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Prepared by:
1-Mahmoud Ahmed Breama - 0123494521
2- Nagla Abdalla Ibrahim
3- Nasreen Ibrahim Elzen
Showing the tools which enable us to treat with the main components
of the hydrological cycle as subsystems to analyze the whole system.
II. APPLICATIONS:
1. Simulate the complete hydrologic processes of watershed systems at
large spatial and temporal scale.
2
Equations
III. THE SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION: -
Q t 1
7
I t 1 kD
Where:
dS
D = Differential operator dt .
I t = Inflow (input).
3
IV. LINEAR RESERVOIR MODEL IN SERIES: -
M Q2 M I 2 n n 1 k 2 2nkM I1 44
Where:
M Q2
= the second moment of (DRH) about the time origin divided by the
total direct runoff.
M I2
is the first moment of the (ERH) about the time origin divided by the
total excess rainfall.
M I1
= the first moment of the (ERH) about the time origin divided by the
total effective rainfall.
n = number of series linear reservoirs
4
Figures
I. Figure (1): -
5
Problems
I. EXAMPLE 1:
Represent the storm rainfall- runoff processes on a watershed as a
hydrologic system?
SOLUTION; -
Watershed = The area draining into a system at a given location.
Watershed Divide = Line dividing land whose drainage flows towards
the given stream from land whose drainage flows away from that
stream.
The system boundary = Drawn around the watershed by projecting the
watershed divide vertically upwards and downwards to horizontal
planes at the top and bottom as shown in figure (3).
Rainfall = Input (Distributed in space over the upper plane).
Stream flow = Output (Concentrated in space at the watershed outlet),
It may include evaporation and subsurface flow.
The Structure = The set of flow path through soil, including tributaries it
merges to become stream flow at outlet.
6
II. 5.7.EXAMPLE: -
Given the ERH and DRH shown in figure (12), determine n and k for the IUH.
7
SOLUTION; -
Determine the moments of the excess rainfall hydrograph and the direct
runoff hydrograph. Each block in the ERH and DRH has duration of
6
100 32 300 92 200 152 100 212
M I2 1 6 3
166.3h 2 7
4200
100 300 200 100
12
8
M Q1 28.25 h 8
M Q2 882.8 h 2 9
Solving for n and k using equation (43)
n.k M Q1 M I1 10
k 3.14 h 15
16.68 16.68
n 5.31 16
k 3.14