Tyra Jackson

Professor Guenzel

ENC 1102-0M31

April 10, 2019

“Clinical Research Efficacy”

After months of research, I have interpreted information regarding the appropriate

procedures of clinical research highlighting the importance of data collection within a clinical

setting. Within research healthcare, the technology, methodology, and administration of the

research affects and influence the clinical world. Technology has played a crucial role by

enhancing data through the process of achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted

effort or expense. Most procedures have a distinct protocol that was formulated from early

research to narrow down how to perform to the best aptitude but through research we can test

how the data collected in different methods can impact the data records. It is a primary issue to

have the proper data collection method and instrument selection to have appropriate data within

healthcare to follow the standard for clinical reliability, accuracy, and validity. With the data

collected from research, the clinical administration sparks the discourse of what is the method to

pursue and what method is appropriate for different patient conditions.

Technology has become the forefront essence of clinical trial decision-making and data

collection. Technology has assisted clinical research through the process of suggesting a standard

to follow and continues to take a look into any new developments that is currently in the process

of being introduced. Clinical trials can depend on new technology to provide more data involved

within research from different perspectives. With the help of technology, researchers have more
data instruments to find the most precise information ranging from having the ability to use a

electron microscope that makes it possible to see the resolution of half the width of a hydrogen

atom or having the new ability to use the Interactive Response Technology that involves

different systems that has an access to data through a web-based system. With continuous

advancements in new technologies, such as mobile devices and apps, provide plenty of

comprehensive reports to investigate the current data, trends, and projections. As stated by

Pharmaceutical Product Development, since 1997 there have been plenty of new developments

that they have custom-design, developed, and individually validated more than 850 systems

worldwide, supporting more than 50,000 sites and 500,000 patients. Pharmaceutical Product

Development has held the title of the leading provider of Interactive Response Technology

systems and continues to provide more quick and efficient systems that authorizes researchers to

streamline research and ultimately reducing timelines substantially. Technology has made a

crucial impact in research in healthcare by saving time and increasing patient participation.

Patient recruitment and retentiveness is a common consistent challenge that all clinical

researchers and biopharmaceutical companies tolerate. With new advancements such direct to

patient influenced apps can provide the solutions that can increase researcher or physician

outreach to the patient community. These direct to patient applications and web browsers have

become increasingly used with the rise of online communities. As stated on their website,

Pharmaceutical Product Development’s international clinical supplies management system fully

amalgamate with Pharmaceutical Product Development’s Interactive Response Technology, that

allows their global clinical supplies company to closely maintain and manage their study

inventory for clients. Furthermore, Pharmaceutical Product Development systems are completely

stocked with clinical trial management and data management systems that Pharmaceutical
Product Development mostly established. It is now common with the society today that people

will connect with providers to understand their current condition or circumstance of health.

There are other companies and interfaces out there to establish client data management along

with lab and clinical supplies systems as Pharmaceutical Product Development is one of the

leading examples. This integration ensures our clients have access to full study progress

information, thus enhancing decision-making capabilities. Along with the rise of online

communities, the pharma and biotech industries are incorporating Interactive Response

Technology to capitalize on these advancements to innovate existing clinical trial data and

systems currently established while influencing new clinical discoveries. As the future of

technology is eve growing, so is medicine and healthcare as it is closely connected to the

privilege of patients as well as individuals to take care of their own health through personal

devices and technologies. Health trackers, wearables and sensors are great devices to get to know

more about our health and to commit in clinical research. The database such as Genospace, have

provided through these technologies help provide more patients for clinical research. GenoSpace

launched a clinical trial matching app to assist researchers to health record database. This has

streamlined research by allowing physicians and participants to have another form of

communication to complete a study. The Genospace app provides a medical database of patients

that researchers can connect to for clinical research increasing the accessibility of finding the

participants to take part in the study and making it easier for patient participation. Technology is

shaping clinical research and modeling the discourse of information presented.

Methodology is the design that the study will follow and the factors that affect the

outcome of the research. Within all research, different research methods have different purposes,

different levels of validity, and test different variables. Different forms of methodology can
include but not limited to true experiments, case-control studies, meta-analysis, and test tub lab

studies. Clinical trial procedures can enhance or hinder the success of systematic research due to

methodology alone. This can affect the validity of the research and the success of the study to

accurately test whether or not a study measures what it's supposed to measure. The results of a

higher measure of validity clinical study provides stronger evidence and explanation for the

researcher to conclude findings. For example, some physicians have a methodology that includes

the physician to be the researcher while treating patients. Many physicians complete research

from these two perspectives to have more control of the study and to investigate the information

found to a fuller extent. However, physicians that are treating patients may face the difficulty of

interest involving the therapeutic and analysis role of the physician thus affecting the

methodology chosen decreasing validity of the research. All guidelines and accuracy of

instruments and procedures are made from intensive research from years of shared information

from education, shared research, and shared experiences. Within the last 30 years researchers

have introduced progress in biomedical research development enhancing the forms of clinical

procedures that are current and for those to come in the future. Antonia Vlahou and Manousos

Makridakis wrote a detail edition of Springer Protocols titled “Clinical Proteomics” which

includes the standards of healthcare protocol. This source in particular communicates the idea

that there could be multiple shifts within data collection involving the tools to use and the

protocol to follow. The methodology presented in research is very important regarding to the

data concluded. The method chosen and the instruments involved greatly research because many

different research designs can be used especially if the research involves the affects study of

human growth and development. Gelijin presents the contrasting idea that physicians that are

treating patients may face the difficulty of interest involving the therapeutic and analysis role of
the physician. The author states that Swazey and Fox, who are fellow writers of the edition,

examined that physicians involved in both experiment and treatment face stress and “The strains

that they experience are intensified by their typically close and continuous relations with the

patients who are also their subjects; by colleagues’ scientific and ethical judgments of their work;

and by a certain vested interest not only in protecting their professional reputations, but also, in

advancing them through recognition for being eminently successful with breakthroughs in

knowledge or technique”. The development has been placed in a situation of the context of the

physician's medical investigation and the trust relationship between the patients and the

physicians. The success of the evaluation is strongly based on having a professional self-

regulation and Institutional Review Boards are not necessarily contacted before investigation

research and the board does not conduct in-depth background inspection of the research outline.

Having a good foundation of research is crucial especially in regards to peer review ounce the

research is published. There are many important segments involved with research such as

initiation of a idea, formation of a research question, appropriate study design, protocol of

research, and interpretation of information obtained is connected to methodology of the study

and impacts the success of the research.

The administration of the research findings sparked discussion of the data presented and

how the interpretation of the study will affect healthcare. There are plenty of evidence of

development of research from different point of views to highlight different treatments but the

decision to take is limited to physician and organization convention. This prompts the discourse

of what is the method to pursue and what method is appropriate for different patient conditions.

The discourse is continuous but clinical rules and implementations have been suggested to create

a standard within the field. It is very important to have a standard in the clinical field, valuable
consistent results, and to limit any crucial errors. To have the appropriate data research within

healthcare is the foundation to follow the standard for clinical reliability, accuracy, and validity.

Works Cited/References/Bibliography

Perspective 1 Technology:

1. “Data & Tech Driven Clinical Trials.” Clinical Trials Summit,

www.clinicaltrialsummit.com/clinical-trial-technology.

2. “9 Clinical Trial Facts You Didn't Know You Didn't Know - Blog | Praxis.” Praxis

Communications, 31 Oct. 2018, www.gopraxis.com/little-known-clinical-trial-facts/.

3. Gelijns, Annetine C. “4. The Development of Clinical Procedures.” Technological

Innovation: Comparing Development of Drugs, Devices, and Procedures in Medicine.,

U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1989,

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222716/.

4. “10 Ways Technology Is Changing Healthcare.” The Medical Futurist, 2 July 2018,

medicalfuturist.com/ten-ways-technology-changing-healthcare.

Perspective 2 Methodology:

1. Roehrs, C. and Wilson, V. (2016). Critical appraisal and selection of data collection

instruments: A step-by-step guide. [online] Sciedu.ca. Available at:

 http://www.sciedu.ca/journal/index.php/jnep/article/viewFile/10147/6397 [Accessed 4

Feb. 2019].

2. Grove SK, Burns N, Gray JR. The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis,

and Generation of Evidence (7th ed). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Publishers; 2013.

3. Tappen R. Advanced Nursing Research: From Theory to Practice (2nd ed). Burlington,

MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2016.

4. Scholtes VA, Terwee CB, Poolman RW. What Makes a Measurement Instrument Valid

and Reliable? Injury, International Journal of Care for the Injured. 2011; 42: 236-240.

PMid:21145544 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2010.11.042

5. Davis SL, Morrow AK. Creating usable assessment tools: A step-by-step guide to

instrument design. 2013. Available from: http: //www.docdatabase.net/more-creating-

usable-assessm ent-tools-a-step-by-step-guide-to--1141299.html

6. Stone KS, Frazier SK. Measurement of Physiological Variables Using Biomedical

Instrumentation. In C. F. Waltz, O. L. Strickland & E. R. Lenz (Eds). Measurement in

Nursing and Health Research (4th ed., pp. 335-370). New York, NY: Springer Publishing

Company; 2010. PMid:20579905

7. Fawcett J, Garity J. Evaluating Research for Evidence-Based Nursing Practice.

Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis; 2009.

8. Ryan-Wenger NA. Evaluation of measurement precision, accuracy, and error in

biophysical data for clinical research and practice. In C. F. Waltz, O. L. Strickland & E.

R. Lenz (Eds). Measurement in Nursing and Health Research (4th ed., pp. 371-383). New

York, NY: Springer Publishing Company; 2010.

9. Lohr KN, Aaronson NK, Alonso J, et al. Evaluating Quality-ofLife and Health Status

Instruments: Development of Scientific Review Criteria. Clinical Therapeutics. 1996;

18(5): 979-992. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(96)80054-3

10. Wilcox, A., Fort, D., Weng, C. and Bakken,, S. (2014). Considerations for Using Research

Data to Verify Clinical Data Accuracy. [online] PubMed Central (PMC). Available at:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4333689/ [Accessed 4 Feb. 2019].

11. Lewis, Peter, et al. Health Assessment in Nursing. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott

Williams & Wilkins, 2014,

downloads.lww.com/wolterskluwer_vitalstream_com/sample-

content/9780781762403_weber/ch03.pdf.

Perspective 3 Administration:

1. Study to Assess the Validity and Reliability of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure

(SCIM III) - Tabular View. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00573976?view=record

2. Nickson, C., Chris, Monash University, Australian Centre for Health Innovation, New
Zealand Intensive Care Society, ANZICS) Education Committee, & University of Auckland.
(2016, January 03). Validity of Clinical Research • Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL • Medical
Blog. Retrieved from https://lifeinthefastlane.com/ccc/validity-of-clinical-research/