0
5 .05 7.2 10.8 13.7 16.3 18.7 20.8 22.9 24.7 26.5
.01 14.9 22.0 28.0 33.0 38.0 42.0 46.0 50.0 54.0
6 .05 5.8 8.4 10.4 12.1 13.7 15.0 16.3 17.5 18.6
.01 11.1 15.5 19.1 22.0 25.0 27.0 30.0 32.0 34.0
7 .05 5.0 6.9 8.4 9.7 10.8 11.8 12.7 13.5 14.3
.01 8.9 12.1 14.5 16.5 18.4 20.0 22.0 23.0 24.0
8 .05 4.4 6.0 7.2 8.1 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.1 11.7
.01 7.5 9.9 11.7 13.2 14.5 15.8 16.9 17.9 18.9
9 .05 4.0 5.3 6.3 7.1 7.8 8.4 8.9 9.5 9.9
.01 6.5 8.5 9.9 11.1 12.1 13.1 13.9 14.7 15.3
10 .05 3.7 4.9 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.4 7.9 8.3 8.7
.01 5.9 7.4 8.6 9.6 10.4 11.1 11.8 12.4 12.9
12 .05 3.3 4.2 4.8 5.3 5.7 6.1 6.4 6.7 7.0
.01 4.9 6.1 6.9 7.6 8.2 8.7 9.1 9.5 9.9
15 .05 2.7 3.5 4.0 4.4 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.4 5.6
.01 4.1 4.9 5.5 6.0 6.4 6.7 7.1 7.3 7.5
20 .05 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.4
.01 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.6
30 .05 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
.01 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0
60 .05 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3
.01 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6
∞ .05 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
.01 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example: Single-Factor Design
A researcher wishes to conduct a single-factor design with three levels of the

independent variable. How many participants will the researcher require in each
treatment condition to have power equal to 1 − β = .80 when the effect size is
moderate, f = .25 and α = .05? In this example, dfN = 2. According to this table,
1 − β = .83 when there are 55 participants in each treatment condition.
Example: Factorial Design
A researcher designed a 3 × 4 factorial study. How many participants should the

researcher use in each treatment condition to have power equal to 1 − β = .80?
Also assume that the effect size is moderate, f = .25.
Table B.12
506
Number of means in set
α 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Degrees of 1 .10 8.93 13.40 16.40 18.50 20.20 21.50 22.60 23.60 24.50 25.20 25.90 26.50 27.10 27.60 28.10 28.50 29.00
freedom for .05 18.00 27.00 32.80 37.10 40.40 43.10 45.40 47.40 49.10 50.60 52.00 53.20 54.30 55.40 56.30 57.20 58.00
denominator .01 90.00 13.50 164.00 186.00 202.00 216.00 227.00 237.00 246.00 253.00 260.00 266.00 272.00 277.00 282.00 286.00 290.00
2 .10 4.13 5.73 6.78 7.54 8.14 8.63 9.05 9.41 9.73 10.00 10.30 10.50 10.70 10.90 11.10 11.20 11.40
.05 6.09 8.30 9.80 10.90 11.70 12.40 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.40 14.70 15.10 15.40 15.70 15.90 16.10 16.40
.01 14.00 19.00 22.30 24.70 26.60 28.20 29.50 30.70 31.70 32.60 33.40 34.10 34.80 35.40 36.00 36.50 37.00
3 .10 3.33 4.47 5.20 5.74 6.16 6.51 6.81 7.06 7.29 7.49 7.67 7.83 7.98 8.12 8.25 8.37 8.78
.05 4.50 5.91 6.82 7.50 8.04 8.48 8.85 9.18 9.46 9.72 9.95 10.20 10.40 10.50 10.70 10.80 11.00
.01 8.26 10.60 12.20 13.30 14.20 15.00 15.60 16.20 16.70 17.10 17.50 17.90 18.20 18.50 18.80 19.10 19.30
4 .10 3.01 3.98 4.59 5.04 5.39 5.69 5.93 6.14 6.33 6.50 6.65 6.78 6.91 7.03 7.13 7.23 7.33
.05 3.93 5.04 5.76 6.29 6.71 7.05 7.35 7.60 7.83 8.03 8.21 8.37 8.52 8.66 8.79 8.91 9.03
.01 6.51 8.12 9.17 9.96 10.60 11.10 11.50 11.90 12.30 12.60 12.80 13.10 13.30 13.50 13.70 13.90 14.10
5 .10 2.85 3.72 4.26 4.66 4.98 5.24 5.44 5.65 5.82 5.97 6.10 6.22 6.34 6.44 6.54 6.63 6.71
.05 3.64 4.60 5.22 5.67 6.03 6.33 6.58 6.80 6.99 7.17 7.32 7.47 7.60 7.72 7.83 7.93 8.03
.01 5.70 6.97 7.80 8.42 8.91 9.32 9.67 9.97 10.20 10.50 10.70 10.90 11.10 11.20 11.40 11.60 11.70
6 .10 2.75 3.56 4.07 4.44 4.73 4.97 5.17 5.34 5.50 5.64 5.76 5.88 5.98 6.08 6.16 6.25 6.33
.05 3.46 4.34 4.90 5.31 5.63 5.89 6.12 6.32 6.49 6.65 6.79 6.92 7.03 7.14 7.24 7.34 7.43
.01 5.24 6.33 7.03 7.56 7.97 8.32 8.61 8.87 9.10 9.30 9.49 9.65 9.81 9.95 10.10 10.20 10.30
7 .10 2.68 3.45 3.93 4.28 4.56 4.78 4.97 5.14 5.28 5.41 5.53 5.64 5.74 5.83 5.91 5.99 6.06
.05 3.34 4.16 4.69 5.06 5.36 5.61 5.82 6.00 6.16 6.30 6.43 6.55 6.66 6.76 6.85 6.94 7.02
.01 4.95 5.92 6.54 7.01 7.37 7.68 7.94 8.17 8.37 8.55 8.71 8.86 9.00 9.12 9.24 9.35 9.46
8 .10 2.63 3.37 3.83 4.17 4.43 4.65 4.83 4.99 5.13 5.25 5.36 5.46 5.56 5.64 5.74 5.83 5.87
.05 3.26 4.04 4.53 4.89 5.17 5.40 5.60 5.77 5.92 6.05 6.18 6.29 6.39 6.48 6.57 6.65 6.73
.01 4.74 5.63 6.20 6.63 6.96 7.24 7.47 7.68 7.78 8.03 8.18 8.31 8.44 8.55 8.66 8.76 8.85
9 .10 2.59 3.32 3.76 4.08 4.34 4.55 4.72 4.87 5.01 5.13 5.23 5.33 5.42 5.51 5.58 5.66 5.72
.05 3.20 3.95 4.42 4.76 5.02 5.24 5.43 5.60 5.74 5.87 5.98 6.09 6.19 6.28 6.36 6.44 6.51
.01 4.60 5.43 5.96 6.35 6.66 6.91 7.13 7.32 7.49 7.65 7.78 7.91 8.03 8.13 8.23 8.33 8.41
10 .10 2.56 3.28 3.70 4.02 4.26 4.47 4.64 4.78 4.91 5.03 5.13 5.23 5.32 5.40 5.47 5.54 5.61
.05 3.15 3.88 4.33 4.65 4.91 5.12 5.30 5.46 5.60 5.72 5.83 5.93 6.03 6.11 6.19 6.27 6.34
.01 4.48 5.27 5.77 6.14 6.43 6.67 6.87 7.05 7.21 7.36 7.48 7.60 7.71 7.81 7.91 8.00 8.08
11 .10 2.54 3.23 3.66 3.97 4.21 4.40 4.57 4.71 4.84 4.95 5.05 5.15 5.23 5.31 5.38 5.45 5.51
.05 3.11 3.82 4.26 4.57 4.82 5.03 5.20 5.35 5.49 5.61 5.71 5.81 5.90 5.99 6.06 6.18 6.20
.01 4.39 5.14 5.62 5.97 6.25 6.48 6.67 6.84 6.99 7.13 7.26 7.36 7.46 7.56 7.65 7.73 7.81
12 .10 2.52 3.20 3.62 3.92 4.16 4.35 4.51 4.65 4.78 4.89 4.99 5.08 5.16 5.24 5.31 5.37 5.44
.05 3.08 3.77 4.20 4.51 4.75 4.95 5.12 5.27 5.40 5.51 5.62 5.71 5.80 5.88 5.95 6.02 6.09
.01 4.32 5.04 5.50 5.84 6.10 6.32 6.51 6.67 6.81 6.94 7.06 7.17 7.26 7.36 7.44 7.52 7.50
13 .10 2.51 3.18 3.59 3.89 4.12 4.31 4.46 4.60 4.72 4.83 4.93 5.02 5.10 5.18 5.25 5.31 5.37
.05 3.06 3.73 4.15 4.45 4.69 4.88 5.05 5.19 5.32 5.43 5.53 5.63 5.71 5.79 5.86 5.93 6.00
.01 4.26 4.96 5.40 5.73 5.98 6.19 6.37 6.53 6.67 6.79 6.90 7.01 7.10 7.19 7.27 7.37 7.42
14 .10 2.99 3.16 3.56 3.83 4.08 4.27 4.42 4.56 4.68 4.79 4.88 4.97 5.05 5.12 5.19 5.26 5.32
.05 3.03 3.70 4.11 4.41 4.64 4.83 4.99 5.13 5.25 5.36 5.46 5.55 5.64 5.72 5.79 5.85 5.92
.01 4.21 4.89 5.32 5.63 5.88 6.08 6.26 6.41 6.54 6.66 6.77 6.87 6.96 7.05 7.13 7.20 7.27
16 .10 2.47 3.12 3.52 3.80 4.03 4.21 4.36 4.49 4.61 4.71 4.81 4.89 4.97 5.04 5.11 5.17 5.23
.05 3.00 3.65 4.05 4.33 4.56 4.74 4.90 5.03 5.15 5.26 5.35 5.44 5.52 5.59 5.66 5.73 5.79
.01 4.13 4.78 5.19 5.49 5.72 5.92 6.08 6.22 6.35 6.46 6.56 6.66 6.74 6.82 6.90 6.97 7.03
18 .10 2.45 3.10 3.49 3.77 3.98 4.16 4.31 4.44 4.55 4.66 4.75 4.83 4.91 4.98 5.04 5.10 5.16
.05 2.97 3.61 4.00 4.28 4.49 4.67 4.82 4.96 5.07 5.17 5.27 5.35 5.43 5.50 5.57 5.63 5.69
.01 4.07 4.70 5.09 5.38 5.60 5.79 5.94 6.08 6.20 6.31 6.41 6.50 6.58 6.65 6.73 6.79 6.85
20 .10 2.44 3.08 3.46 3.74 3.95 4.12 4.27 4.40 4.51 4.61 4.70 4.78 4.86 4.92 4.99 5.05 5.10
.05 2.95 3.58 3.96 4.23 4.45 4.62 4.77 4.90 5.01 5.11 5.20 5.28 5.36 5.43 5.49 5.55 5.61
.01 4.02 4.64 5.02 5.29 5.51 5.69 5.84 5.97 6.09 6.19 6.29 6.37 6.45 6.52 6.59 6.65 6.71
24 .10 2.42 3.05 3.42 3.69 3.9 4.07 4.21 4.34 4.45 4.54 4.63 4.71 4.78 4.85 4.91 4.97 5.02
.05 2.92 3.53 3.9 4.17 4.37 4.54 4.68 4.81 4.92 5.01 5.1 5.18 5.25 5.32 5.38 5.44 5.49
.01 3.96 4.54 4.91 5.17 5.37 5.54 5.69 5.81 5.92 6.02 6.11 6.19 6.26 6.33 6.39 6.45 6.51
30 .10 2.4 3.02 3.39 3.65 3.85 4.02 4.16 4.28 4.38 4.47 4.56 4.64 4.71 4.77 4.83 4.89 4.94
.05 2.89 3.49 3.84 4.1 4.3 4.46 4.6 4.72 4.83 4.92 5 5.08 5.15 5.21 5.27 5.33 5.38
.01 3.89 4.45 4.8 5.05 5.24 5.4 5.54 5.56 5.76 5.85 5.93 6.01 6.08 6.14 6.2 6.26 6.31
40 .10 2.38 2.99 3.35 3.61 3.8 3.96 4.1 4.22 4.32 4.41 4.49 4.56 4.63 4.7 4.75 4.81 4.86
.05 2.86 3.44 3.79 4.04 4.23 4.39 4.52 4.63 4.74 4.82 4.91 4.98 5.05 5.11 5.16 5.22 5.27
.01 3.82 4.37 4.7 4.93 5.11 5.27 5.39 5.5 5.6 5.69 5.77 5.84 5.9 5.96 6.02 6.07 6.11
60 .10 2.36 2.96 3.31 3.56 3.76 3.91 4.04 4.16 4.26 4.34 4.42 4.49 4.56 4.62 4.68 4.73 4.78
.05 2.83 3.4 3.74 3.98 4.16 4.31 4.44 4.55 4.65 4.73 4.81 4.88 4.94 5 5.06 5.11 5.15
.01 3.76 4.28 4.6 4.82 4.99 5.13 5.25 5.36 5.45 5.53 5.6 5.67 5.73 5.79 5.84 5.89 5.93
120 .10 2.34 2.93 3.28 3.52 3.71 3.86 3.99 4.1 4.19 4.28 4.35 4.42 4.49 4.59 4.6 4.65 4.69
.05 2.8 3.36 3.69 3.92 4.1 4.24 4.36 4.48 4.56 4.64 4.72 4.78 4.84 4.9 4.95 5 5.04
.01 3.7 4.2 4.5 4.71 4.87 5.01 5.12 5.21 5.3 5.38 5.44 5.51 5.56 5.61 5.66 5.71 5.75
507
Table B.13
α = .05 dfN = 1 α = .05 dfN = 2 α = .05 dfN = 3
Effect size, f Effect size, f Effect size, f
n Fc .10 .25 .40 .55 Fc .10 .25 .40 .55 Fc .10 .25 .40 .55
10 4.414 .08 .19 .40 .65 3.354 .10 .22 .46 .72 2.866 .12 .26 .52 .79
11 4.351 .08 .21 .43 .70 3.316 .10 .24 .50 .77 2.839 .11 .27 .56 .83
12 4.301 .08 .22 .47 .74 3.285 .10 .25 .53 .81 2.816 .11 .29 .60 .87
13 4.260 .08 .23 .50 .78 3.259 .10 .27 .57 .85 2.798 .11 .31 .64 .90
14 4.225 .09 .25 .53 .81 3.238 .10 .28 .60 .88 2.783 .12 .32 .67 .92
15 4.196 .09 .26 .56 .84 3.220 .10 .30 .64 .90 2.769 .12 .34 .71 .94
16 4.171 .09 .28 .59 .87 3.204 .10 .32 .67 .92 2.758 .12 .36 .74 .96
17 4.149 .09 .29 .62 .89 3.191 .10 .33 .70 .94 2.748 .12 .38 .77 .97
18 4.130 .09 .30 .65 .91 3.179 .11 .35 .73 .95 2.739 .12 .39 .79 .98
19 4.113 .10 .32 .68 .92 3.168 .11 .36 .75 .96 2.732 .12 .41 .82 .98
20 4.098 .10 .33 .70 .94 3.159 .11 .38 .78 .97 2.725 .12 .43 .84 .99
21 4.085 .10 .35 .72 .95 3.150 .11 .40 .80 .98 2.719 .12 .45 .86 .99
22 4.073 .10 .36 .75 .96 3.143 .11 .41 .82 .98 2.713 .13 .47 .88 .99
23 4.062 .10 .37 .77 .97 3.136 .12 .43 .84 .99 2.708 .13 .49 .90 .99
24 4.052 .10 .39 .79 .97 3.130 .12 .44 .86 .99 2.704 .13 .50 .91 .99
25 4.043 .11 .40 .80 .98 3.124 .12 .46 .87 .99 2.699 .13 .52 .92 .99
26 4.034 .11 .42 .82 .98 3.119 .12 .48 .89 .99 2.696 .13 .54 .93 .99
27 4.027 .11 .43 .84 .99 3.114 .12 .49 .90 .99 2.692 .14 .56 .94 .99
28 4.020 .11 .44 .85 .99 3.109 .13 .51 .91 .99 2.689 .14 .57 .95 .99
29 4.013 .11 .46 .86 .99 3.105 .13 .52 .92 .99 2.686 .14 .59 .96 .99
30 4.007 .12 .47 .88 .99 3.101 .13 .54 .93 .99 2.683 .14 .61 .97 .99
31 4.001 .12 .48 .89 .99 3.098 .13 .55 .94 .99 2.680 .15 .62 .97 .99
32 3.996 .12 .50 .90 .99 3.094 .13 .57 .95 .99 2.678 .15 .64 .98 .99
33 3.991 .12 .51 .91 .99 3.091 .14 .58 .96 .99 2.675 .15 .65 .98 .99
34 3.986 .13 .52 .92 .99 3.088 .14 .60 .96 .99 2.673 .15 .67 .98 .99
35 3.982 .13 .54 .93 .99 3.085 .14 .61 .97 .99 2.671 .15 .68 .99 .99
36 3.978 .13 .55 .93 .99 3.083 .14 .62 .97 .99 2.669 .16 .70 .99 .99
37 3.974 .13 .56 .94 .99 3.080 .14 .64 .98 .99 2.667 .16 .71 .99 .99
38 3.970 .13 .57 .95 .99 3.078 .15 .65 .98 .99 2.666 .16 .72 .99 .99
39 3.967 .14 .59 .95 .99 3.076 .15 .66 .98 .99 2.664 .17 .74 .99 .99
40 3.963 .14 .60 .96 .99 3.074 .15 .68 .98 .99 2.663 .17 .75 .99 .99
45 3.949 .15 .65 .98 .99 3.065 .16 .73 .99 .99 2.656 .18 .81 .99 .99
50 3.938 .16 .70 .99 .99 3.058 .18 .78 .99 .99 2.651 .20 .85 .99 .99
55 3.929 .17 .75 .99 .99 3.052 .19 .83 .99 .99 2.646 .21 .89 .99 .99
60 3.921 .18 .79 .99 .99 3.047 .20 .86 .99 .99 2.643 .22 .92 .99 .99
70 3.910 .21 .85 .99 .99 3.040 .23 .92 .99 .99 2.637 .26 .96 .99 .99
80 3.901 .23 .90 .99 .99 3.034 .26 .95 .99 .99 2.633 .29 .98 .99 .99
90 3.894 .25 .93 .99 .99 3.030 .28 .97 .99 .99 2.630 .32 .99 .99 .99
100 3.889 .28 .96 .99 .99 3.026 .31 .99 .99 .99 2.627 .35 .99 .99 .99
110 3.884 .30 .97 .99 .99 3.023 .34 .99 .99 .99 2.625 .38 .99 .99 .99
120 3.881 .32 .98 .99 .99 3.021 .37 .99 .99 .99 2.624 .41 .99 .99 .99
130 3.878 .35 .99 .99 .99 3.019 .39 .99 .99 .99 2.622 .45 .99 .99 .99
140 3.875 .37 .99 .99 .99 3.017 .42 .99 .99 .99 2.621 .48 .99 .99 .99
α = .05 dfN = 1 α = .05 dfN = 2 α = .05 dfN = 3
n Fc .10 .25 .40 .55 Fc .10 .25 .40 .55 Fc .10 .25 .40 .55
150 3.873 .39 .99 .99 .99 3.016 .45 .99 .99 .99 2.620 .51 .99 .99 .99
160 3.871 .42 .99 .99 .99 3.015 .47 .99 .99 .99 2.619 .54 .99 .99 .99
170 3.869 .44 .99 .99 .99 3.014 .50 .99 .99 .99 2.618 .57 .99 .99 .99
180 3.868 α=
.46 .05
.99 dfN =
.99 1.99 3.013 α=
.53 .05
.99 dfN =
.99 2.99 2.617 α=
.60 .05
.99 dfN =
.99 3.99
190 3.866 .48 .99 .99 .99 3.012 .55 .99 .99 .99 2.617 .62 .99 .99 .99
200 3.865 .50 .99 .99 .99 3.011 .58 .99 .99 .99 2.616 .65 .99 .99 .99
n300 Fc
3.857 .10
.69 .25
.99 .40
.99 .55.99 Fc
3.006 .10
.78 .25
.99 .40
.99 .55.99 Fc
2.612 .10
.85 .25
.99 .40
.99 .55.99
10 2.579 .13 .29 .57 .83 2.386 .14 .32 .61 .87 2.246 .16 .34 .65 .89
11 2.557 .13 .31 .61 .87 2.368 .14 .33 .66 .90 2.231 .15 .36 .69 .93
12 2.540 .13 .32 .65 .91 2.354 .14 .35 .70 .93 2.219 .15 .38 .74 .95
13 2.525 .13 .34 .69 .93 2.342 .14 .37 .74 .95 2.209 .15 .40 .77 .97
14 2.513 .13 .36 .73 .95 2.332 .14 .39 .77 .97 2.200 .15 .42 .81 .98
15 2.503 .13 .38 .76 .96 2.323 .14 .42 .80 .98 2.193 .15 .45 .84 .99
16 2.494 .13 .40 .79 .97 2.316 .14 .44 .83 .99 2.186 .15 .47 .87 .99
17 2.486 .13 .42 .82 .98 2.309 .14 .46 .86 .99 2.181 .15 .49 .89 .99
18 2.479 .13 .44 .84 .99 2.303 .14 .48 .88 .99 2.176 .15 .51 .91 .99
19 2.473 .13 .46 .87 .99 2.298 .14 .50 .90 .99 2.171 .16 .54 .93 .99
20 2.467 .13 .48 .89 .99 2.294 .15 .52 .92 .99 2.167 .16 .56 .94 .99
21 2.463 .14 .50 .90 .99 2.290 .15 .54 .93 .99 2.164 .16 .58 .95 .99
22 2.458 .14 .52 .92 .99 2.286 .15 .56 .95 .99 2.161 .16 .60 .96 .99
23 2.454 .14 .54 .93 .99 2.283 .15 .58 .96 .99 2.158 .16 .62 .97 .99
24 2.451 .14 .56 .94 .99 2.280 .15 .60 .96 .99 2.155 .17 .65 .98 .99
25 2.447 .14 .58 .95 .99 2.277 .16 .62 .97 .99 2.153 .17 .67 .98 .99
26 2.444 .15 .59 .96 .99 2.274 .16 .64 .98 .99 2.151 .17 .69 .99 .99
27 2.441 .15 .61 .97 .99 2.272 .16 .66 .98 .99 2.149 .17 .70 .99 .99
28 2.439 .15 .63 .97 .99 2.270 .16 .68 .99 .99 2.147 .18 .72 .99 .99
29 2.436 .15 .65 .98 .99 2.268 .17 .70 .99 .99 2.145 .18 .74 .99 .99
30 2.434 .16 .66 .98 .99 2.266 .17 .72 .99 .99 2.143 .18 .76 .99 .99
31 2.432 .16 .68 .99 .99 2.264 .17 .73 .99 .99 2.142 .18 .77 .99 .99
32 2.430 .16 .70 .99 .99 2.263 .17 .75 .99 .99 2.141 .19 .79 .99 .99
33 2.428 .16 .71 .99 .99 2.261 .18 .76 .99 .99 2.139 .19 .80 .99 .99
34 2.426 .17 .73 .99 .99 2.260 .18 .78 .99 .99 2.138 .19 .82 .99 .99
35 2.425 .17 .74 .99 .99 2.258 .18 .79 .99 .99 2.137 .20 .83 .99 .99
36 2.423 .17 .76 .99 .99 2.257 .19 .80 .99 .99 2.136 .20 .84 .99 .99
37 2.422 .17 .77 .99 .99 2.256 .19 .82 .99 .99 2.135 .20 .85 .99 .99
38 2.420 .18 .78 .99 .99 2.255 .19 .83 .99 .99 2.134 .21 .87 .99 .99
39 2.419 .18 .80 .99 .99 2.254 .20 .84 .99 .99 2.133 .21 .88 .99 .99
40 2.418 .18 .81 .99 .99 2.253 .20 .85 .99 .99 2.132 .21 .89 .99 .99
45 2.413 .20 .86 .99 .99 2.248 .22 .90 .99 .99 2.128 .23 .93 .99 .99
50 2.408 .21 .90 .99 .99 2.245 .23 .93 .99 .99 2.125 .25 .95 .99 .99
55 2.405 .23 .93 .99 .99 2.242 .25 .96 .99 .99 2.123 .27 .97 .99 .99
(Continued)
α = .05 dfN = 1 α = .05 dfN = 2 α = .05 dfN = 3
n Fc .10 .25 .40 .55 Fc .10 .25 .40 .55 Fc .10 .25 .40 .55
60 2.402 .25 .95 .99 .99 2.239 .27 .97 .99 .99 2.121 .29 .98 .99 .99
70 2.398 .28 .98 .99 .99 2.236 .31 .99 .99 .99 2.117 .33 .99 .99 .99
80 2.395 .32 .99 .99 .99 2.233 .35 .99 .99 .99 2.115 .38 .99 .99 .99
90 2.392 .35 .99 .99 .99 2.231 .39 .99 .99 .99 2.113 .42 .99 .99 .99
100 2.390 .39 .99 .99 .99 2.229 .43 .99 .99 .99 2.112 .46 .99 .99 .99
110 2.388 .43 .99 .99 .99 2.228 .47 .99 .99 .99 2.110 .51 .99 .99 .99
120 2.387 .46 .99 .99 .99 2.227 .51 .99 .99 .99 2.109 .55 .99 .99 .99
130 2.386 .50 .99 .99 .99 2.226 .54 .99 .99 .99 2.109 .59 .99 .99 .99
140 2.385 .53 .99 .99 .99 2.225 .58 .99 .99 .99 2.108 .63 .99 .99 .99
150 2.384 .57 .99 .99 .99 2.224 .62 .99 .99 .99 2.107 .66 .99 .99 .99
160 2.383 .60 .99 .99 .99 2.223 .65 .99 .99 .99 2.107 .70 .99 .99 .99
170 2.382 .63 .99 .99 .99 2.223 .68 .99 .99 .99 2.106 .73 .99 .99 .99
180 2.382 α=
.66 .05
.99 dfN =
.99 1.99 2.222 α=
.71 .05
.99 dfN =
.99 2.99 2.106 α=
.76 .05
.99 dfN =
.99 3.99
190 2.381 .69 .99 .99 .99 2.222 .74 .99 .99 .99 2.105 .79 .99 .99 .99
200 2.381 .71 .99 .99 .99 2.222 .77 .99 .99 .99 2.105 .81 .99 .99 .99
n300 Fc
2.378 .10
.90 .25
.99 .40
.99 .55.99 Fc
2.219 .10
.93 .25
.99 .40
.99 .55.99 Fc
2.103 .10
.96 .25
.99 .40
.99 .55.99
10 8.285 .02 .07 .19 .38 5.488 .03 .10 .25 .48 4.377 .04 .12 .30 .57
11 8.096 .02 .08 .21 .42 5.390 .03 .10 .27 .53 4.313 .04 .13 .34 .63
12 7.945 .02 .09 .23 .47 5.312 .03 .11 .30 .59 4.261 .04 .14 .37 .68
13 7.823 .03 .09 .26 .52 5.248 .03 .12 .33 .64 4.218 .04 .15 .41 .73
14 7.721 .03 .10 .28 .56 5.194 .03 .13 .36 .68 4.182 .04 .16 .44 .78
15 7.636 .03 .11 .31 .60 5.149 .03 .14 .39 .72 4.152 .04 .17 .48 .81
16 7.562 .03 .11 .33 .64 5.110 .03 .15 .42 .76 4.126 .04 .18 .51 .85
17 7.499 .03 .12 .36 .68 5.077 .03 .16 .45 .80 4.103 .04 .19 .55 .88
18 7.444 .03 .13 .38 .71 5.047 .04 .16 .49 .83 4.083 .04 .20 .58 .90
19 7.396 .03 .14 .41 .75 5.021 .04 .18 .52 .86 4.066 .04 .22 .61 .92
20 7.353 .03 .15 .43 .78 4.998 .04 .19 .54 .88 4.050 .04 .23 .64 .94
21 7.314 .03 .15 .46 .80 4.977 .04 .20 .57 .90 4.036 .04 .24 .67 .95
22 7.280 .03 .16 .48 .83 4.959 .04 .21 .60 .92 4.024 .04 .25 .70 .96
23 7.248 .03 .17 .51 .85 4.942 .04 .22 .63 .93 4.012 .05 .27 .73 .97
24 7.220 .03 .18 .53 .87 4.927 .04 .23 .66 .95 4.002 .05 .28 .75 .98
25 7.194 .03 .19 .56 .89 4.913 .04 .24 .68 .96 3.992 .05 .30 .78 .98
26 7.171 .03 .20 .58 .90 4.900 .04 .25 .70 .96 3.984 .05 .31 .80 .99
27 7.149 .03 .21 .60 .92 4.888 .04 .26 .73 .97 3.976 .05 .33 .82 .99
28 7.129 .04 .22 .62 .93 4.877 .04 .28 .75 .98 3.968 .05 .34 .84 .99
29 7.110 .04 .23 .65 .94 4.867 .04 .29 .77 .98 3.961 .05 .35 .86 1.00
30 7.093 .04 .24 .67 .95 4.858 .04 .30 .79 .99 3.955 .05 .37 .87 1.00
31 7.077 .04 .25 .69 .96 4.849 .04 .31 .81 .99 3.949 .05 .38 .89 1.00
32 7.062 .04 .26 .71 .96 4.841 .05 .33 .82 .99 3.944 .05 .40 .90 1.00
33 7.048 .04 .27 .72 .97 4.833 .05 .34 .84 .99 3.938 .05 .41 .91 1.00
34 7.035 .04 .28 .74 .97 4.826 .05 .35 .86 1.00 3.934 .05 .43 .92 1.00
35 7.023 .04 .29 .76 .98 4.819 .05 .36 .87 1.00 3.929 .06 .44 .93 1.00
α = .05 dfN = 1 α = .05 dfN = 2 α = .05 dfN = 3
n Fc .10 .25 .40 .55 Fc .10 .25 .40 .55 Fc .10 .25 .40 .55
36 7.011 .04 .30 .77 .98 4.813 .05 .38 .88 1.00 3.925 .06 .46 .94 1.00
37 7.000 .04 .31 .79 .98 4.807 .05 .39 .89 1.00 3.921 .06 .47 .95 1.00
38 6.990 .04 .32 .80 .99 4.802 .05 .40 .90 1.00 3.917 .06 .49 .96 1.00
39 6.981 .04 .33 .82 .99 4.796 .05 .42 .91 1.00 3.913 .06 .50 .96 1.00
40 6.971 .05 .34 .83 .99 4.791 .05 .43 .92 1.00 3.910 .06 .52 .97 1.00
45 6.932 .05 .39 .88 1.00 4.770 .06 .49 .96 1.00 3.895 .07 .59 .99 1.00
50 6.901 .06 .44 .92 1.00 4.753 .06 .55 .98 1.00 3.883 .07 .66 .99 1.00
55 6.876 .06 .49 .95 1.00 4.739 .07 .61 .99 1.00 3.874 .08 .72 1.00 1.00
60 6.855 .07 .54 .97 1.00 4.727 .08 .67 .99 1.00 3.866 .09 .77 1.00 1.00
70 6.822 .08 .63 .99 1.00 4.709 .09 .76 1.00 1.00 3.853 .11 .85 1.00 1.00
80 6.798 .09 .71 1.00 1.00 4.696 .10 .83 1.00 1.00 3.844 .12 .91 1.00 1.00
90 6.779 .10 .78 1.00 1.00 4.686 .12 .89 1.00 1.00 3.837 .14 .95 1.00 1.00
100 6.765 .11 .83 1.00 1.00 4.677 .14 .93 1.00 1.00 3.831 .16 .97 1.00 1.00
110 6.753 .13 .88 1.00 1.00 4.671 .15 .95 1.00 1.00 3.827 .18 .99 1.00 1.00
120 6.743 .14 .91 1.00 1.00 4.665 .17 .97 1.00 1.00 3.823 .21 .99 1.00 1.00
130 6.734 .15 .94 1.00 1.00 4.660 .19 .98 1.00 1.00 3.820 .23 1.00 1.00 1.00
140 6.727 .17 .96 1.00 1.00 4.656 .21 .99 1.00 1.00 3.817 .25 1.00 1.00 1.00
150 6.721 .18 .97 1.00 1.00 4.653 .23 .99 1.00 1.00 3.815 .28 1.00 1.00 1.00
160 6.715 .20 .98 1.00 1.00 4.650 .25 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.813 .30 1.00 1.00 1.00
170 6.710 .21 .99 1.00 1.00 4.647 .27 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.811 .33 1.00 1.00 1.00
180 6.706 α=
.23 .05
.99 dfN =1.00
1.00 1 4.645 α=
.29 .05
1.00 dfN =1.00
1.00 2 3.809 α=
.35 .05
1.00 dfN =1.00
1.00 3
190 6.702 .25 .99 1.00 1.00 4.643 .31 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.808 .38 1.00 1.00 1.00
200 6.699 .26 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.641 .33 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.806 .40 1.00 1.00 1.00
n300 Fc
6.677 .10
.43 .25
1.00 .40 1.00
1.00 .55 Fc
4.629 .10
.54 .25
1.00 .40 1.00
1.00 .55 Fc
3.798 .10
.65 .25
1.00 .40 1.00
1.00 .55
10 3.767 .05 .15 .36 .65 3.377 .06 .17 .41 .71 3.103 .07 .19 .45 .76
11 3.720 .05 .16 .40 .71 3.339 .06 .18 .45 .76 3.071 .07 .20 .50 .81
12 3.681 .05 .17 .43 .76 3.308 .06 .19 .49 .81 3.046 .07 .22 .54 .85
13 3.649 .05 .18 .47 .80 3.283 .06 .20 .53 .85 3.024 .07 .23 .58 .89
14 3.622 .05 .19 .51 .84 3.261 .06 .22 .57 .89 3.007 .07 .25 .62 .92
15 3.600 .05 .20 .55 .87 3.243 .06 .23 .61 .91 2.992 .07 .26 .67 .94
16 3.580 .05 .21 .59 .90 3.228 .06 .25 .65 .94 2.979 .07 .28 .70 .96
17 3.563 .05 .23 .62 .93 3.214 .06 .26 .69 .95 2.967 .06 .30 .74 .97
18 3.548 .05 .24 .66 .94 3.202 .06 .28 .72 .97 2.957 .06 .31 .77 .98
19 3.535 .05 .26 .69 .96 3.191 .06 .29 .75 .98 2.948 .06 .33 .80 .99
20 3.523 .05 .27 .72 .97 3.182 .06 .31 .78 .98 2.940 .07 .35 .83 .99
21 3.513 .05 .29 .75 .98 3.174 .06 .33 .81 .99 2.933 .07 .37 .86 .99
22 3.503 .05 .30 .78 .98 3.166 .06 .35 .84 .99 2.927 .07 .39 .88 .99
23 3.495 .05 .32 .80 .99 3.159 .06 .36 .86 .99 2.921 .07 .41 .90 .99
24 3.487 .05 .33 .83 .99 3.153 .06 .38 .88 .99 2.916 .07 .43 .91 .99
25 3.480 .05 .35 .85 .99 3.147 .06 .40 .90 .99 2.911 .07 .45 .93 .99
26 3.473 .05 .37 .87 .99 3.142 .06 .42 .91 .99 2.907 .07 .47 .94 .99
(Continued)
α = .05 dfN = 1 α = .05 dfN = 2 α = .05 dfN = 3
n Fc .10 .25 .40 .55 Fc .10 .25 .40 .55 Fc .10 .25 .40 .55
27 3.467 .06 .38 .88 .99 3.137 .06 .44 .93 .99 2.902 .07 .49 .95 .99
28 3.461 .06 .40 .90 .99 3.132 .06 .46 .94 .99 2.899 .07 .51 .96 .99
29 3.456 .06 .42 .91 .99 3.128 .06 .48 .95 .99 2.895 .07 .53 .97 .99
30 3.451 .06 .43 .93 .99 3.124 .07 .49 .96 .99 2.892 .07 .55 .97 .99
31 3.447 .06 .45 .94 .99 3.120 .07 .51 .96 .99 2.889 .07 .57 .98 .99
32 3.443 .06 .47 .95 .99 3.117 .07 .53 .97 .99 2.886 .08 .59 .98 .99
33 3.439 .06 .48 .95 .99 3.114 .07 .55 .98 .99 2.883 .08 .61 .99 .99
34 3.435 .06 .50 .96 .99 3.111 .07 .57 .98 .99 2.881 .08 .62 .99 .99
35 3.431 .06 .52 .97 .99 3.108 .07 .58 .98 .99 2.878 .08 .64 .99 .99
36 3.428 .07 .53 .97 .99 3.105 .07 .60 .99 .99 2.876 .08 .66 .99 .99
37 3.425 .07 .55 .98 .99 3.103 .07 .62 .99 .99 2.874 .08 .68 .99 .99
38 3.422 .07 .57 .98 .99 3.101 .08 .64 .99 .99 2.872 .08 .69 .99 .99
39 3.419 .07 .58 .98 .99 3.098 .08 .65 .99 .99 2.870 .09 .71 .99 .99
40 3.417 .07 .60 .99 .99 3.096 .08 .67 .99 .99 2.869 .09 .73 .99 .99
45 3.406 .08 .67 .99 .99 3.087 .09 .74 .99 .99 2.861 .10 .80 .99 .99
50 3.397 .09 .74 .99 .99 3.080 .10 .80 .99 .99 2.855 .11 .85 .99 .99
55 3.389 .09 .80 .99 .99 3.074 .11 .86 .99 .99 2.850 .12 .90 .99 .99
60 3.383 .10 .84 .99 .99 3.069 .12 .90 .99 .99 2.846 .13 .93 .99 .99
70 3.374 .12 .91 .99 .99 3.062 .14 .95 .99 .99 2.839 .16 .97 .99 .99
80 3.367 .14 .95 .99 .99 3.056 .16 .98 .99 .99 2.835 .18 .99 .99 .99
90 3.362 .17 .98 .99 .99 3.052 .19 .99 .99 .99 2.831 .21 .99 .99 .99
100 3.357 .19 .99 .99 .99 3.048 .22 .99 .99 .99 2.828 .25 .99 .99 .99
110 3.354 .22 .99 .99 .99 3.045 .25 .99 .99 .99 2.826 .28 .99 .99 .99
120 3.351 .24 .99 .99 .99 3.043 .28 .99 .99 .99 2.824 .32 .99 .99 .99
130 3.348 .27 .99 .99 .99 3.041 .31 .99 .99 .99 2.822 .35 .99 .99 .99
140 3.346 .30 .99 .99 .99 3.039 .34 .99 .99 .99 2.820 .39 .99 .99 .99
150 3.344 .33 .99 .99 .99 3.038 .38 .99 .99 .99 2.819 .43 .99 .99 .99
160 3.343 .36 .99 .99 .99 3.036 .41 .99 .99 .99 2.818 .46 .99 .99 .99
170 3.341 .39 .99 .99 .99 3.035 .44 .99 .99 .99 2.817 .50 .99 .99 .99
180 3.340 .42 .99 .99 .99 3.034 .48 .99 .99 .99 2.816 .53 .99 .99 .99
190 3.339 .45 .99 .99 .99 3.033 .51 .99 .99 .99 2.816 .57 .99 .99 .99
200 3.338 .48 .99 .99 .99 3.033 .54 .99 .99 .99 2.815 .60 .99 .99 .99
300 3.332 .73 .99 .99 .99 3.027 .80 .99 .99 .99 2.811 .86 .99 .99 .99
Table B.14: Critical Values for the Chi-Square Test 513
First, determine the degrees of freedom for each effect in the ANOVA:
dfA = 2 = (3 − 1) j = levels of factor A
dfB = 3 = (4 − 1) k = levels of factor B
dfAB = 6 = (3 − 1)(4 − 1)
Next, adjust the degrees of freedom using the following equation. For this
example, assume that the sample size is 10:
jk ( nij − 1)
′ =
neffect +1
dfeffect + 1
Adjusted Rounded* Estimated

dfN sample size sample size power
Factor A 2 12(10 − 1) n′ = 37 n′ = 40 1 − β ≈ .68

n′ = +1
2 +1
12(10 − 1)
Factor B 3 n′ = +1 n′ = 28 n′ = 30 1 − β ≈ .61
3+1
12(10 − 1)
Factor AB 6 n′ = +1 n′ = 16.429 n′ = 16 1 − β ≈ .45
6 +1
*The adjusted sample size has been rounded to match the closest values in the power tables.
Note that for effect sizes in this type of analysis,

f = .10 = “small” f = .25 = “medium ” f = .40 = “ large”
TABLE B.14: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE CHI-SQUARE TEST
Using Table B.14
For any given df, the table shows the values of χ critical2
corresponding to various
levels of probability. The χ observed is statistically significant at a given level when
2
it is equal to or greater than the value shown in the table.

The following table lists methods for determining the degrees of freedom for
different types of the χ2 test.
Goodness-of-fit test df = k − 1 where k represents the number of

categories.
Test of independence df = (r − 1)(c − 1) where r and c represent the number
of rows and columns.
Table B.14
df α = 0.995 α = 0.99 α = 0.975 α = 0.95 α = 0.05 α = 0.025 α = 0.01 α = 0.005
1 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879

2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 11.070 12.832 15.086 16.750
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548
7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.647 2.180 2.733 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.558
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290
27 11.808 12.878 14.573 16.151 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.994
29 13.121 14.256 16.047 17.708 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.335
30 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672
31 14.458 15.655 17.539 19.281 44.985 48.232 52.191 55.002
32 15.134 16.362 18.291 20.072 46.194 49.480 53.486 56.328
33 15.815 17.073 19.047 20.867 47.400 50.725 54.775 57.648
34 16.501 17.789 19.806 21.664 48.602 51.966 56.061 58.964
35 17.192 18.509 20.569 22.465 49.802 53.203 57.342 60.275
36 17.887 19.233 21.336 23.269 50.998 54.437 58.619 61.581
37 18.586 19.960 22.106 24.075 52.192 55.668 59.893 62.883
38 19.289 20.691 22.878 24.884 53.384 56.895 61.162 64.181
39 19.996 21.426 23.654 25.695 54.572 58.120 62.428 65.475
40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766
50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490
60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952
70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215
80 51.172 53.540 57.153 60.391 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.170
Table B.15: Critical Values for the Mann–Whitney U-Test 515
Examples
α = .05 df = 30
χ critical
2
= 43.773 If χ observed
2
≤ χ critical
2
, then reject H0.
TABLE B.15: CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE MANN–WHITNEY

U-TEST
Using Table B.15

This table provides the critical values for the Mann–Whitney U-test. Note that
when calculating this statistic, you can determine the value of U and U′. When
calculating U, its value must be less than or equal to the tabled value to be con-
sidered statistically significant at the level of α selected. When calculating U′, its
value must be greater than or equal to the tabled value to be considered statisti-
cally significant at the level of α selected.
Table B.15
Critical values for U and U′ for a directional test at α = .005 or a nondirectional test at α = .01
To reject the null hypothesis for the two sample sizes, U must be equal to or less than the smaller of the tabled values
and U′ must be equal to or greater than the larger of the tabled values.
N1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
N2 1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0 0
38 40
3 – – – – – – – – 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3
27 30 33 35 38 41 43 46 49 52 54 57
4 – – – – – 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 8
24 28 31 35 38 42 45 49 52 55 59 62 66 69 72
5 – – – – 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
25 29 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 63 67 71 75 79 83 87
6 – – – 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18
24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 63 68 73 78 83 87 92 97 102
7 – – – 0 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 21 22 24
28 34 39 45 50 56 61 67 72 78 83 89 94 100 105 111 116
8 – – – 1 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
31 38 44 50 57 63 69 75 81 87 94 100 106 112 118 124 130
9 – – 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 16 18 20 22 24 27 29 31 33 36
27 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 83 90 97 104 111 117 124 131 138 144
10 – – 0 2 4 6 9 11 13 16 18 21 24 26 29 31 34 37 39 42
30 38 46 54 61 69 77 84 92 99 106 114 121 129 136 143 151 158
11 – – 0 2 5 7 10 13 16 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48
33 42 50 59 67 75 83 92 100 108 116 124 132 140 148 156 164 172
12 – – 1 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 31 34 37 41 44 47 51 54
35 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 125 134 143 151 160 169 177 186
13 – – 1 3 7 10 13 17 20 24 27 31 34 38 42 45 49 53 56 60
38 49 58 68 78 87 97 106 116 125 125 144 153 163 172 181 191 200
14 – – 1 4 7 11 15 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 63 67
41 52 63 73 83 94 104 114 124 134 144 154 164 174 184 194 203 213
15 – – 2 5 8 12 16 20 24 29 33 37 42 46 51 55 60 64 69 73
43 55 67 78 89 100 111 121 132 143 153 164 174 185 195 206 216 227
16 – – 2 5 9 13 18 22 27 31 36 41 45 50 55 60 65 70 74 79
46 59 71 83 94 106 117 129 140 151 163 174 185 196 207 218 230 241
17 – – 2 6 10 15 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 60 65 70 75 81 86
49 62 75 87 100 112 124 148 148 160 172 184 195 207 219 231 242 254
18 – – 2 6 11 16 21 26 31 37 42 47 53 58 64 70 75 81 87 92
52 66 79 92 105 118 131 143 156 169 181 194 206 218 231 243 255 268
19 – 0 3 7 12 17 22 28 33 39 45 51 56 63 69 74 81 87 93 99
38 54 69 83 97 111 124 138 151 164 177 191 203 216 230 242 255 268 281
20 – 0 3 8 13 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 67 73 79 86 92 99 105
40 57 72 87 102 116 130 144 158 172 186 200 213 227 241 254 268 281 295
N1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
N2 1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
2 – – – – – – – – – – – – 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
26 28 30 32 34 36 37 39
3 – – – – – – 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5
21 24 26 29 32 34 37 40 42 45 47 50 52 55
4 – – – – 0 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 10
20 23 27 30 33 37 40 43 47 50 53 57 60 63 67 70
5 – – – 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84
6 – – – 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 18 19 20 22
23 28 33 38 42 47 52 57 61 66 71 75 80 84 89 94 98
7 – – 0 1 3 4 6 7 9 11 12 14 16 17 19 21 23 24 26 28
21 27 32 38 43 49 54 59 65 70 75 81 86 91 96 102 107 112
8 – – 0 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
24 30 36 42 49 55 61 67 73 79 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126
9 – – 1 3 5 7 9 11 14 16 18 21 23 26 28 31 33 36 38 40
26 33 40 47 54 61 67 74 81 87 94 100 107 113 120 126 133 140
10 – – 1 3 6 8 11 13 16 19 22 24 27 30 33 36 38 41 44 47
29 37 44 52 59 67 74 81 88 96 103 110 117 124 132 139 146 153
11 – – 1 4 7 9 12 15 18 22 25 28 31 34 37 41 44 47 50 53
32 40 48 57 65 73 81 88 96 104 112 120 128 135 143 151 159 167
12 – – 2 5 8 11 14 17 21 24 28 31 35 38 42 46 49 53 56 60
34 43 52 61 70 79 87 96 104 113 121 130 138 146 155 163 172 180
13 – 0 2 5 9 12 16 20 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67
26 37 47 56 66 75 84 94 103 112 121 130 139 148 157 166 175 184 193
14 – 0 2 6 10 13 17 22 26 30 34 38 43 47 51 56 60 65 69 73
28 40 50 60 71 81 90 100 110 120 130 139 149 159 168 178 187 197 207
15 – 0 3 7 11 15 19 24 28 33 37 42 47 51 56 61 66 70 75 80
30 42 53 64 75 86 96 107 117 128 138 148 159 169 179 189 200 210 220
16 – 0 3 7 12 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 82 87
32 45 57 68 80 91 102 113 124 135 146 157 168 179 190 201 212 222 233
17 – 0 4 8 13 18 23 28 33 38 44 49 55 60 66 71 77 82 88 93
34 47 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 143 155 166 178 189 201 212 224 234 247
18 – 0 4 9 14 19 24 30 36 41 47 53 59 65 70 76 82 88 94 100
36 50 63 76 89 102 114 126 139 151 163 175 187 200 212 224 236 248 260
19 – 1 4 9 15 20 26 32 38 44 50 56 63 69 75 82 88 94 101 107
37 53 67 80 94 107 120 133 146 159 172 184 197 210 222 235 248 260 273
20 – 1 5 10 16 22 28 34 40 47 53 60 67 73 80 87 93 100 107 114
39 55 70 84 98 112 126 140 153 167 180 193 207 220 233 247 260 273 286
(Continued)
N1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
N2 1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
2 – – – – – – – 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
16 18 20 22 23 25 27 29 31 32 34 36 38
3 – – – – 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8
15 17 20 22 25 27 30 32 35 37 40 42 45 47 50 52
4 – – – 0 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 13
16 19 22 25 28 32 35 38 41 44 47 50 53 57 60 63 67
5 – – 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20
15 19 23 27 30 34 38 42 46 49 53 57 61 65 68 72 76 80
6 – – 1 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14 16 17 19 21 22 24 25 27
17 22 27 31 36 40 44 49 53 58 62 67 71 75 80 84 89 93
7 – – 1 3 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
20 25 30 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101 106
8 – 0 2 4 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24 26 29 31 34 36 38 41
16 22 28 34 40 46 51 57 63 69 74 80 86 91 97 102 108 111 119
9 – 0 2 4 7 10 12 15 17 20 23 26 28 31 34 37 39 42 45 48
18 25 32 38 44 51 57 64 70 76 82 89 95 101 107 114 120 126 132
10 – 0 3 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 33 36 39 42 45 48 52 55
20 27 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 97 104 111 118 125 132 138 145
11 – 0 3 6 9 13 16 19 23 26 30 33 37 40 44 47 51 55 58 62
22 30 38 46 53 61 69 76 84 91 99 106 114 121 129 136 143 151 158
12 – 1 4 7 11 14 18 22 26 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
23 32 41 49 58 66 74 82 91 99 107 115 123 131 139 147 155 163 171
13 – 1 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 33 37 41 45 50 54 59 63 67 72 76
25 35 44 53 62 71 80 89 97 106 115 124 132 141 149 158 167 175 184
14 – 1 5 9 13 17 22 26 31 36 40 45 50 55 59 64 67 74 78 83
27 37 47 51 67 76 86 95 104 114 123 132 141 151 160 171 178 188 197
15 – 1 5 10 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 70 75 80 85 90
29 40 50 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 170 180 190 200 210
16 – 1 6 11 15 21 26 31 37 42 47 53 59 64 70 75 81 86 92 98
31 42 53 65 75 86 97 107 118 129 139 149 160 170 181 191 202 212 222
17 – 2 6 11 17 22 28 34 39 45 51 57 63 67 75 81 87 93 99 105
32 45 57 68 80 91 102 114 125 136 147 158 171 180 191 202 213 224 235
18 – 2 7 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 55 61 67 74 80 86 93 99 106 112
34 47 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 143 155 167 178 190 202 213 225 236 248
19 – 2 7 13 19 25 32 38 45 52 58 65 72 78 85 92 99 106 113 119
36 50 63 76 89 101 114 126 138 151 163 175 188 200 212 224 236 248 261
20 – 2 8 13 20 27 34 41 48 55 62 69 76 83 90 98 105 112 119 127
38 52 67 80 93 106 119 132 145 158 171 184 197 210 222 235 248 261 273
N1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
N2 1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0 0
19 20
2 – – – – 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
10 12 14 15 17 19 21 22 24 26 27 29 31 32 34 36
3 – – 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 11
9 12 14 16 19 21 24 26 28 31 33 35 38 40 42 45 47 49
4 – – 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18
12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 50 53 56 59 62
5 – 0 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 18 19 20 22 23 25
10 14 18 21 25 29 32 36 39 43 47 50 54 57 61 65 68 72 75
6 – 0 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 14 16 17 19 21 23 25 26 28 30 32
12 16 21 25 29 34 38 42 46 50 55 59 63 67 71 76 80 84 88
7 – 0 2 4 6 8 11 13 15 17 19 21 24 26 28 30 33 35 37 39
14 19 24 29 34 38 43 48 53 58 63 67 72 77 82 86 91 96 101
8 – 1 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23 26 28 31 33 36 39 41 44 47
15 21 27 32 38 43 49 54 60 65 70 76 81 87 92 97 103 108 113
9 – 1 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54
17 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126
10 – 1 4 7 11 14 17 20 24 27 31 34 37 41 44 48 51 55 58 62
19 26 33 39 46 53 60 66 73 79 86 93 99 106 112 119 125 132 138
11 – 1 5 8 12 16 19 23 27 31 34 38 42 46 50 54 57 61 65 69
21 28 36 43 50 58 65 72 79 87 94 101 108 115 122 130 137 144 151
12 – 2 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 38 42 47 51 55 60 64 68 72 77
22 31 39 47 55 63 70 78 86 94 102 109 117 125 132 140 148 156 163
13 – 2 6 10 15 19 24 28 33 37 42 47 51 56 61 65 70 75 80 84
24 33 42 50 59 67 76 84 93 101 109 118 126 134 143 151 159 167 176
14 – 2 7 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 77 82 87 92
26 35 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 161 170 179 188
15 – 3 7 12 18 23 28 33 39 44 50 55 61 66 72 77 83 88 94 100
27 38 48 57 67 77 87 96 106 115 125 134 144 153 163 172 182 191 200
16 – 3 8 14 19 25 30 36 42 48 54 60 65 71 77 83 89 95 101 107
29 40 50 61 71 82 92 102 112 122 132 143 153 163 173 183 193 203 213
17 – 3 9 15 20 26 33 39 45 51 57 64 70 77 83 89 96 102 109 115
31 42 53 65 76 86 97 108 119 130 140 151 161 172 183 193 204 214 225
18 – 4 9 16 22 28 35 41 48 55 61 68 75 82 88 95 102 109 116 123
32 45 56 68 80 91 103 114 123 137 148 159 170 182 193 204 215 226 237
19 – 4 10 17 23 30 37 44 51 58 65 72 80 87 94 101 109 116 123 130
34 47 59 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 167 179 191 203 214 226 238 250
20 0 4 11 18 25 32 39 47 54 62 69 77 84 92 100 107 115 123 130 138
20 36 49 62 75 88 101 113 126 138 151 163 176 188 200 213 225 237 250 262

Table Manual Analisa Data

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Table Manual Analisa Data

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Appendix B

TABLE B.1: PROPORTIONS OF THE AREA UNDER THE

Using Table B.1

0.00 0.0000 0.5000 0.40 0.1554 0.3446 0.80 0.2881 0.2119

Table B.1 (Continued)

1.22 0.3888 0.1112 1.62 0.4474 0.0526 2.02 0.4783 0.0217

Table B.1 (Continued)

2.43 0.4925 0.0075 2.83 0.4977 0.0023 3.26 0.4994 0.0006

Negative z-score: Positive z-score:

0.2 0.2 Column C

TABLE B.2: 1200 TWO-DIGIT RANDOM NUMBERS

Using Table B.2

A researcher wished to randomly assign participants to one of five treatment con-

Table B.2 (Continued)

TABLE B.3: CRITICAL VALUES FOR STUDENT’S t-TEST

Using Table B.3

H0: μ − μ = 0 H1: μ − μ ≠ 0 α = .05 df = 30

H0: μ − μ ≤ 0 H1: μ − μ > 0 α = .05 df = 30

Level of significance of a one-tailed or directional test

α = 0.10 α = .05 α = .025 α = .01 α = .005 α = .0005

1 − α = .90 1 − α = .95 1 − α = .975 1 − α = .99 1 − α = .995 1 − α = .9995

Level of significance of a two-tailed or nondirectional test

α = .20 α = .10 α = .05 α = .02 α = .01 α = .001

df 1 − α = .80 1 − α = .90 1 − α = .95 1 − α = .98 1 − α = .99 1 − α = .999

1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.656 636.578

Table B.3 (Continued)

Level of significance of a one-tailed or directional test

α = 0.10 α = .05 α = .025 α = .01 α = .005 α = .0005

1 − α = .90 1 − α = .95 1 − α = .975 1 − α = .99 1 − α = .995 1 − α = .9995

Level of significance of a two-tailed or nondirectional test

α = .20 α = .10 α = .05 α = .02 α = .01 α = .001

df 1 − α = .80 1 − α = .90 1 − α = .95 1 − α = .98 1 − α = .99 1 − α = .999

14 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.140

TABLE B.4: POWER OF STUDENT’S SINGLE-SAMPLE t-RATIO

Using Table B.4

A researcher plans to conduct a study for which H0 is μ = 12.0 using a two-tailed

TABLE B.5.1: POWER OF STUDENT’S TWO-SAMPLE t-RATIO,

Using Table B.5.1

A researcher plans to conduct a study for which H0 is μ1 ≤ μ2 using a one-tailed

Power table: single-sample t-ratio

α = .05, two-tailed α = .01, two-tailed

n tc .10 .20 .50 .80 tc .10 .20 .50 .80

Power table: two-sample t-ratio, one-tailed tests

α = .05, one-tailed α = .01, one-tailed

n tc .10 .20 .50 .80 tc .10 .20 .50 .80

TABLE B.5.2: POWER OF STUDENT’S TWO-SAMPLE t-RATIO,

0.1 Reject null Reject null

Using Table B.5.2

A researcher plans to conduct a study for which H0 is μ1 = μ2 using a two-tailed

TABLE B.6: CRITICAL VALUES FOR PEARSON’S

Using Table B.6

H0: ρ = 0 H1: ρ ≠ 0 α = .05, df = 30

Power table: two-sample t-ratio, two-tailed tests

α = .05, two-tailed α = .01, two-tailed

n tc .10 .20 .50 .80 tc .10 .20 .50 .80

Level of significance of a one-tailed or directional test

α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.025 α = 0.01 α = 0.005 α = 0.0005

Level of significance of a two-tailed or nondirectional test

df α = 0.2 α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.02 α = 0.01 α = 0.001

1 .9511 .9877 .9969 .9995 .9999 .9999

TABLE B.7: CRITICAL VALUES FOR SPEARMAN’S RANK-ORDER

Using Table B.7

For example, rS = .60, N = 42:

Level of significance of a one-tailed or directional test