 Three types: Kinetic Energy - Energy available because of the motion
of an object.
 Open system
 Closed system
 Isolated system
 Open - Can exchange mass and energy (usually
in the form of heat) with its surroundings.
 Closed - Allows the transfer of energy but not
mass.
 Isolated - Does not allow the transfer of either
mass or energy.
Radiant Energy - From the sun. Earth’s primary energy
source. Responsible for heating the atmosphere and
Earth’s surface.
Thermal Energy - Energy associated with the random
motion of atoms and molecules. Can be calculated from
temperature measurements.
Chemical Energy - Stored within the structural unit of
chemical substances. Determined by the type and
arrangement of atoms in the substance being
considered.
Potential Energy - Energy available by virtue of an
object’s position.
THERMOCHEMISTRY - The study of heat changes in
chemical reactions.
Heat Content or Enthalpy - Used in expressing the heat
released or absorbed in a constant-pressure process.
Represented by the symbol H.
Caloriemetry - Measurement of the amount of heat
evolved or absorbed when a process of chemical
reaction takes place. Used to measure the heat released
from a chemical reaction.
 Units of heat: calorie, kilocalorie, joule, kilojoule
 1 cal = 4.184 J
 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
Bomb Caloriemeter- Used to determine the heat of
combustion of a compound. Determines the heat
released when a particular quantity of a compound is
burned in oxygen.
HEAT CAPACITY -The amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of a given amount of substance by 1
degree Celsius. Expressed in 𝐽/℃
SPECIFIC HEAT - The amount of heat required to raise
the temperature of one gram of a substance by one
degree Celsius. Expressed as c.
𝑞 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
 q is the amount of heat absorbed
 m is the mass of the substance
 ∆𝑇 is the change in temperature
Enthalpy of reaction - Difference between the
enthalpies of the products and the enthalpies of the
reactants.
 ∆𝐻 is positive for endothermic reactions.
 ∆𝐻 is negative for exothermic reactions.
  An equation which shows the heat involved.
𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 6𝑂2 → 6𝐶𝑂2 + 6𝐻2 𝑂
∆𝐻 = −2805𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 + 6𝑂2 → 6𝐶𝑂2 + 6𝐻2 𝑂 + 2805𝑘𝐽
 ∆𝐻 = 𝑛𝐻(𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠) − 𝑛𝐻(𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)
At constant pressure, ∆𝐻= Q
State function - Refers to a quantity whose value
depends on the current state of the system and not on
what has previously occurred.
 Calculate the standard change in enthalpy for
the given reaction:
𝐴𝑙 + 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 → 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 + 𝐹𝑒
Reactants:
∆𝐻 (𝐴𝑙) = 0
∆𝐻 (𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 ) = −826𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Products:
∆𝐻 (𝐹𝑒) = 0
∆𝐻 (𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 ) = −1676𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
FACTORS THAT AFFECT ENTHALPY OF THE REACTION
 Concentrations of the reactants and products
 Temperature of the system
 Partial pressure of the gases involved
Hess’s Law - States that the change in enthalpy for any
chemical reaction is constant, whether the reaction
occurs in one or several steps.
Chemical Kinetics - Study of the reaction mechanism
and rates of chemical reactions.
Reaction Mechanism - Breaking of old bonds and
formation of new bonds.
Activated Complex - Temporary stage characterized by
breaking of old bonds and formation of new bonds.
FACTORS THAT AFFECTION REACTION RATE
 Concentration of Reacting Substances
 Pressure
 Temperature
Concentration of Reacting Substances - Supported by
the collision theory. The higher the concentrations,
more particles or molecules are present in the system,
therefore greater contact between the reacting
particles, the faster the reaction.
Pressure - If the overall pressure of the reacting
substances is increased, the rate of chemical reaction
also increases.
Temperature - Increasing the temperature, the
molecules bumped each other more forcefully, making
more collisions, increasing the chemical reaction.
Catalysis - Catalyst is a substance that
increases/decreases the rate of a chemical reaction.
 Positive Catalyst
 Negative Catalyst
Promoter or Positive Catalyst - Substance that
increases the rate of chemical reactions since it
decreases the activation energy.

Inihibitor or Negative Catalyst - Substance that

decreases the rate of chemical reaction since it
increases the activation energy.

Law of Mass action

 States that the speed of a chemical reaction is

proportional to the quantity of the reacting
substances.

 Developed by Cato Maximillian Guldberg and

Peter Waage